Providing an Outdoor Exercise Area Affects Tie-Stall Cow Reactivity and Human-Cow Relations

Confinement and restriction of movement are a reality for most dairy cows. Providing outdoor access is one method to increase movement opportunities. However, leading cows to an outdoor exercise area increases their exposure to manipulations different from those of an indoor housing system. These situations have the potential to induce fear reactions, which can lead to injuries for the cow and danger or economic losses for the farmer. Our aim was to evaluate the development of the human-cow relationship and general reactivity of cows after a 12-week period of outdoor access provision in winter, summer and fall. A total of 16 cows in the winter, 16 in the summer, and 15 in the fall were enrolled in the study and either allocated to the treatment (Out) or stayed in the tiestall (NonOut). A human reactivity test and suddenness test were performed before and after the 12-week treatment period. In winter and to a lesser extent in fall, Out cows had a better human reaction score compared to NonOut cows, suggesting that cows with outdoor access during the winter associated human approaches with positive events. Conversely, no difference in the human reaction score was found between treatments during the summer. For summer and fall, Out cows did, however, show a decrease in their reaction score to the suddenness test compared to NonOut cows. The results of the human reactivity test in the summer suggested that cows with outdoor access did not associate the manipulation with a positive event. Interestingly, this result is not due to the cows being more frightened, since the suddenness test suggested that the Out cows were less fearful than NonOut cows. The way in which cows were led to the outdoor area could explain the differences in cow responses. Here, summer cows faced greater movement restrictions during trips to the outdoor area than in the winter, which may have been negatively perceived by the cows. We conclude that, besides the provision of outdoor access, the manner in which cows are handled during these events may have significant impacts on their reactions and could facilitate future handling.

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Mint Extract Present Antioxidant Action on the Erythrocytes of Dairy Cows Suffering from Mastitis?

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v8n11p105 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (11) ◽

pp. 105

Author(s):

Cecilia Gabriela Rubert Possenti ◽

Roberta Cattaneo Horn ◽

Jorge Damián Stumpfs Diaz ◽

Queli Cristina Sostisso Seifert ◽

Diego Pascoal Golle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Reduced Glutathione ◽

Bovine Mastitis ◽

Previous Treatment ◽

Thiobarbituric Acid ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances ◽

Oxidative Markers ◽

Before And After ◽

Previously Treated

<p>Bovine Mastitis is an infection of the mammary glands that represents important economic losses in milk production. As in other pathologies, medicinal plants emerged as an important alternative for treatment of this condition. In this sense, the aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activity of the extract of <em>Mentha arvensis</em> L. on the erythrocytes of healthy dairy cows (P1); of dairy cows with mastitis without previous treatment (P2); and of dairy cows with mastitis and previously treated with antibiotics (P3). The levels of Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS), of the protein carbonylation (PC) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were analyzed in the cows’ erythrocytes before and after treatment with the extract of Mentha. This study demonstrated an occurrence of oxidative stress in the cows with mastitis. The mint extract promoted an increase in GSH levels combined with a decrease in the levels of oxidative markers, especially in cows with mastitis without previous antibiotic treatment.</p>

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Analisis Kinerja dan Pengaruh Pelebaran Jalan serta Pembuatan Median Jalan (Studi Kasus Jalan Temanggung Tilung Kota Palangkaraya)

Media Ilmiah Teknik Sipil ◽

10.33084/mits.v7i1.685 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 51-60

Author(s):

Fitri Wulandari ◽

Nirwana Puspasari ◽

Noviyanthy Handayani

Keyword(s):

Data Retrieval ◽

Service Level ◽

Traffic Volume ◽

Primary Data ◽

Volume Data ◽

Saturation Degree ◽

The Road ◽

Before And After ◽

Road Widening ◽

The Way

Jalan Temanggung Tilung is a 2/2 UD type road (two undirected two-way lanes) with a road width of 5.5 meters, which is a connecting road between two major roads, namely the RTA road. Milono and the path of G. Obos. Over time, the volume of traffic through these roads increases every year, plus roadside activities that also increase cause congestion at several points of the way. To overcome this problem, the local government carried out road widening to increase the capacity and level of road services. The study was conducted to determine the amount of traffic volume, performance, service level of the Temanggung Tilung road section at peak traffic hours before and after road widening. Data retrieval is done by the direct survey to the field to obtain primary data in the form of geometric road data, two-way traffic volume data, and side obstacle data. Performance analysis refers to the 1997 Indonesian Road Capacity Manual (MKJI) for urban roads. From the results of data processing, before increasing the road (Type 2/2 UD), the traffic volume that passes through the path is 842 pcs/hour and after road widening (Type 4/2 UD) the traffic volume for two directions is 973 pcs/hour, with route A equaling 528 pcs/hour and direction B equaling 445 pcs/hour. Based on the analysis of road performance before road enhancement, the capacity = 2551 pcs/hour, saturation degree = 0.331, and the service level of the two-way road are level B. Based on the analysis of the performance of the way after increasing the way, the direction capacity A = 2686 pcs/hour and direction B = 2674 pcs /hour, saturation degree for direction A = 0.196 and direction B = 0.166, service level for road direction A and direction B increase to level A

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Klein with Lacan: A Study on the Reception of Lacanian Ideas in Uruguay and Its Effects on Clinical Practices (1955–82)

Psychoanalysis and History ◽

10.3366/pah.2020.0353 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 341-361

Author(s):

Gonzalo Grau-Pérez ◽

J. Guillermo Milán

Keyword(s):

Clinical Practice ◽

Clinical Material ◽

Clinical Practices ◽

Before And After ◽

The Difference ◽

The 1960S ◽

The Relationship ◽

Discursive Approach ◽

The Way ◽

Clinical Cases

In Uruguay, Lacanian ideas arrived in the 1960s, into a context of Kleinian hegemony. Adopting a discursive approach, this study researched the initial reception of these ideas and its effects on clinical practices. We gathered a corpus of discursive data from clinical cases and theoretical-doctrinal articles (from the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s). In order to examine the effects of Lacanian ideas, we analysed the difference in the way of interpreting the clinical material before and after Lacan's reception. The results of this research illuminate some epistemological problems of psychoanalysis, especially the relationship between theory and clinical practice.

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Serum Metabolic Markers Pre and Postpartum in Holstein Cows According to the Mastitis Occurrence

Acta Scientiae Veterinariae ◽

10.22456/1679-9216.81881 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Elizabeth Schwegler ◽

Augusto Schneider ◽

Ana Rita Tavares Krause ◽

Paula Montagner ◽

Eduardo Schmitt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Production ◽

Postpartum Period ◽

Clinical Mastitis ◽

Serum Markers ◽

Holstein Cows ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Phosphorus Concentration ◽

Extensive Management ◽

Early Postpartum

Background: Bovine mastitis causes major economic losses for milk producers by reducing the quantity and the quality of the milk or even leading to the complete loss of the mammary gland secretory capacity. During the transition period, dairy cows are susceptible to infectious diseases; therefore, markers that allow early identification of cows in higher risk of developing diseases are especially useful at this time. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate serum markers in the pre and postpartum of multiparous dairy cows with clinical mastitis and with health condition in the postpartum period in a semi-extensive management system.Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty-Six Holstein cows were monitored daily during milking until 59 days postpartum and were categorized according to the pre-milking strip cup test into clinical mastitis (mastitis group (MG)) and absence of symptoms (control group (CG)) that were negative to the test, representing the health cows. All cows were reared as one group and maintained in a semi-extensive pasture-based system. Blood samples were collected weekly after morning milking via venipuncture of the coccinea vein into tubes without anticoagulant and grouped for prepartum (-21 to 0 days from calving), early postpartum (0 to 30 days from calving), and late postpartum (30 to 59 days from calving) periods. Milk production was recorded daily. The serum markers albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), phosphorus, gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were measured. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS®. The cases of clinical mastitis occurred on average at 37.2 ± 4.9 days postpartum. Health cows (CG) had higher milk production compared to the mastitis group (MG) only in the late postpartum period (P < 0.05). There was no difference among groups for albumin and NEFA concentrations in all periods evaluated (P > 0.05). In the early postpartum period the AST activity was higher in CG than in MG (P = 0.02). The GGT enzyme tended to be more concentrated in the CG than in the MG during the early (P = 0.06) and late (P = 0.08) postpartum periods. Late postpartum phosphorus concentration was lower for MG than CG (P = 0.04). In the prepartum and early postpartum periods, there was no difference among groups for phosphorus concentration (P > 0.05).Discussion: A decrease in milk production in MG compared to CG observed in late postpartum period was due to the incidence of mastitis observed around 37 days postpartum. Cows that presented clinical mastitis in the postpartum period did not differ in the blood concentration of NEFA in the prepartum period. In the late postpartum period higher concentration of phosphorus was observed in the CG than in MG, indicating that animals affected by mastitis may be in the weakest energy status. Regarding liver health, the concentration of AST was higher in the recent postpartum period for CG, in disagreement with previous studies that related AST to tissue injury caused by mastitis. The GGT enzyme tended to had higher concentrations in CG than MG during the whole postpartum period and may be related to increased hepatic metabolism due to higher production. There were no changes in albumin levels among healthy and mastitis cows, indicating that this marker can not be used to predict clinical mastitis. There were no metabolic alterations in the prepartum period related to the occurrence of postpartum mastitis in multiparous cows in a semi-extensive management system.Keywords: AST, dairy cows, NEFA.

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An Untargeted Metabolomics Investigation of Milk from Dairy Cows with Clinical Mastitis by 1H-NMR

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10081707 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1707

Author(s):

Chenglin Zhu ◽

Kaiwei Tang ◽

Xuan Lu ◽

Junni Tang ◽

Luca Laghi

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

1H Nmr ◽

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ◽

Tca Cycle ◽

Quantitative Information ◽

Clinical Mastitis ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Resonance Spectroscopy ◽

Mastitic Milk ◽

Chemical Groups

Mastitis is one of the diseases with the highest incidence in dairy cows, causing huge economic losses to the dairy industry all over the world. The aim of the study was to characterize mastitic milk metabolome through untargeted nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR). Taking advantage of the high reproducibility of 1H-NMR, we had the opportunity to provide quantitative information for all the metabolites identified. Fifty-four molecules were characterized, sorted mainly into the chemical groups, namely amino acids, peptides and analogues, carbohydrates and derivates, organic acids and derivates, nucleosides, nucleotides and analogues. Combined with serum metabolomic investigations, several pathways were addressed to explain the mechanisms of milk metabolome variation affected by clinical mastitis, such as tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) and phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis. These results provide a further understanding of milk metabolome altered by clinical mastitis, which can be used as a reference for the further milk metabolome investigations.

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Innovative passive reinforcements for the gradual stabilization of a landslide according with the observational method

Landslides ◽

10.1007/s10346-021-01638-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lorenzo Brezzi ◽

Alberto Bisson ◽

Davide Pasa ◽

Simonetta Cola

Keyword(s):

Monitoring System ◽

Low Cost ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Fe Model ◽

Site Conditions ◽

Observational Method ◽

Rainy Period ◽

Sustainable Solutions ◽

Before And After ◽

Set Up

AbstractA large number of landslides occur in North-Eastern Italy during every rainy period due to the particular hydrogeological conditions of this area. Even if there are no casualties, the economic losses are often significant, and municipalities frequently do not have sufficient financial resources to repair the damage and stabilize all the unstable slopes. In this regard, the research for more economically sustainable solutions is a crucial challenge. Floating composite anchors are an innovative and low-cost technique set up for slope stabilization: it consists in the use of passive sub-horizontal reinforcements, obtained by coupling a traditional self-drilling bar with some tendons cemented inside it. This work concerns the application of this technique according to the observational method described within the Italian and European technical codes and mainly recommended for the design of geotechnical works, especially when performed in highly uncertain site conditions. The observational method prescribes designing an intervention and, at the same time, using a monitoring system in order to correct and adapt the project during realization of the works on the basis of new data acquired while on site. The case study is the landslide of Cischele, a medium landslide which occurred in 2010 after an exceptional heavy rainy period. In 2015, some floating composite anchors were installed to slow down the movement, even if, due to a limited budget, they were not enough to ensure the complete stabilization of the slope. Thanks to a monitoring system installed in the meantime, it is now possible to have a comparison between the site conditions before and after the intervention. This allows the evaluation of benefits achieved with the reinforcements and, at the same time, the assessment of additional improvements. Two stabilization scenarios are studied through an FE model: the first includes the stabilization system built in 2015, while the second evaluates a new solution proposed to further increase the slope stability.

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Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy (PVR): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years

Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1155/2016/7807596 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Salvatore Di Lauro ◽

Mustafa R. Kadhim ◽

David G. Charteris ◽

J. Carlos Pastor

Keyword(s):

Clinical Practice ◽

Surgical Treatment ◽

Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ◽

Original Description ◽

Therapy Outcome ◽

Outcome Parameters ◽

Classification Errors ◽

Before And After ◽

Pubmed Search ◽

The Way

Purpose. To evaluate the current and suitable use of current proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) classifications in clinical publications related to treatment.Methods. A PubMed search was undertaken using the term “proliferative vitreoretinopathy therapy”. Outcome parameters were the reported PVR classification and PVR grades. The way the classifications were used in comparison to the original description was analyzed. Classification errors were also included. It was also noted whether classifications were used for comparison before and after pharmacological or surgical treatment.Results. 138 papers were included. 35 of them (25.4%) presented no classification reference or did not use any one. 103 publications (74.6%) used a standardized classification. The updated Retina Society Classification, the first Retina Society Classification, and the Silicone Study Classification were cited in 56.3%, 33.9%, and 3.8% papers, respectively. Furthermore, 3 authors (2.9%) used modified-customized classifications and 4 (3.8%) classification errors were identified. When the updated Retina Society Classification was used, only 10.4% of authors used a full C grade description. Finally, only 2 authors reported PVR grade before and after treatment.Conclusions. Our findings suggest that current classifications are of limited value in clinical practice due to the inconsistent and limited use and that it may be of benefit to produce a revised classification.

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Does pregnancy influence eye parameters? Assessment of choroidal thickness using EDI-OCT before and after labour depending on the way of delivery method

Ginekologia Polska ◽

10.5603/gp.a2020.0137 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 91 (11) ◽

pp. 668-673

Author(s):

Karol Taradaj ◽

Tomasz Ginda ◽

Piotr Maciejewicz ◽

Barbara Suchonska ◽

Miroslaw Wielgos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Choroidal Thickness ◽

Delivery Method ◽

Before And After ◽

The Way

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Mosca-Branca, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) em feijoeiro: Características gerais, bioecologia e métodos de controle

EntomoBrasilis ◽

10.12741/ebrasilis.v10i1.616 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 01-08

Author(s):

Anderson Gonçalves da Silva ◽

Arlindo Leal Boiça Junior ◽

Bruno Henrique Sardinha de Souza ◽

Eduardo Neves Costa ◽

James da Silva Hoelhert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Common Bean ◽

Bemisia Tabaci ◽

Crop Production ◽

Insect Pests ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Common Beans ◽

Bean Plants ◽

De Se ◽

Before And After ◽

The Common

Resumo. A cultura do feijoeiro pode ser infestada por insetos que afetam a produção antes e após a colheita, tendo como estimativa de perdas causadas nos rendimentos pelas pragas variando de 33 a 86%. Dentre essas pragas a mosca-branca Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) Autor merece destaque. Esta ocasiona danos diretos decorrentes de sua alimentação e indiretos que ocorrem por meio da excreção açucarada de honeydew ou “mela” e simbiose com a fumagina. No entanto, o dano mais sério causado pela B. tabaci é a transmissão de viroses como o mosaico-dourado-do-feijoeiro, provocando perdas econômicas que podem variar de 30% a 100%. Desse modo, o objetivo do presente estudo é disponibilizar informações a respeito de aspectos importantes de B. tabaci, como: histórico e distribuição geográfica, bioecologia e dinâmica populacional, plantas hospedeiras, métodos de controle adotados, dentre outros, a fim de se fornecer subsídios para futuras pesquisas sobre a mosca-branca em feijão.Whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in common beans: General characteristics, bioecology, and methods of controlAbstract. Common bean plants are infested by insects, which can ultimately affect the crop production before and after harvest, with estimated losses ranging from 33 to 86%. Among the insect pests infesting the common beans the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) stands out. This species cause direct injury by feeding on the plants and indirect injury by excreting sugary honeydew that is after colonized by the sooty mold. In addition, the most serious damage caused by B. tabaci is the transmission of virus diseases, especially the common bean golden mosaic, responsible for economic losses varying from 30 to 100%. This review aims at providing information on important aspects of B. tabaci including its geographical distribution, bioecology, population dynamics, host plants, and methods of pest control. We expect that this review can provide valuable subsidies for future studies on the whitefly in common beans.

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Rearing conditions, health and welfare of dairy cows

Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry ◽

10.2298/bah0802025h ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 24 (1-2) ◽

pp. 25-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Slavca Hristov ◽

B. Stankovic ◽

Z. Zlatanovic ◽

M. Joksimovic-Todorovic ◽

V. Davidovic

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cattle ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Housing System ◽

Absolute Minimum ◽

Housing Systems ◽

Risk Of Injury ◽

Normal Behavior ◽

Adverse Weather ◽

Rearing Conditions ◽

Recent Developments

This paper provides an overview of recent developments in rearing conditions, health and welfare issues of dairy cows. The last approximately 30 years has witnessed worldwide increasing scientific research, consumer activity, and political response towards housing condition, health and welfare issues of dairy cattle. All buildings and housing systems for dairy cattle should be designed, constructed, maintained and managed to assist in the achievement of the Five Freedoms: freedom from hunger and thirst, freedom from discomfort, freedom from pain, injury and disease, freedom to express normal behavior and freedom from fear and distress. Whether dairy cows are housed in cubicles, straw yards or cow sheds, in order to maximize their performance and to ensure satisfactory standards of welfare, the accommodation must provide the most basic behavioral and physiological needs. As an absolute minimum, the housing must provide a comfortable, clean, well drained and dry lying area together with shelter from adverse weather. Also, it must allow the cow to move freely around without risk of injury and certain diseases. If the housing system does not provide for these basic needs, then not only will health, welfare and production of dairy cattle be compromised, but it is likely that failure to comply with the welfare codes and the law relating to animal welfare will occur.

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