scholarly journals Overview of the causes and management of drug shortages in the United States and in Hungary

2020 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 170-184
Author(s):  
Béla Turbucz ◽  
Balázs Hankó
Keyword(s):  
Marketing Authorisation ◽  
Warning System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Drug Shortages ◽  
International Trends ◽  
The World ◽  
Policy Measures

Drug shortages are a multifactorial international concern that is increasingly reported all over the world. A continuously rising number of cases could be observed since 2001, but the issue is particularly significant since 2009. In Hungary, the same increasing tendency was observed; while in 2012 464 shortages occurred, in 2020 1466 cases were reported. According to the Food and Drug Administration, there are three root causes behind the shortages, but several factors can be derived from them. This paper aims at conducting a comprehensive review of literature, exploring these factors in detail and thereby explaining how each of these factors contributes to shortages. Furthermore, it will illustrate how the lack of sufficient information due to an imperfect warning system also contributes to the issue. As the problem affects every stakeholder in the supply chain from patients to Marketing Authorisation Holders, each party should be involved in the development and implementation of mitigating strategies that can provide the basis of policy measures. The article highlights how international trends both in terms of affected therapeutic areas and causes of shortages are reflected in the Hungarian markets; therefore similar approaches could be adapted to tackle the issue domestically and deliver enduring solutions.

Improve Safety at Highway Crossings Through Predictive Behavior and Innovative Technologies

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Hofbauer
Keyword(s):  
Warning System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
The World ◽  
Additional Protection ◽  
Red Flag ◽  
Protection Devices ◽  
Fully Automatic ◽  
Predictive Behavior ◽  
Future Technologies

The science and technology used in highway crossings in the United States and around the world have come a long way from a single flagman sitting in a booth, equipped with a red flag or lantern in his hand, to clear tracks and stop pedestrians, horses, and or a motor coaches for an approaching train to a fully automatic warning system requiring limited monthly testing. Today’s highway crossings are monitored by railways and municipalities such that, any changes in railway or roadway traffic conditions can be scrutinized. These changes, an increase in train or vehicle traffic, may trigger the need for additional protection devices to be implemented to make highway crossings safer for all; passing trains, motorists and pedestrians. But, are these requirements enough to eliminate accidents. Historically speaking, these accidents range from; failures with the activation of the warning system; distracted motorists or motorists not willing to comply to the warning; pedestrians rushing to beat the train while underestimating the trains speed or; fully knowing and willing to not stop at the flashing lights and gates and willing to take the risk and go around flashing gates. This paper will investigate the current and future technologies that are being tested and implemented on highway crossings as well as look into the predictive behavior of motorists and pedestrians as they approach crossings and how changes can be implemented to maximize the effectiveness of a highway crossing. Key elements from various studies will be included that have been suggested through analyzing driver’s behavior at highway crossings, as well as the additional technologies that have and can be implemented to provide additional warnings to alert motorist of trains approaching.

scholarly journals Street vending management in Bangkok: the need to adapt to a changing environment

2019 ◽  
pp. 15-32
Author(s):  
Narumol Nirathron ◽  
Gisèle Yasmeen
Keyword(s):  
Random Sampling ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Street Vending ◽  
International Trends ◽  
The World ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Convenience Sampling

This research paper proposes that the administration of street vending in Bangkok is consistent but not compatible with changes in the economic and social situation in Thailand as well as the growth of street vending around the world as well as increasing appreciation of its important role. To support this argument, the paper presents the policy measures on street vending since the founding of Bangkok in 1973, the paradigm shift in employment since the Asian Economic Crisis in 1997, and empirical data from a study of street vending in four districts in Bangkok in 2016. The study collected data from street vendors and buyers in Bangrak, Pathumwan, Phranakhon and Samphanthawong. The sample size of the vendors in each district was 100 and participants were selected through random sampling. A sample of 50 buyers in each district was selected through convenience sampling. From the documentary study and the field data, the paper recommends that the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration should realign the administration of street vending in accordance with dynamics of the economic and social situation and international trends.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and Neurosurgery: A Comprehensive Review of Literature

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aysha Albastaki ◽  
Abdulaziz Isa Aljawder
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Primary Target ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
The World ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The 2019 Coronavirus Infection (COVID-19) first appeared in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, in December 2019 and has disseminated rapidly to almost every region of the world to become a pandemic. COVID-19 is initiated by severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2. The principal signs and symptoms are related to the respiratory and cardiovascular systems; however, the nervous system is another primary target of this devastating disease, according to numerous case reports and some reviews that have been published. Moreover, neurosurgical issues have also been dramatically affected. This comprehensive review aims to summarize the impact of COVID-19 on neurosurgical issues. In addition, we aim to serve as a reference for neurosurgeons dealing with neurosurgical cases of the disease. The article emphasized neurological display of COVID-19, neurosurgical practice, contagion control and precautions, residency, and education in neurosurgery, neurosurgeons' mental health. In addition to that, the article also provides some recommendations.

scholarly journals Anti-Intellectualism in U.S. Schools

1993 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aimee Howley ◽  
Edwina D. Pendarvis ◽  
Craig B. Howley
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Justice ◽  
The United States ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Educational Policies ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
The Relationship

In this essay we present an argument about the relationship between schools' intellectual mission and their role in advancing social justice. In providing an argument of this sort, we claim neither to present a comprehensive review of literature nor to analyze specific educational policies. Rather, we bring together findings about certain features of schools in the United States that we believe contribute to their anti-intellectualism. This examination allows us to tell a story about schools that we think needs to be told; and it also elaborates a frame of reference from which to reconsider schools' mission and practice. Reframing these bases of schooling may be a necessary prelude to educational policies that promote both intellectual and egalitarian outcomes.

scholarly journals Efficiency and Sustainability of Microfinance Institutions: A Comprehensive Review of Literature

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Preeti Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Financial Services ◽  
Small Enterprise ◽  
Entrepreneurial Finance ◽  
Microfinance Institutions ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Enterprise Development ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
The Core ◽  
The World ◽  
Core Elements

Microfinance is the provision of thrift, credit and other financial services and products of very small amounts to the poor. Although the word finance is in the term microfinance, and the core elements of microfinance are those of the finance discipline, microfinance has yet to break into the mainstream or entrepreneurial finance literature. It has become one of the most discussed subjects in the last two decades all over the world. Today micro finance programs and institutions have become gradually more important components of strategies to reduce poverty or promote micro and small enterprise development. This, in turn, gives rise to the importance of the issue of efficiency as well as sustainability of Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) especially in developing countries like India. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of literature addressing the issues of MFI’s sustainability and efficiency levels.

International Telesupervision: The Clinical Fellowship Experience

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 73-78
Author(s):  
David W. Rule ◽  
Lisa N. Kelchner
Keyword(s):  
Graduate Students ◽  
Clinical Supervision ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
Access To Services ◽  
East African ◽  
The World ◽  
Language Pathology ◽  
National Certification

Telepractice technology allows greater access to speech-language pathology services around the world. These technologies extend beyond evaluation and treatment and are shown to be used effectively in clinical supervision including graduate students and clinical fellows. In fact, a clinical fellow from the United States completed the entire supervised clinical fellowship (CF) year internationally at a rural East African hospital, meeting all requirements for state and national certification by employing telesupervision technology. Thus, telesupervision has the potential to be successfully implemented to address a range of needs including supervisory shortages, health disparities worldwide, and access to services in rural areas where speech-language pathology services are not readily available. The telesupervision experience, potential advantages, implications, and possible limitations are discussed. A brief guide for clinical fellows pursuing telesupervision is also provided.

Sex Differences in Mass Media Preferences Across Four Asian Countries

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 186-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malini Ratnasingam ◽  
Lee Ellis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Mass Media ◽  
The United States ◽  
Female Students ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Evolutionary Explanation ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Media Preferences

Background. Nearly all of the research on sex differences in mass media utilization has been based on samples from the United States and a few other Western countries. Aim. The present study examines sex differences in mass media utilization in four Asian countries (Japan, Malaysia, South Korea, and Singapore). Methods. College students self-reported the frequency with which they accessed the following five mass media outlets: television dramas, televised news and documentaries, music, newspapers and magazines, and the Internet. Results. Two significant sex differences were found when participants from the four countries were considered as a whole: Women watched television dramas more than did men; and in Japan, female students listened to music more than did their male counterparts. Limitations. A wider array of mass media outlets could have been explored. Conclusions. Findings were largely consistent with results from studies conducted elsewhere in the world, particularly regarding sex differences in television drama viewing. A neurohormonal evolutionary explanation is offered for the basic findings.

Sandra Ramos Revisited

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 32-54
Author(s):  
Silvia Spitta
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Graphic Arts ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Political Choices ◽  
The Rich

Sandra Ramos (b. 1969) is one of the few artists to reflect critically on both sides of the Cuban di-lemma, fully embodying the etymological origins of the word in ancient Greek: di-, meaning twice, and lemma, denoting a form of argument involving a choice between equally unfavorable alternatives. Throughout her works she shines a light on the dilemmas faced by Cubans whether in Cuba or the United States, underlining the bad personal and political choices people face in both countries. During the hard 1990s, while still in Havana, the artist focused on the traumatic one-way journey into exile by thousands, as well as the experience of profound abandonment experienced by those who were left behind on the island. Today she lives in Miami and operates a studio there as well as one in Havana. Her initial disorientation in the USA has morphed into an acerbic representation and critique of the current administration and a deep concern with the environmental collapse we face. A buffoonlike Trumpito has joined el Bobo de Abela and Liborio in her gallery of comic characters derived from the rich Cuban graphic arts tradition where she was formed. While Cuba is now represented as a rotten cake with menacing flies hovering over it ready to pounce, a bombastic Trumpito marches across the world stage, trampling everything underfoot, a dollar sign for a face.

The 1970s

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Borstelmann
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Free Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Retirement Plans ◽  
Free Agency ◽  
The World ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
Oil Crisis ◽  
American Society

This book looks at an iconic decade when the cultural left and economic right came to the fore in American society and the world at large. While many have seen the 1970s as simply a period of failures epitomized by Watergate, inflation, the oil crisis, global unrest, and disillusionment with military efforts in Vietnam, this book creates a new framework for understanding the period and its legacy. It demonstrates how the 1970s increased social inclusiveness and, at the same time, encouraged commitments to the free market and wariness of government. As a result, American culture and much of the rest of the world became more—and less—equal. This book explores how the 1970s forged the contours of contemporary America. Military, political, and economic crises undercut citizens' confidence in government. Free market enthusiasm led to lower taxes, a volunteer army, individual 401(k) retirement plans, free agency in sports, deregulated airlines, and expansions in gambling and pornography. At the same time, the movement for civil rights grew, promoting changes for women, gays, immigrants, and the disabled. And developments were not limited to the United States. Many countries gave up colonial and racial hierarchies to develop a new formal commitment to human rights, while economic deregulation spread to other parts of the world, from Chile and the United Kingdom to China. Placing a tempestuous political culture within a global perspective, this book shows that the decade wrought irrevocable transformations upon American society and the broader world that continue to resonate today.

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