scholarly journals Effect of Biofertilizers Application on Soil Biodiversity and Litter Degradation in a Commercial Apricot Orchard

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1116
Author(s):  
Elena Baldi ◽  
Paola Gioacchini ◽  
Daniela Montecchio ◽  
Stefano Mocali ◽  
Livio Antonielli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Soil Biodiversity ◽  
Decomposition Processes ◽  
Dta Analysis ◽  
Litter Deposition ◽  
Litter Degradation ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
One Year

The aim of the present experiment was to determine if the supply of biofertilizers could differently stimulate the native microbiota, thus determining different patterns of organic material decomposition processes. The microbial composition of soil and litter was investigated by next generation sequencing using a metabarcoding approach. The chemical structure of the decomposing litterbags was investigated through the TG-DTA analysis and NIR spectroscopy. The study was conducted in an apricot orchard in Italy, and two different type of biofertilizers (AMF and Trichoderma spp.) were compared to unfertilized control over one year. Bacteria and fungi in soil, 162 days from litter deposition, evidenced differentiated clusters for control and both biofertilizers; on the other hand, only fungal composition of litterbags was modified as a consequence of Trichoderma spp. supply; no effect was observed in the bacterial community of litterbags. NIR and TG-DTA analysis evidenced a significant change over time of the chemical composition of litterbags with a faster degradation as a consequence of Trichoderma spp. supply testified by a higher degradation coefficient (1.9) than control (1.6) and AMF (1.7). The supply of biofertilizers partially modified the bacteria community of soil, while Trichoderma spp. Influenced the fungal community of the litter. Moreover, Trichoderma spp. Evidenced a faster and higher degradation of litter than AMF-biofertilizers, laying the foundation for an efficient use in orchard.

Metatranscriptomics reveals unsuspected protistan diversity in leaf litter across temperate beech forests, with Amoebozoa the dominating lineage

2019 ◽  
Vol 95 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Voss ◽  
Anna Maria Fiore-Donno ◽  
Marco Alexandre Guerreiro ◽  
Derek Peršoh ◽  
Michael Bonkowski
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Litter ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Forest Litter ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Microbial Interactions ◽  
Equal Proportion ◽  
Eukaryotic Diversity ◽  
Decomposition Processes ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
One Year

ABSTRACT Forest litter harbors complex networks of microorganisms whose major components are bacteria, fungi and protists. Protists, being highly selective consumers of bacteria and fungi could influence decomposition processes by shifting competitive microbial interactions. We investigated the eukaryotic diversity from 18 samples of one-year beech (Fagus sylvatica) leaf litter by RNA-based high-throughput sequencing of the small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene. By applying a metatranscriptomics approach, we avoided biases inherent to PCR-based methods, and could therefore focus on elusive protistan groups. We obtained 14 589 eukaryotic assembled sequences (contigs) representing 2223 unique taxa. Fungi dominated the eukaryotic assemblage, followed by an equal proportion of protists and plants. Among protists, the phylum Amoebozoa clearly dominated, representing more than twice the proportion of Alveolata (mostly ciliates) and Rhizaria (mostly Cercozoa), which are often retrieved as the dominant protistan groups in soils, revealing potential primer biases. By assigning functional traits to protists, we could assess that the proportion of free-living and heterotrophs was much higher than that of parasites and autotrophs, opening the way to a better understanding of the role played by the protistan communities and how biodiversity interacts with decomposition processes.

scholarly journals Effects of Land-Use Change on Soil Functionality and Biodiversity: Toward Sustainable Planning of New Vineyards

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 358
Author(s):  
Elena Gagnarli ◽  
Giuseppe Valboa ◽  
Nadia Vignozzi ◽  
Donatella Goggioli ◽  
Silvia Guidi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Soil Biodiversity ◽  
Soil Microarthropods ◽  
Quick Recovery ◽  
Sustainable Planning ◽  
Soil Functionality ◽  
One Year ◽  
Soil Microarthropod

Sustainable agriculture largely depends on soil biodiversity and requires efficient methods to assess the effectiveness of agronomic planning. Knowledge of the landscape and relative pedosite is enriched by data on the soil microarthropod community, which represent useful bio-indicators for early soil-quality detection in land-use change (LUC). In the hilly Maremma region of Grosseto, Italy, two areas, a >10ys meadow converted into a vineyard and an old biodynamic vineyard (no-LUC), were selected for evaluating the LUC effect. For maintaining soil vitality and ecosystem services by meadow, the vineyard was planted and cultivated using criteria of the patented “Corino method”. The aim was to evaluate the LUC impact, within one year, by assessing parameters characterizing soil properties and soil microarthropod communities after the vineyard was planted. The adopted preservative method in the new vineyards did not show a detrimental impact on the biodiversity of soil microarthropods, and in particular, additional mulching contributed to a quick recovery from soil stress due to working the plantation. In the short term, the adopted agricultural context confirmed that the targeted objectives preserved the soil quality and functionality.

scholarly journals Impacts of Intensive Land use on Soil Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functions in Central China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
QUANCHAO ZENG ◽  
Yingze Meitang ◽  
Manuel Delgado-Baquerizo ◽  
Yonghong Wu ◽  
Wenfeng Tan
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Soil Acidification ◽  
Natural Vegetation ◽  
Central China ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Soil Biodiversity ◽  
C Cycle ◽  
Citrus Orchards ◽  
Soil Bacterial ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Abstract Background: The impacts of the conversion of natural to agricultural ecosystem on soil biodiversity and ecosystem functions are still disputable. Here, we compared the soil biodiversity (bacteria and fungi) and ecosystem functions of citrus orchards in different stages of succession (5–30 years) with those in adjacent natural ecosystems. Different management strategies were also considered for one of this stage (15 years). Results: The results indicate that changes from natural vegetation land to citrus orchards would lead to reduced soil bacterial diversity, as well as significant declines in multiple ecosystem functions associated with C cycle after 30 years of citrus plantation. However, the functions associated with N and P cycle were enhanced by the plantation. Citrus plantation negatively affected the C cycle by reducing the soil microbial diversity. Reduction in soil bacterial biodiversity was indirectly driven by increased soil acidification resulting from citrus plantation, while wheat straw addition could alleviate the reduction (15-year stage). Compared with natural vegetation, citrus plantation also reduced the relative abundance of multiple phylotypes, including Alphaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, Subgroup_6, Subgroup_4, Anaerolineae and Bacteroidia. The ecological clusters of soil bacteria and fungi were significantly associated with multiple ecosystem functions, suggesting that citrus planting altered multiple ecosystem functions via ecological clusters. Conclusions: Taken together, our results indicate that soil biodiversity, soil functions and C:N:P coupling are sensitive to the conversion of natural vegetation land to agricultural land, and further suggest that proper management of soil acidification can address some negative impacts of land use conversion on soil biodiversity and functions.

Long-term changes in rumen fermentation in defaunated sheep

1991 ◽  
Vol 1991 ◽  
pp. 77-77
Author(s):  
P.P. Frumholtz ◽  
R.J. Wallace ◽  
C.J. Newbold ◽  
E.R. Ørskov
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Ciliate Protozoa

The removal of ciliate protozoa, or defaunation, results in the establishment of a new ecosystem in the rumen, consisting only of bacteria and fungi. Although extensive research has been done on ciliate-free ruminants, the role of protozoa in the rumen still provokes considerable debate. The diversity of experimental design, such as animal species, defaunation method, and diet could account for many of the differences observed between defaunation studies. Also it is important to examine the stability of the ciliate-free ecosystem. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in rumen fermentation of ciliate-free sheep over a period of one year.Eight male castrated sheep, weighing 60-70 kg, received twice daily 700 g of a diet of hay, barley, molasses, fish meal and vitamins/minerals (500, 299.5, 100, 91 and 9.5 g/kg DM respectively). Four sheep were defaunated by the rumen washing technique (Jouany and Senaud, 1979) and kept in isolated pens while the other four were left faunated with a mixed type A ciliate protozoa population. Rumen samples were withdrawn via the rumen cannula and blood samples were taken from the jugular vein -1, 0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 h after feeding. There were three sampling periods: one month, six months and one year after defaunation.

scholarly journals Characterization of free amino acids, bacteria and fungi in size-segregated atmospheric aerosols in boreal forest: seasonal patterns, abundances and size distributions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aku Helin ◽  
Outi-Maaria Sietiö ◽  
Jussi Heinonsalo ◽  
Jaana Bäck ◽  
Marja-Liisa Riekkola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Atmospheric Aerosols ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Meteorological Parameters ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Temperature Radiation ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
One Year

Abstract. Bioaerosols are ubiquitous in the atmosphere and constitute ~ 30 % of atmospheric aerosol particle mass in sizes > 1 μm. Bioaerosol components, such as bacteria, fungi and pollen, may affect the climate by acting as could-active particles, thus having an effect on cloud and precipitation formation processes. In this study, size-segregated aerosol samples ( 10 μm) were collected in boreal forest (Hyytiälä, Finland) during one year and analyzed for free amino acids (FAAs), DNA concentration and microorganism (bacteria, Pseudomonas and fungi). Measurements were performed using tandem mass spectrometry, spectrophotometry and qPCR, respectively. Meteorological parameters and statistical analysis were used to study their atmospheric implication for results. Distinct annual patterns of bioaerosol components were observed, late spring and autumn being seasons of dominant occurrence. Elevated abundances of FAAs and bacteria were observed during the local pollen season, whereas fungi were observed at highest level during autumn. Meteorological parameters, such as air and soil temperature, radiation and rainfall were observed to possess close relationship with bioaerosol abundances on an annual scale.

scholarly journals Enhanced Sol-Gel Route to Obtain a Highly Transparent and Conductive Aluminum-doped Zinc Oxide Thin Film

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hossein Nateq ◽  
Riccardo Ceccato
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Optical Properties ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Resistivity Measurement ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Charge Carriers ◽  
Oxide Thin Film ◽  
Mobility Of Charge Carriers ◽  
Dta Analysis ◽  
Grain Boundary Characteristics

The electrical and optical properties of sol-gel derived aluminum-doped0 zinc oxide thin films containing 2 at.% Al were investigated considering the modifying effects of 1) increasing the sol H2O content; and 2) thermal treatment procedure with high-temperature approach followed by an additional heat-treatment step under a reducing atmosphere. According to the results obtained via the TG-DTA analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction technique and four-point probe resistivity measurement, it is argued that the sol hydrolysis, decomposition of the deposited gel and crystallization of grains result in grains of larger crystallite size and stronger c-axis preferred orientation with slightly less microstrain in the modified sample. The consequent morphology and grain-boundary characteristics turn out as improved conductivity, implying higher values of concentration and mobility of charge carriers. A detailed investigation on samples optical properties, in terms of analyzing their absorption and dispersion behaviors through the UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy, support our reasoning for the increase of the mobility, and to a lesser extent, the concentration of charge carriers, while causing only a slight degradation of optical transmission. Hence, an enhanced performance as a transparent conducting film is claimed for the modified sample by comparing the figure-of-merit values.

scholarly journals Accessing the Life in Smoke: A New Application of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) to Sample Wildland Fire Bioaerosol Emissions and Their Environment

Fire ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leda N. Kobziar ◽  
Melissa R. A. Pingree ◽  
Adam C. Watts ◽  
Kellen N. Nelson ◽  
Tyler J. Dreaden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wildland Fire ◽  
Unmanned Aircraft ◽  
Biomass Combustion ◽  
Wildland Fires ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Fire Smoke ◽  
Major Producer ◽  
Aircraft System ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Background Air

Wildland fire is a major producer of aerosols from combustion of vegetation and soils, but little is known about the abundance and composition of smoke’s biological content. Bioaerosols, or aerosols derived from biological sources, may be a significant component of the aerosol load vectored in wildland fire smoke. If bioaerosols are injected into the upper troposphere via high-intensity wildland fires and transported across continents, there may be consequences for the ecosystems they reach. Such transport would also alter the concept of a wildfire’s perimeter and the disturbance domain of its impact. Recent research has revealed that viable microorganisms are directly aerosolized during biomass combustion, but sampling systems and methodology for quantifying this phenomenon are poorly developed. Using a series of prescribed fires in frequently burned forest ecosystems, we report the results of employing a small rotary-wing unmanned aircraft system (UAS) to concurrently sample aerosolized bacteria and fungi, particulate matter, and micrometeorology in smoke plumes versus background conditions. Airborne impaction-based bioaerosol sampling indicated that microbial composition differed between background air and smoke, with seven unique organisms in smoke vs. three in background air. The air temperature was negatively correlated with the number of fungal colony-forming units detected. Our results demonstrate the utility of a UAS-based sampling platform for active sampling of viable aerosolized microbes in smoke arising from wildland fires. This methodology can be extended to sample viable microbes in a wide variety of emissions sampling pursuits, especially those in hazardous and inaccessible environments.

SUPREME : developping tools for SUstainable food PRoduction in mEditerranean area using MicrobEs

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni De Giudici ◽  
Anna Rosa Sprocati ◽  
Flavia Tasso ◽  
Chiara Alisi ◽  
Patrizia Paganin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
Soil Functions ◽  
Soil Biodiversity ◽  
Sustainable Food ◽  
Plant Soil ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

<p>SUPREME’s goal is to support the safe and efficient use of microbial inocula to assist crops growth. We aim at scaling up the use of autochthonous microbes from greenhouse experiments to field scale pilot plants. Different soils and crops meaningful for the regional economies (tomatoes, sunflowers, onions, legumes such as faba beans and vetch, barely, wheat or high biomass leading grasses like sorghum, health crops and cereals as konjac, orchidaceae, amaranth and quinoa) will be considered in the test sites. Test sites are distributed over 6 different areas of the Mediterranean (figure 1). Leading edge characterization and monitoring techniques will be set up to measure: i) soil biodiversity before and after inoculation, ii) crop growth, iii) water and fertilizer consumption, iv) and mineral consumption and formation through biosphere-geosphere interactions allowing to long term assessment of soil mineral.</p><p>Bacteria and fungi can effectively influence plant physiology, growth, defence mechanisms and nutrient uptake (1-5). Mycorrhizal fungi associated with plant roots increase the absorption of nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, and distribution of water between different plants is achieved through the hyphal networks. As a result, growth of crops and trees is enhanced or even only possible as in the case of mycoheterotrophy in ectomycorrhizas. Inocula of PGP bacteria can be used to improve soil functions and the resistance of plants to drought periods contributing to reduce irrigation needs. Especially on arid and bare soils, bacterial inoculants can positively influence biogeochemical element cycles and formation of soil. Thus, they can help to reduce water, N and P requirements by augmenting the soil functions, and to reduce the effect of climate change on crop production. In this work, the first results of the project will be shown.</p><p> </p><p> </p><p>1                 Gianinazzi-Pearson and Gianinazzi (1983)-Plant Soil, 71, 211–215</p><p>2                  Smith and Read (1997)- Academic Press</p><p>3                  Gianinazzi et al. (2002) Basel. Switzerland: BirkhäuserVerlag</p><p>4                  Van der Heijden et al. (2008) Ecol. Let., 11, 296–310</p><p>5                  Peterson et al. (1984 )Biotech. Adv., 2, 101-12</p>

scholarly journals Microbial communities in hummingbird feeders are distinct from floral nectar and influenced by bird visitation

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1898) ◽  
pp. 20182295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Casie Lee ◽  
Lisa A. Tell ◽  
Tiffany Hilfer ◽  
Rachel L. Vannette
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Sucrose Solution ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Floral Nectar ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Ascomycete Fungi ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Free Ranging

Human provisioning can shape resource availability for wildlife, but consequences for microbiota availability and exchange remain relatively unexplored. Here, we characterized microbial communities on bills and faecal material of hummingbirds and their food resources, including feeders and floral nectar. We experimentally manipulated bird visitation to feeders and examined effects on sucrose solution microbial communities. Birds, feeders and flowers hosted distinct bacterial and fungal communities. Proteobacteria comprised over 80% of nectar bacteria but feeder solutions contained a high relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. Hummingbirds hosted bacterial taxa commonly found in other birds and novel genera including Zymobacter [Proteobacteria] and Ascomycete fungi. For feeders, bird-visited and unvisited solutions both accumulated abundant microbial populations that changed solution pH, but microbial composition was largely determined by visitation treatment. Our results reveal that feeders host abundant microbial populations, including some bird-associated microbial taxa. Microbial taxa in feeders were primarily non-pathogenic bacteria and fungi but differed substantially from those in floral nectar. These results demonstrate that human provisioning influences microbial intake by free-ranging hummingbirds; however, it is unknown how these changes impact hummingbird gastrointestinal flora or health.

scholarly journals Effect of Tuber Crop Wastes/Byproducts on Nutritional and Microbial Composition of Vermicomposts and Duration of the Vermicomposting Process

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Nedunchezhiyan ◽  
S. K. Jata ◽  
G. Byju ◽  
S. S. Veena
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Complete Conversion ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Culture Experiment ◽  
Microbial Counts ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Tuber Crop ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Tuber Crops ◽  
Pot Culture

A pot culture experiment on vermicomposting of cassava and sweet potato wastes/byproducts was conducted for March–May (season I) and June–August (season II) during 2010 at the Regional Centre of Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Bhubaneswar, Orissa. The study revealed that the vermicompost prepared from biomass and byproducts of tuber crops had fairly higher levels of nitrogen (1.12–2.23%), phosphorus (0.26–0.88%), and potassium (0.33–1.29%) compared to initial status. The vermicompost prepared from sweet potato dry leaves had the highest nitrogen (2.23% and 2.03%), phosphorus (0.88% and 0.69%), and potassium (1.29% and 0.84%) content during both the years of study. Cassava thippi (tuber residue) required 40–43 days for the complete conversion into vermicompost, whereas all other biomass and byproducts needed more time (43–65 days). The rate of increase of earthworm weight and population was higher in vermicompost made from cassava and sweet potato thippi. Microbial counts indicated that populations of bacteria and fungi were higher in season I, whereas actinomycetes were higher in season II. The study indicated that all the biomass and byproducts of tuber crops can be effectively converted into high-value vermicompost.

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