Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Properties of Campylobacter Spp. Originating from Domestic Geese in Poland

A total of 240 samples were evaluated for the presence of Campylobacter spp. Campylobacter was found in 83.3% of the cecum contents samples and 52.5% of the neck skin samples from carcasses. The prevailing species was C. jejuni, accounting for 87.7% of all Campylobacter isolates, and the remaining 12.3% of isolates were C. coli. All Campylobacter isolates, independent of the sample origin and species, were positive for 6 out of 15 tested genes (flaA, flhA, cadF, racR, ciaB, and cdtA genes). The prevalence of dnaJ, docA, pldA, cdtB, cdtC, and iam genes was also very common (ranging from 86.5% to 98.8%). The lowest prevalence was noted for virB11 and wlaN genes, both in Campylobacter isolates from cecum (12% and 19%) and carcasses (11.1% and 17.5%). None of the isolates tested, regardless of the sample origin, carried the cgtB gene. The highest resistance rates were observed for quinolones (90.8%) and tetracyclines (79.8%). Simultaneously, only single Campylobacter isolate was resistant to macrolides (0.6%) and none of the isolates showed resistance to aminoglycosides and amphenicols. The common presence of Campylobacter on geese carcasses as well as the detection of multidrug-resistant isolates indicate that consuming goose meat might cause a potential risk, therefore leading to human campylobacteriosis.

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Animal and Human Multidrug-Resistant, Cephalosporin-ResistantSalmonella Isolates Expressing a Plasmid-Mediated CMY-2 AmpC β-Lactamase

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.44.10.2777-2783.2000 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 44 (10) ◽

pp. 2777-2783 ◽

Cited By ~ 174

Author(s):

P. L. Winokur ◽

A. Brueggemann ◽

D. L. DeSalvo ◽

L. Hoffmann ◽

M. D. Apley ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Plasmid Dna ◽

Antibiotic Use ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Geographic Region ◽

Chromosomal Dna ◽

Important Food ◽

Food Borne ◽

Clonal Spread ◽

Resistance Rates

ABSTRACT Salmonella spp. are important food-borne pathogens that are demonstrating increasing antimicrobial resistance rates in isolates obtained from food animals and humans. In this study, 10 multidrug-resistant, cephalosporin-resistant Salmonellaisolates from bovine, porcine, and human sources from a single geographic region were identified. All isolates demonstrated resistance to cephamycins and extended-spectrum cephalosporins as well as tetracycline, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, and sulfisoxazole. Molecular epidemiological analyses revealed eight distinct chromosomal DNA patterns, suggesting that clonal spread could not entirely explain the distribution of this antimicrobial resistance phenotype. However, all isolates encoded an AmpC-like β-lactamase, CMY-2. Eight isolates contained a large nonconjugative plasmid that could transformEscherichia coli. Transformants coexpressed cephalosporin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, and sulfisoxazole resistances. Plasmid DNA revealed highly related restriction fragments though plasmids appeared to have undergone some evolution over time. Multidrug-resistant, cephalosporin-resistant Salmonellaspp. present significant therapeutic problems in animal and human health care and raise further questions about the association between antimicrobial resistance, antibiotic use in animals, and transfer of multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp. between animals and man.

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Campylobacter jejuni from Canine and Bovine Cases of Campylobacteriosis Express High Antimicrobial Resistance Rates against (Fluoro)quinolones and Tetracyclines

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens9090691 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 691

Author(s):

Sarah Moser ◽

Helena Seth-Smith ◽

Adrian Egli ◽

Sonja Kittl ◽

Gudrun Overesch

Keyword(s):

Veterinary Medicine ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Tetracycline Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Treatment ◽

Human Infection ◽

Quinolone Resistance ◽

European Program ◽

Resistance Rates ◽

Human Campylobacteriosis

Campylobacter (C.) spp. from poultry is the main source of foodborne human campylobacteriosis, but diseased pets and cattle shedding Campylobacter spp. may contribute sporadically as a source of human infection. As fluoroquinolones are one of the drugs of choice for the treatment of severe human campylobacteriosis, the resistance rates of C. jejuni and C. coli from poultry against antibiotics, including fluoroquinolones, are monitored within the European program on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in livestock. However, much less is published on the AMR rates of C.jejuni and C. coli from pets and cattle. Therefore, C. jejuni and C. coli isolated from diseased animals were tested phenotypically for AMR, and associated AMR genes or mutations were identified by whole genome sequencing. High rates of resistance to (fluoro)quinolones (41%) and tetracyclines (61.1%) were found in C. jejuni (n = 29/66). (Fluoro)quinolone resistance was associated with the known point mutation in the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of gyrA, and tetracycline resistance was mostly caused by the tet(O) gene. These high rates of resistance, especially to critically important antibiotics in C. jejuni and C. coli, are worrisome not only in veterinary medicine. Efforts to preserve the efficacy of important antimicrobial treatment options in human and veterinary medicine have to be strengthened in the future.

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Decline and Rise of the Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolated from Middle Ear Fluid in Children: Influence of Changes in Circulating Serotypes

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.00501-12 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 56 (7) ◽

pp. 3989-3991 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Emilio Pérez-Trallero ◽

José M. Marimón ◽

Marta Alonso ◽

María Ercibengoa ◽

José M. García-Arenzana

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Middle Ear ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Northern Spain ◽

Content Type ◽

Middle Ear Fluid ◽

Resistance Rates ◽

Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine

ABSTRACTChanges in the antimicrobial susceptibility ofStreptococcus pneumoniaecausing otitis media were studied in 916 isolates from children <5 years old between 1999 and 2010 in a region of northern Spain. The rate of antimicrobial resistance decreased between the period before the introduction of the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (from 1999 to 2001) and the period from 2005 to 2007. However, in 2008 to 2010, resistance rates increased again due to the spread of serotype 19A, especially the multidrug-resistant ST320 and ST276 clones.

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Distinct groups and antimicrobial resistance of clinical Stenotrophomonas maltophilia complex isolates from Korea

Journal of Medical Microbiology ◽

10.1099/jmm.0.053355-0 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 62 (5) ◽

pp. 748-753 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Ji-Young Rhee ◽

Ji Young Choi ◽

Myung-Jin Choi ◽

Jae-Hoon Song ◽

Kyong Ran Peck ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistance Rate ◽

Gene Sequences ◽

Accurate Identification ◽

Group I ◽

Clade B ◽

Broth Microdilution Method ◽

Resistance Rates

One hundred and twenty-one isolates of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia complex were collected from seven Korean hospitals. Species and groups were identified using partial gyrB gene sequences and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using a broth microdilution method. Based on partial gyrB gene sequences, 118 isolates were identified as belonging to S. maltophilia complex, including S. maltophilia, S. pavanii, Pseudomonas beteli, P. geniculata and P. hibisciola. The S. maltophilia isolates were further divided into three groups, I to III. S. maltophilia groups II and III were clustered into clade A with S. pavanii and P. beteli; S. maltophilia group I was clustered into clade B with P. geniculata and P. hibisciola. For all S. maltophilia complex isolates, the resistance rate to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) was very high (30.5 %). Antimicrobial resistance rates varied among species or groups of S. maltophilia complex. Isolates of clade A showed significantly lower antimicrobial resistance rates than those of clade B; while 25 % of clade A isolates were multidrug resistant, 46 % of clade B isolates were multidrug resistant (P = 0.001). The finding of high antimicrobial resistance rates, particularly to TMP/SMX, among S. maltophilia complex isolates from Korea, and the existence of distinct groups among the isolates, with differences in antimicrobial resistance rates, suggests consideration of alternative agents to TMP/SMX to treat S. maltophilia infections and indicates the importance of accurate identification for appropriate selection of treatment options.

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Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance in Campylobacter spp. Isolated from Retail Chicken in Two Health Units in Ontario

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-73.7.1317 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 73 (7) ◽

pp. 1317-1324 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

ANNE DECKERT ◽

ALFONSO VALDIVIESO-GARCIA ◽

RICHARD REID-SMITH ◽

SUSAN TAMBLYN ◽

PATRICK SELISKE ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Campylobacter Jejuni ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Campylobacter Coli ◽

Multidisciplinary Study ◽

Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽

Campylobacter Lari ◽

Human Campylobacteriosis ◽

Campylobacter Spp

Campylobacter is an important enteric pathogen of humans and can cause diarrhea, fever, and abdominal pain. Campylobacter infections have frequently been associated with the handling and consumption of raw and undercooked poultry. Antimicrobial resistance among Campylobacter strains is of concern in the treatment of campylobacteriosis in vulnerable populations. A 2-year multidisciplinary study was conducted in the Perth and Wellington-Dufferin-Guelph public health units in Ontario, Canada, to investigate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spp. in retail chicken. Retail chicken samples were collected from randomly selected stores in these health units. Resulting Campylobacter isolates were tested for susceptibility to amoxicillin–clavulanic acid (AMC), ampicillin (AMP), chloramphenicol (CHL), ciprofloxacin (CIP), clindamycin (CLI), erythromycin (ERY), gentamicin (GEN), nalidixic acid (NAL), tetracycline (TCY), and trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole (SXT) using the E test. The prevalence of Campylobacter in 1,256 retail chicken samples was 59.6%. Of these positive samples, 9% contained Campylobacter coli, 1% contained Campylobacter lari, and 90% contained Campylobacter jejuni. Of the chicken isolates that were resistant to one or more antimicrobial agents, 301 isolates (40%) were resistant to one agent, 374 (50%) were resistant to two, 39 (5%) were resistant to three, 20 (3%) were resistant to four, and 6 (1%) were resistant to five. Nine isolates (1%) were susceptible to all antimicrobial agents tested. All isolates were susceptible to AMC, CHL, and GEN. Less than 10% of isolates were resistant to NAL, CIP, CLI, ERY, and AMP. Resistance to TCY was common (56%). No isolates had a resistance pattern that included all three antimicrobials important in the treatment of human campylobacteriosis (CIP, ERY, and TCY); however, 24 isolates (3.2%) were resistant to at least two of these antimicrobials.

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Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella in Japanese broiler flocks

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268812000039 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 140 (11) ◽

pp. 2074-2081 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Y. SASAKI ◽

A. IKEDA ◽

K. ISHIKAWA ◽

M. MURAKAMI ◽

M. KUSUKAWA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistance Rates

SUMMARYThis study determined the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella isolated from broiler flocks in Japan. Caecal dropping samples were collected from 288 broiler flocks between November 2007 and February 2010. Salmonella was prevalent in 248 (86·1%) broiler flocks. The top three serovars were S. Infantis, S. Manhattan and S. Schwarzengrund. S. Infantis was found in all regions tested in this study. However, S. Manhattan and S. Schwarzengrund were frequently found only in the western part of Japan. High antimicrobial resistance rates were observed against oxytetracycline (90·2%), dihydrostreptomycin (86·7%) and ampicillin (36·5%), and 258 (90·5%) of 285 isolates were resistant to two or more antimicrobial agents. Interestingly, 26·3% of isolates were resistant to ceftiofur, especially 38·1% of S. Infantis isolates, although its use in broilers has not been approved in Japan. This study showed that Salmonella is highly prevalent (86·1%) in Japanese broiler flocks, that 90·5% of Salmonella isolates were multidrug-resistant, and that S. Infantis frequently exhibited resistance to cephalosporin antimicrobial agents.

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Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Diversity of Salmonella along the Pig Production Chain in Southern Brazil

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens8040204 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 204 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Luciano dos Santos Bersot ◽

Valéria Quintana Cavicchioli ◽

Cibeli Viana ◽

Raquel Cristina Konrad Burin ◽

Anderson Carlos Camargo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistance Testing ◽

Southern Brazil ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Production Chain ◽

Pig Production ◽

Disease Occurrence ◽

Pig Carcasses ◽

Resistance Rates

Control of Salmonella spp. in food production chains is very important to ensure safe foods and minimize the risks of foodborne disease occurrence. This study aimed to identify the prevalence and main contamination sources of Salmonella spp. in a pig production chain in southern Brazil. Six lots of piglets produced at different farms were tracked until their slaughter, and samples were subjected to Salmonella spp. detection. The obtained isolates were serotyped, subjected to antimicrobial resistance testing, and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Salmonella spp. was detected in 160 (10.2%) samples, and not detected in pig carcasses after final washing or chilling. Among the 210 Salmonella spp. isolates, S. Typhimurium was the most prevalent (n = 101) and resistant to at least one antimicrobial. High resistance rates were detected against tetracycline (83.8%), chloramphenicol (54.3%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (33.3%). The isolates that were non-susceptible to three or more classes of antimicrobials (n = 60) were considered multidrug-resistant (MDR), and isolates resistant to up to six of the tested antimicrobials were found. PFGE allowed the identification of genetic diversity and demonstrated that farm environment and feed supply may be sources for the dissemination of Salmonella spp. along the production chain. The results revealed the sources of Salmonella contamination in the pig production chain and highlighted the risks of antimicrobial resistance spread.

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing for Salmonella Serovars Isolated from Food Samples: Five-Year Monitoring (2015–2019)

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics9070365 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 365

Author(s):

Maria Francesca Peruzy ◽

Federico Capuano ◽

Yolande Thérèse Rose Proroga ◽

Daniela Cristiano ◽

Maria Rosaria Carullo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Food Industry ◽

Susceptibility Testing ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Food Samples ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Salmonella Serovars ◽

Resistance Rates ◽

Potential Public Health

The continuous collection and analysis of updated data on the antimicrobic resistance among bacterial strains represent the essential core for the surveillance of this problem. The present work aimed to investigate the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance among Salmonella serovars isolated in foods in 2015–2019. A total of 178 Salmonella strains belonging to 39 serovars were tested against 10 antimicrobials. High proportions of Salmonella isolates were resistant to tetracycline (n = 53.9%), ciprofloxacin (n = 47.2%), ampicillin (n = 44.4%), nalidixic acid (n = 42.7%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (n = 38.8%). Different resistance rates were recorded among the different serotypes of Salmonella, and S. Infantis, exhibited the highest resistance to antibiotics. A high percentage of strains isolated from poultry, pork, and bovine were resistant to at least one or two antimicrobials. Resistant and multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains were also recorded among the isolates from molluscan shellfish; however, the occurrence of resistant Salmonella strains isolated from this source was significantly lower compared with those reported for poultry, pork, and bovine. The high levels of resistance reported in the present study indicate a potential public health risk. Consequently, additional hygiene and antibiotic stewardship practices should be considered for the food industry to prevent the prevalence of Salmonella in foods.

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Antimicrobial Resistance among Clinical Isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Canada during 2000

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.46.5.1295-1301.2002 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 46 (5) ◽

pp. 1295-1301 ◽

Cited By ~ 69

Author(s):

Donald E. Low ◽

Joyce de Azavedo ◽

Karl Weiss ◽

Tony Mazzulli ◽

Magdalena Kuhn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Lower Respiratory Tract ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Central Laboratory ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

Resistance Rates

ABSTRACT A total of 2,245 clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae were collected from 63 microbiology laboratories from across Canada during 2000 and characterized at a central laboratory. Of these isolates, 12.4% were not susceptible to penicillin (penicillin MIC, ≥0.12 μg/ml) and 5.8% were resistant (MIC, ≥2 μg/ml). Resistance rates among non-β-lactam agents were the following: macrolides, 11.1%; clindamycin, 5.7%; chloramphenicol, 2.2%; levofloxacin, 0.9%; gatifloxacin, 0.8%; moxifloxacin, 0.4%; and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 11.3%. The MICs at which 90% of the isolates were inhibited (MIC90s) of the fluoroquinolones were the following: gemifloxacin, 0.03 μg/ml; BMS-284756, 0.06 μg/ml; moxifloxacin, 0.12 μg/ml; gatifloxacin, 0.25 μg/ml; levofloxacin, 1 μg/ml; and ciprofloxacin, 1 μg/ml. Of 578 isolates from the lower respiratory tract, 21 (3.6%) were inhibited at ciprofloxacin MICs of ≥4 μg/ml. None of the 768 isolates from children were inhibited at ciprofloxacin MICs of ≥4 μg/ml, compared to 3 of 731 (0.6%) from those ages 15 to 64 (all of these >60 years old), and 27 of 707 (3.8%) from those over 65. The MIC90s for ABT-773 and telithromycin were 0.015 μg/ml for macrolide-susceptible isolates and 0.12 and 0.5 μg/ml, respectively, for macrolide-resistant isolates. The MIC of linezolid was ≤2 μg/ml for all isolates. Many of the new antimicrobial agents tested in this study appear to have potential for the treatment of multidrug-resistant strains of pneumococci.

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Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci in Community-Based Healthy Individuals in Germany

Frontiers in Public Health ◽

10.3389/fpubh.2021.684456 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Gabriella Marincola ◽

Olivia Liong ◽

Christoph Schoen ◽

Alaa Abouelfetouh ◽

Aisha Hamdy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Farm Animals ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Species Definition ◽

Phenotypic Resistance ◽

Rdna Sequencing ◽

Animal Contact ◽

Cons Isolate ◽

Resistance Rates

Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are common opportunistic pathogens, but also ubiquitous human and animal commensals. Infection-associated CoNS from healthcare environments are typically characterized by pronounced antimicrobial resistance (AMR) including both methicillin- and multidrug-resistant isolates. Less is known about AMR patterns of CoNS colonizing the general population. Here we report on AMR in commensal CoNS recovered from 117 non-hospitalized volunteers in a region of Germany with a high livestock density. Among the 69 individuals colonized with CoNS, 29 had reported contacts to either companion or farm animals. CoNS were selectively cultivated from nasal swabs, followed by species definition by 16S rDNA sequencing and routine antibiotic susceptibility testing. Isolates displaying phenotypic AMR were further tested by PCR for presence of selected AMR genes. A total of 127 CoNS were isolated and Staphylococcus epidermidis (75%) was the most common CoNS species identified. Nine isolates (7%) were methicillin-resistant (MR) and carried the mecA gene, with seven individuals (10%) being colonized with at least one MR-CoNS isolate. While resistance against gentamicin, phenicols and spectinomycin was rare, high resistance rates were found against tetracycline (39%), erythromycin (33%) and fusidic acid (24%). In the majority of isolates, phenotypic resistance could be associated with corresponding AMR gene detection. Multidrug-resistance (MDR) was observed in 23% (29/127) of the isolates, with 33% (23/69) of the individuals being colonized with MDR-CoNS. The combined data suggest that MR- and MDR-CoNS are present in the community, with previous animal contact not significantly influencing the risk of becoming colonized with such isolates.

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