Fertilizer Deep Placement Significantly Affected Yield, Rice Quality, 2-AP Biosynthesis and Physiological Characteristics of the Fragrant Rice Cultivars

The management of fertilizers in a context of climate change and the preservation of the environment is strongly related to the regulation and accumulation of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) in fragrant rice. However, the feasibility of such management strategies in terms of enhancing the accumulation of 2AP has not yet been explored in aromatic cultivars. Here, we investigated the impact of the application of two fertilizers at three depth (surface, 5 cm and 10 cm) levels of placements to improve the aromatic rice quality, including such aspects as the 2AP content-, protein-, amylose- and yield-related traits. For this purpose, two known rice cultivars, Basmati 385 (B-385) and Yunjingyou (YJY), were grown in pots during 2019 and 2020 under fluctuating climates. The deep application of fertilizer at 10 cm significantly affected the 2AP content with such values as 127.53 μg kg−1 and 111.91 μg kg−1 obtained for Fragrant Fertilizer (FF) and Urea in B-385 cultivar, and 126.5 μg kg−1 and 114.24 μg kg−1 being observed for FF and Urea in YJY, respectively, during 2019. In addition, values of 108.41 μg kg−1 and 117.35 μg kg−1 were recorded for FF and Urea in B-385, while 125.91-μg kg−1 and 90.71-μg kg−1 were measured for FF and Urea in YJY, respectively, during 2020. Similarly, B-385 had better 2AP content and yield-related traits, as well as amylose content and cooked rice elongation, as compared to the YJY rice cultivar. The 2AP accumulation and its related biochemical parameters, and their relationships in different plant tissues at different growth stages under FF and Urea treatments, were also improved. Further, the 2AP content and the P5C activity demonstrated strong correlations during the grain filling periods in both fragrant rice cultivars. In conclusion, our findings have the potential to provide useful information to farmers and agriculture extension workers in terms of the saving of fertilizers and the improvement of rice grain quality under fluctuating climate conditions.

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RGB Image-Derived Indicators for Spatial Assessment of the Impact of Broadleaf Weeds on Wheat Biomass

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs12182982 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (18) ◽

pp. 2982 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Christelle Gée ◽

Emmanuel Denimal

Keyword(s):

Biomass Production ◽

Precision Agriculture ◽

Weed Management ◽

Vegetation Index ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Weed Competition ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Area Index ◽

Crop Weed Competition ◽

The Impact

In precision agriculture, the development of proximal imaging systems embedded in autonomous vehicles allows to explore new weed management strategies for site-specific plant application. Accurate monitoring of weeds while controlling wheat growth requires indirect measurements of leaf area index (LAI) and above-ground dry matter biomass (BM) at early growth stages. This article explores the potential of RGB images to assess crop-weed competition in a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop by generating two new indicators, the weed pressure (WP) and the local wheat biomass production (δBMc). The fractional vegetation cover (FVC) of the crop and the weeds was automatically determined from the images with a SVM-RBF classifier, using bag of visual word vectors as inputs. It is based on a new vegetation index called MetaIndex, defined as a vote of six indices widely used in the literature. Beyond a simple map of weed infestation, the map of WP describes the crop-weed competition. The map of δBMc, meanwhile, evaluates the local wheat above-ground biomass production and informs us about a potential stress. It is generated from the wheat FVC because it is highly correlated with LAI (r2 = 0.99) and BM (r2 = 0.93) obtained by destructive methods. By combining these two indicators, we aim at determining whether the origin of the wheat stress is due to weeds or not. This approach opens up new perspectives for the monitoring of weeds and the monitoring of their competition during crop growth with non-destructive and proximal sensing technologies in the early stages of development.

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Phosphorus and Zinc Fertilization Influence Crop Growth Rates and Total Biomass of Coarse vs. Fine Types Rice Cultivars

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10091356 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 1356

Author(s):

Amanullah ◽

Inamullah ◽

Jawaher Alkahtani ◽

Mohamed Soliman Elshikh ◽

Mona S. Alwahibi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Rates ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Oryza Sativa L ◽

Crop Growth ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Total Biomass ◽

Continuous Cropping ◽

Rice Cultivars ◽

Rice Genotypes ◽

The Impact

Under the rice–wheat cropping system (RWS), the continuous cropping of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) deplete soil fertility, and reduce crop growth and total rice biomass. In RWS, both phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) deficiencies are considered important nutritional constraints for reducing rice crop growth rates (CGR) and total biomass/biological yield (BY). The objective of this experiment was to investigate the impact of phosphorus (0, 40, 80, 120 kg P ha−1) and zinc rates (0, 5, 10, 15 kg Zn ha−1) on CGR and BY of three rice genotypes [fine (Bamati-385) versus coarse (Fakhre-e-Malakand and Pukhraj)] in Northwestern Pakistan during summer 2011 (Y1) and 2012 (Y2). The results revealed that higher CGR at various growth stages and total BY was obtained with the integrated use of higher phosphorus (80 and 120 kg P ha−1) and zinc rates (10 and 15 kg Zn ha−1). The lower CGR and BY were recorded when P and Zn were not applied (control) or when P and Zn were applied alone. In the case of rice genotypes, the highest CGR and BY were recorded for the hybrid rice (Pukhraj) than the other two genotypes. The CGR was increased to the highest level at the heading stage as compared to tillering and physiological maturity. The increase in CGR had a positive impact on the total BY of rice cultivars. The increase in BY had a positive relationship with grain yield and grower’s income. It was concluded from the study that the combined application of higher P and Zn rates to the coarse rice genotypes (Fakhre-e-Malakand and Pukhraj) could increase CGR, total BY, crop productivity and profitability.

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Proteomic profiling reveals differentially expressed proteins associated with amylose accumulation during rice grain filling

BMC Genomics ◽

10.1186/s12864-020-07105-9 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hengdong Zhang ◽

Jiana Chen ◽

Shuanglü Shan ◽

Fangbo Cao ◽

Guanghui Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amylose Content ◽

Starch Synthesis ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Adenosine Diphosphate ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Rice Grain ◽

Rice Cultivars ◽

Differentially Expressed Proteins ◽

Proteomic Profiling ◽

Rice Grains

Abstract Background Amylose accumulation in rice grains is controlled by genetic and environmental factors. Amylose content is a determinant factor of rice quality in terms of cooking and eating. Great variations in amylose content in indica rice cultivars have been observed. The current study was to identify differentially expressed proteins in starch and sucrose metabolism and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathways and their relationships to amylose synthesis using two rice cultivars possess contrasting phenotypes in grain amylose content. Results Synthesis and accumulation of amylose in rice grains significantly affected the variations between rice cultivars in amylose contents. The high amylose content cultivar has three down-regulated differentially expressed proteins, i.e., LOC_Os01g62420.1, LOC_Os02g36600.1, and LOC_Os08g37380.2 in the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway, which limit the glycolytic process and decrease the glucose-1-phosphate consumption. In the starch and sucrose metabolic pathway, an up-regulated protein, i.e., LOC_Os06g04200.1 and two down-regulated proteins, i.e., LOC_Os05g32710.1 and LOC_Os04g43360.1 were identified (Figure 4). Glucose-1-phosphate is one of the first substrates in starch synthesis and glycolysis that are catalyzed to form adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG), then the ADPG is catalyzed by granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSS I) to elongate amylose. Conclusions The results indicate that decreasing the consumption of glucose-1-phosphate in the glycolytic process is essential for the formation of ADPG and UDPG, which are substrates for amylose synthesis. In theory, amylose content in rice can be regulated by controlling the fate of glucose-1-phosphate.

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Dynamic analysis of the impact of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) on biomass and N uptake in two contrasting genotypes of rice

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/fp17278 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 45 (7) ◽

pp. 696 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Jingjing Wu ◽

Herbert J. Kronzucker ◽

Weiming Shi

Keyword(s):

Elevated Co2 ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

N Uptake ◽

Yield Response ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Rice Cultivars ◽

Total N ◽

The Impact

Elevated CO2 concentrations ([CO2]) in the atmosphere often increase photosynthetic rates and crop yields. However, the degree of the CO2 enhancement varies substantially among cultivars and with growth stage. Here, we examined the responses of two rice cultivars, Wuyunjing23 (WYJ) and IIyou084 (IIY), to two [CO2] (~400 vs ~600) and two nitrogen (N) provision conditions at five growth stages. In general, both seed yield and aboveground biomass were more responsive to elevated [CO2] in IIY than WYJ. However, the responses significantly changed at different N levels and growth stages. At the low N input, yield response to elevated [CO2] was negligible in both cultivars while, at the normal input, yield in IIY was 18.8% higher under elevated [CO2] than ambient [CO2]. Also, responses to elevated [CO2] significantly differed among various growth stages. Elevated [CO2] tended to increase aboveground plant biomass in both cultivars at the panicle initiation (PI) and the heading stages, but this effect was significant only in IIY by the mid-ripening and the grain maturity stages. In contrast, CO2 enhancement of root biomass only occurred in IIY. Elevated [CO2] increased both total N uptake and seed N in IIY but only increased seed N in WYJ, indicating that it enhanced N translocation to seeds in both cultivars but promoted plant N acquisition only in IIY. Root C accumulation and N uptake also exhibited stronger responses in IIY than in WYJ, particularly at the heading stage, which may play a pivotal role in seed filling and seed yield. Our results showed that the more effective use of CO2 in IIY compared with WYJ results in a strong response in root growth, nitrogen uptake, and in yield. These findings suggest that selection of [CO2]-responsive rice cultivars may help optimise the rice yield under future [CO2] scenarios.

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Impact of Elevated CO2 and Reducing the Source-Sink Ratio by Partial Defoliation on Rice Grain Quality – A 3-Year Free-Air CO2 Enrichment Study

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.788104 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Bo Gao ◽

Shaowu Hu ◽

Liquan Jing ◽

Yunxia Wang ◽

Jianguo Zhu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Quality ◽

Grain Quality ◽

Eating Quality ◽

Rice Grain ◽

Milled Rice ◽

Rice Quality ◽

Free Air ◽

Source Sink ◽

The Impact ◽

Rice Processing

Evaluating the impact of increasing CO2 on rice quality is becoming a global concern. However, whether adjusting the source-sink ratio will affect the response of rice grain quality to elevated CO2 concentrations remains unknown. In 2016–2018, we conducted a free-air CO2 enrichment experiment using a popular japonica cultivar grown at ambient and elevated CO2 levels (eCO2, increased by 200 ppm), reducing the source-sink ratio via cutting leaves (LC) at the heading stage, to investigate the effects of eCO2 and LC and their interactions on rice processing, appearance, nutrition, and eating quality. Averaged across 3 years, eCO2 significantly decreased brown rice percentage (−0.5%), milled rice percentage (−2.1%), and head rice percentage (−4.2%) but increased chalky grain percentage (+ 22.3%) and chalkiness degree (+ 26.3%). Markedly, eCO2 increased peak viscosity (+ 2.9%) and minimum viscosity (+ 3.8%) but decreased setback (−96.1%) of powder rice and increased the appearance (+ 4.5%), stickiness (+ 3.5%) and balance degree (+ 4.8%) of cooked rice, while decreasing the hardness (−6.7%), resulting in better palatability (+ 4.0%). Further, eCO2 significantly decreased the concentrations of protein, Ca, S, and Cu by 5.3, 4.7, 2.2, and 9.6%, respectively, but increased K concentration by 3.9%. Responses of nutritional quality in different grain positions (brown and milled rice) to eCO2 showed the same trend. Compared with control treatment, LC significantly increased chalky grain percentage, chalkiness degree, protein concentration, mineral element levels (except for B and Mn), and phytic acid concentration. Our results indicate that eCO2 reduced rice processing suitability, appearance, and nutritional quality but improved the eating quality. Rice quality varied significantly among years; however, few CO2 by year, CO2 by LC, or CO2 by grain position interactions were detected, indicating that the effects of eCO2 on rice quality varied little with the growing seasons, the decrease in the source-sink ratios or the different grain positions.

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Evaluating Techniques for Rice Grain Quality Using near Infrared Transmission Spectroscopy

Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽

10.1255/jnirs.177 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 6 (A) ◽

pp. A111-A116 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Naoto Shimizu ◽

Jyunji Katsura ◽

Takashi Yanagisawa ◽

Bunji Tezuka ◽

Yasuyuki Maruyama ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Quality ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Amylose Content ◽

Rice Grain ◽

Whole Grain ◽

Infrared Transmission ◽

Reliable Determination ◽

Rice Quality ◽

Head Rice ◽

Apparent Amylose Content

The development of advanced evaluation techniques for rice quality has been a desire of the Japanese rice industry (breeding, distribution and processing). The objective of the present study is to develop novel techniques for evaluating rice grain quality. A reliable determination method for amylose in whole grain rice using near infrared transmission (NIT) is proposed, using Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression analysis. It was suggested from results based on two different validation methods that the PLS models have possibilities for determination of apparent amylose content using NIT spectroscopy. PLS modelling for constituents important in rice quality indicates that reasonably accurate models are attainable for moisture content and protein content in whole grain rice. However our PLS models were not sufficiently accurate for physical rice quality (head rice ratio, apparent density, whiteness) using NIT spectroscopy.

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Local Adaptation and Response of Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco Populations to Climate Change

Forests ◽

10.3390/f10080622 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 622 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Xian-Ge Hu ◽

Jian-Feng Mao ◽

Yousry A. El-Kassaby ◽

Kai-Hua Jia ◽

Si-Qian Jiao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Local Adaptation ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Tree Height ◽

Suitable Habitat ◽

Potential Growth ◽

Climate Conditions ◽

Platycladus Orientalis ◽

Non Local ◽

The Impact

Knowledge about the local adaptation and response of forest tree populations to the climate is important for assessing the impact of climate change and developing adaptive genetic resource management strategies. However, such information is not available for most plant species. Here, based on 69 provenances tested at 19 common garden experimental sites, we developed a universal response function (URF) for tree height at seven years of age for the important and wide-spread native Chinese tree species Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco. URF was recently used to predict the potential growth response of a population originating from any climate and growing in any climate conditions. The developed model integrated both genetic and environmental effects, and explained 55% of the total variation in tree height observed among provenances and test sites in China. We found that local provenances performed better than non-local counterparts in habitats located in central, eastern, and southwestern China, showing the evidence of local adaptation as compared to other regions. In contrast, non-local provenances outperformed local ones in peripheral areas in northern and northwestern China, suggesting an adaptational lag in these areas. Future projections suggest that the suitable habitat areas of P. orientalis would expand by 15%–39% and shift northward by 0.8–3 degrees in latitude; however, the projected tree height of this species would decline by 4%–8% if local provenances were used. If optimal provenances were used, tree height growth could be improved by 13%–15%, along with 59%–71% suitable habitat expansion. Thus, assisted migration with properly selected seed sources would be effective in avoiding maladaptation in new plantations under a changing climate for P. orientalis.

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Proteomic profiling reveals differentially expressed proteins associated with amylose accumulation during rice grain filling

10.21203/rs.3.rs-35540/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hengdong Zhang ◽

Jiana Chen ◽

Shuanglü Shah ◽

Fangbo Cao ◽

Guanghui Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amylose Content ◽

Starch Synthesis ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Adenosine Diphosphate ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Rice Grain ◽

Rice Cultivars ◽

Differentially Expressed Proteins ◽

Proteomic Profiling ◽

Rice Grains

Abstract Background Amylose accumulation in rice grains is controlled by genetic and environmental factors. Amylose content is a determinant factor of rice quality in terms of cooking and eating. Great variations in amylose content in indica rice cultivars have been observed. The current study was to identify differentially expressed proteins in starch and sucrose metabolism and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathways and their relationships to amylose synthesis using two rice cultivars possess contrasting phenotypes in grain amylose content.Results Synthesis and accumulation of amylose in rice grains significantly affected the variations between rice cultivars in amylose contents. The high amylose content cultivar has three down-regulated differentially expressed proteins, i.e., LOC_Os01g62420.1, LOC_Os02g36600.1, and LOC_Os08g37380.2 in the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway, which limit the glycolytic process and decrease the glucose-1-phosphate consumption. In the starch and sucrose metabolic pathway, an up-regulated protein, i.e., LOC_Os06g04200.1 and two down-regulated proteins, i.e., LOC_Os05g32710.1 and LOC_Os04g43360.1 were identified (Figure 4). Glucose-1-phosphate is one of the first substrates in starch synthesis and glycolysis that are catalyzed to form adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG), then the ADPG is catalyzed by granule-bound starch synthase Ⅰ (GBSS I) to elongate amylose.Conclusions The results indicate that decreasing the consumption of glucose-1-phosphate in the glycolytic process is essential for the formation of ADPG and UDPG, which are substrates for amylose synthesis. In theory, amylose content in rice can be regulated by controlling the fate of glucose-1-phosphate.

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Proteomic profiling reveals differentially expressed proteins associated with amylose accumulation during rice grain filling

10.21203/rs.3.rs-35540/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hengdong Zhang ◽

Jiana Chen ◽

Shuanglü Shah ◽

Fangbo Cao ◽

Guanghui Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amylose Content ◽

Starch Synthesis ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Adenosine Diphosphate ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Rice Grain ◽

Rice Cultivars ◽

Differentially Expressed Proteins ◽

Proteomic Profiling ◽

Rice Grains

Abstract BackgroundAmylose accumulation in rice grains is controlled by genetic and environmental factors. Amylose content is a determinant factor of rice quality in terms of cooking and eating. Great variations in amylose content in indica rice cultivars have been observed. The current study was to identify differentially expressed proteins in starch and sucrose metabolism and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathways and their relationships to amylose synthesis using two rice cultivars possess contrasting phenotypes in grain amylose content.ResultsSynthesis and accumulation of amylose in rice grains significantly affected the variations between rice cultivars in amylose contents. The high amylose content cultivar has three down-regulated differentially expressed proteins, i.e., LOC_Os01g62420.1, LOC_Os02g36600.1, and LOC_Os08g37380.2 in the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway, which limit the glycolytic process and decrease the glucose-1-phosphate consumption. In the starch and sucrose metabolic pathway, an up-regulated protein, i.e., LOC_Os06g04200.1 and two down-regulated proteins, i.e., LOC_Os05g32710.1 and LOC_Os04g43360.1 were identified (Figure 4). Glucose-1-phosphate is one of the first substrates in starch synthesis and glycolysis that are catalyzed to form adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG), then the ADPG is catalyzed by granule-bound starch synthase Ⅰ (GBSS I) to elongate amylose.ConclusionsThe results indicate that decreasing the consumption of glucose-1-phosphate in the glycolytic process is essential for the formation of ADPG and UDPG, which are substrates for amylose synthesis. In theory, amylose content in rice can be regulated by controlling the fate of glucose-1-phosphate.

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Proteomic Profiling Reveals Differentially Expressed Proteins Associated with Amylose Accumulation During Rice Grain Filling

10.21203/rs.3.rs-35540/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hengdong Zhang ◽

Jiana Chen ◽

Shuanglü Shah ◽

Fangbo Cao ◽

Guanghui Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amylose Content ◽

Starch Synthesis ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Adenosine Diphosphate ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Rice Grain ◽

Rice Cultivars ◽

Differentially Expressed Proteins ◽

Proteomic Profiling ◽

Rice Grains

Abstract BackgroundAmylose accumulation in rice grains is controlled by genetic and environmental factors. Amylose content is a determinant factor of rice quality in terms of cooking and eating. Great variations in amylose content in indica rice cultivars have been observed. The current study was to identify differentially expressed proteins in starch and sucrose metabolism and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathways and their relationships to amylose synthesis using two rice cultivars possess contrasting phenotypes in grain amylose content.ResultsSynthesis and accumulation of amylose in rice grains significantly affected the variations between rice cultivars in amylose contents. The high amylose content variety have three down-regulated differentially expressed proteins, i.e., LOC_Os01g62420.1, LOC_Os02g36600.1, and LOC_Os08g37380.2 in the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway, which limit the glycolytic process and decrease the consumption of glucose-1-phosphate. In the starch and sucrose metabolic pathway, an up-regulated protein, i.e., LOC_Os06g04200.1 and two down-regulated proteins, i.e., LOC_Os05g32710.1 and LOC_Os04g43360.1 were identified (Figure 4). Glucose-1-phosphate is one of the first substrates in starch synthesis and glycolysis that are catalyzed to form adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG), then the ADPG is catalyzed by granule-bound starch synthase Ⅰ (GBSS I) to elongate amylose.ConclusionsThe results indicate that decreasing the consumption of glucose-1-phosphate in glycolytic process is essential for the formation of ADPG and UDPG, which are substrates for amylose synthesis. In theory, amylose content in rice can be regulated by controlling the fate of glucose-1-phosphate.

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