scholarly journals Animal and Human Multidrug-Resistant, Cephalosporin-ResistantSalmonella Isolates Expressing a Plasmid-Mediated CMY-2 AmpC β-Lactamase

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 2777-2783 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Winokur ◽  
A. Brueggemann ◽  
D. L. DeSalvo ◽  
L. Hoffmann ◽  
M. D. Apley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Plasmid Dna ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Chromosomal Dna ◽  
Important Food ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Clonal Spread ◽  
Resistance Rates

ABSTRACT Salmonella spp. are important food-borne pathogens that are demonstrating increasing antimicrobial resistance rates in isolates obtained from food animals and humans. In this study, 10 multidrug-resistant, cephalosporin-resistant Salmonellaisolates from bovine, porcine, and human sources from a single geographic region were identified. All isolates demonstrated resistance to cephamycins and extended-spectrum cephalosporins as well as tetracycline, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, and sulfisoxazole. Molecular epidemiological analyses revealed eight distinct chromosomal DNA patterns, suggesting that clonal spread could not entirely explain the distribution of this antimicrobial resistance phenotype. However, all isolates encoded an AmpC-like β-lactamase, CMY-2. Eight isolates contained a large nonconjugative plasmid that could transformEscherichia coli. Transformants coexpressed cephalosporin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, and sulfisoxazole resistances. Plasmid DNA revealed highly related restriction fragments though plasmids appeared to have undergone some evolution over time. Multidrug-resistant, cephalosporin-resistant Salmonellaspp. present significant therapeutic problems in animal and human health care and raise further questions about the association between antimicrobial resistance, antibiotic use in animals, and transfer of multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp. between animals and man.

scholarly journals PRO: The COVID-19 pandemic will result in increased antimicrobial resistance rates

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelius J Clancy ◽  
Deanna J Buehrle ◽  
M Hong Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Hospital Units ◽  
Poor Outcomes ◽  
Resistance Rates ◽  
The Impact

Abstract We argue that the COVID-19 pandemic will result in increased antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Broad-spectrum antibiotic use is common among hospitalized COVID-19 patients and in excess of reported secondary infection rates, suggesting unnecessary prescribing. Selection pressure is likely to be particularly intense in COVID-19 epicentres and within non-epicentre hospital units dedicated to COVID-19 care. Risk factors that increase the likelihood of hospitalization or poor outcomes among COVID-19 patients, such as advanced age, nursing home residence, debilitation, diabetes and cardiopulmonary or other underlying systemic diseases, also predispose to AMR infections. Worry for AMR emergence is heightened since first-wave COVID-19 epicentres were also AMR epicentres. Disruptive direct and indirect effects of COVID-19 globally on economic systems, governance and public health expenditure and infrastructure may fuel AMR spread. We anticipate that the impact of COVID-19 on AMR will vary between epicentres and non-epicentres, by geographic region, hospital to hospital within regions and within specific hospital units.

Antimicrobial Resistance and Presence of Class 1 Integrons Among Different Serotypes of Salmonella spp. Recovered From Children with Diarrhea in Tehran, Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-166
Author(s):  
Seyedeh Hanieh Eshaghi Zadeh ◽  
Hossein Fahimi ◽  
Fatemeh Fardsanei ◽  
Mohammad Mehdi Soltan Dallal
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Class 1 Integron ◽  
Class 1 Integrons ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
C 30

Background: Salmonellosis is a major food-borne disease worldwide. The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among food-borne pathogens such as Salmonella spp. is concerning. Objective: The main objective of this study is to identify class 1 integron genes and to determine antibiotic resistance patterns among Salmonella isolates from children with diarrhea. Methods: A total of 30 Salmonella isolates were recovered from children with diarrhea. The isolates were characterized for antimicrobial susceptibility and screened for the presence of class 1 integron genes (i.e. intI1, sulI1, and qacEΔ1). Results: The most prevalent serotype was Enteritidis 36.7%, followed by Paratyphi C (30%), and Typhimurium (16.7%). The highest rates of antibiotic resistance were obtained for nalidixic acid (53.3%), followed by streptomycin (40%), and tetracycline (36.7%). Regarding class 1 integrons, 36.7%, 26.7%, and 33.3% of the isolates carried intI1, SulI, and qacEΔ1, respectively, most of which (81.8%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Statistical analysis revealed that the presence of class 1 integron was significantly associated with resistance to streptomycin and tetracycline (p = 0.042). However, there was no association between class 1 integron and other antibiotics used in this study (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The high frequency of integron class 1 gene in MDR Salmonella strains indicates that these mobile genetic elements are versatile among different Salmonella serotypes, and associated with reduced susceptibility to many antimicrobials.

Identification of bacteriological quality and antimicrobial resistance of microorganisms isolated from animal foods collected from the abattoir, butcher shops and local seafood market

Food Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 144-151
Author(s):  
P. Vijayalakshmi ◽  
A. Rajani Chowdary ◽  
P. Vidyullatha ◽  
M. Sharon Sushma
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Butcher Shops

The current study aimed to isolate bacteria that harbour various animal food products like meat, chicken and seafoods collected from the abattoir, butcher shops and local seafood market and to determine the antimicrobial resistance pattern of isolated pathogens which are responsible for various foodborne illnesses in human beings. A total of forty raw animal product samples were collected from the abattoir, butcher shops and local seafood market of Visakhapatnam. The samples selected for the study include raw chicken, meat, crab, prawns and different varieties of fish. A classic random sampling technique was employed to collect the study samples. All the samples were processed immediately using standard microbiological protocols. The bacteria isolation and characterization were done by studying morphological characteristics with staining methods, cultural characteristics by isolating and growing the pathogenic microorganisms in various selective and differential culture media. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the Kirby -Bauer method by following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. EDTA-Disc Potentiation Test and Imipenem-EDTA Double disc synergy test are used to detect the metallo beta-lactamase production of isolated pathogens. The highest number of isolates belong to Salmonella species (18), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18) followed by Vibrio species (14) and few isolates belong to Enterobacter species (4). Majority of the microbial isolates obtained in the current study were multidrug resistant. The isolates from the abattoir environments, slaughterhouses, fish markets were found to exhibit variable resistance pattern to aminoglycosides, macrolides, β-lactams, cephalosporins, quinolone antibiotics used in the present study and at the same time most of them were sensitive to carbapenem antibiotic imipenem. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) prevents the designing and assessment of effective interventions. If such a link can be established, then the tracking of antibiotic use and consumption data could be furthermore used as a surrogate indicator for the risk of potential antibiotic resistance (ABR) emergence.

scholarly journals Evidence for Transfer of CMY-2 AmpC β-Lactamase Plasmids between Escherichia coli andSalmonella Isolates from Food Animals and Humans

2001 ◽  
Vol 45 (10) ◽  
pp. 2716-2722 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Winokur ◽  
D. L. Vonstein ◽  
L. J. Hoffman ◽  
E. K. Uhlenhopp ◽  
G. V. Doern
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Laboratory Strain ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Chromosomal Dna ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Clonal Relatedness ◽  
Food Animals

ABSTRACT Escherichia coli is an important pathogen that shows increasing antimicrobial resistance in isolates from both animals and humans. Our laboratory recently described Salmonellaisolates from food animals and humans that expressed an identical plasmid-mediated, AmpC-like β-lactamase, CMY-2. In the present study, 59 of 377 E. coli isolates from cattle and swine (15.6%) and 6 of 1,017 (0.6%) isolates of human E. coli from the same geographic region were resistant to both cephamycins and extended-spectrum cephalosporins. AnampC gene could be amplified with CMY-2 primers in 94.8% of animal and 33% of human isolates. Molecular epidemiological studies of chromosomal DNA revealed little clonal relatedness among the animal and human E. coli isolates harboring the CMY-2 gene. The ampC genes from 10 animal and human E. coli isolates were sequenced, and all carried an identical CMY-2 gene. Additionally, all were able to transfer a plasmid containing the CMY-2 gene to a laboratory strain of E. coli. CMY-2 plasmids demonstrated two different plasmid patterns that each showed strong similarities to previously describedSalmonella CMY-2 plasmids. Additionally, Southern blot analyses using a CMY-2 probe demonstrated conserved fragments among many of the CMY-2 plasmids identified in Salmonella andE. coli isolates from food animals and humans. These data demonstrate that common plasmids have been transferred between animal-associated Salmonella and E. coli, and identical CMY-2 genes carried by similar plasmids have been identified in humans, suggesting that the CMY-2 plasmid has undergone transfer between different bacterial species and may have been transmitted between food animals and humans.

scholarly journals Decline and Rise of the Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolated from Middle Ear Fluid in Children: Influence of Changes in Circulating Serotypes

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (7) ◽  
pp. 3989-3991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilio Pérez-Trallero ◽  
José M. Marimón ◽  
Marta Alonso ◽  
María Ercibengoa ◽  
José M. García-Arenzana
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Northern Spain ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Middle Ear Fluid ◽  
Resistance Rates ◽  
Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine

ABSTRACTChanges in the antimicrobial susceptibility ofStreptococcus pneumoniaecausing otitis media were studied in 916 isolates from children <5 years old between 1999 and 2010 in a region of northern Spain. The rate of antimicrobial resistance decreased between the period before the introduction of the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (from 1999 to 2001) and the period from 2005 to 2007. However, in 2008 to 2010, resistance rates increased again due to the spread of serotype 19A, especially the multidrug-resistant ST320 and ST276 clones.

Distinct groups and antimicrobial resistance of clinical Stenotrophomonas maltophilia complex isolates from Korea

2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 748-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji-Young Rhee ◽  
Ji Young Choi ◽  
Myung-Jin Choi ◽  
Jae-Hoon Song ◽  
Kyong Ran Peck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Gene Sequences ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Group I ◽  
Clade B ◽  
Broth Microdilution Method ◽  
Resistance Rates

One hundred and twenty-one isolates of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia complex were collected from seven Korean hospitals. Species and groups were identified using partial gyrB gene sequences and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using a broth microdilution method. Based on partial gyrB gene sequences, 118 isolates were identified as belonging to S. maltophilia complex, including S. maltophilia, S. pavanii, Pseudomonas beteli, P. geniculata and P. hibisciola. The S. maltophilia isolates were further divided into three groups, I to III. S. maltophilia groups II and III were clustered into clade A with S. pavanii and P. beteli; S. maltophilia group I was clustered into clade B with P. geniculata and P. hibisciola. For all S. maltophilia complex isolates, the resistance rate to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) was very high (30.5 %). Antimicrobial resistance rates varied among species or groups of S. maltophilia complex. Isolates of clade A showed significantly lower antimicrobial resistance rates than those of clade B; while 25 % of clade A isolates were multidrug resistant, 46 % of clade B isolates were multidrug resistant (P = 0.001). The finding of high antimicrobial resistance rates, particularly to TMP/SMX, among S. maltophilia complex isolates from Korea, and the existence of distinct groups among the isolates, with differences in antimicrobial resistance rates, suggests consideration of alternative agents to TMP/SMX to treat S. maltophilia infections and indicates the importance of accurate identification for appropriate selection of treatment options.

scholarly journals Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance phenotypes of Salmonella species recovered at various stages of broiler operations in Hathazari, Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
pp. 158-164
Author(s):  
Ferdausi Ali ◽  
Tazriyan Noor Silvy ◽  
Tanim Jabid Hossain ◽  
Md. Kamal Uddin ◽  
Mohammad Seraj Uddin
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Broiler Meat ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Meat Samples

Background and Aim: Dissemination of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella through food chains has serious health implications, with higher rates of morbidity and mortality. Broiler meat remains a major reservoir of Salmonella contamination. The lack of proper hygiene in local broiler operations has, therefore, prompted this research into the assessment of Salmonella contamination in local shops and associated antimicrobial resistance (AMR) phenotypes. Materials and Methods: A total of 55 broiler samples including skin, meat, and swab samples from chopping and dressing sites were included in the study. The samples were collected from broiler shops in Hathazari, Bangladesh, and screened for the presence of Salmonella strains using culture-based methods. The isolates were biochemically characterized and further tested for AMR to eight common antibiotics using the disk diffusion technique. Results: Salmonella contaminations were identified in 29% (16/55) of the broiler samples. Swab samples collected from the chopping sites appeared to be contaminated in higher proportions (33%) than those collected from the dressing areas (25%). On the other hand, the skin samples (50%) were detected with a higher percentage of contamination than the meat samples (25%). All Salmonella isolates showed resistance toward at least one of the eight antibiotics used. Although none of the isolates was resistant to all antibiotics, 18.75% showed resistance to a maximum of seven antibiotics. Resistance to nalidixic acid was most prevalent (87.5%), followed by sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (81.25%), erythromycin (81.25%), tetracycline (75%), streptomycin (56.25%), ampicillin-clavulanic acid (50%), chloramphenicol (43.75%), and cefotaxime (18.75%). The resistance patterns of the isolates were found to be highly diverse. The most frequently observed pattern was the following: Ampicillin-clavulanic acid-sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim-nalidixic acid-tetracycline-chloramphenicol-streptomycin-erythromycin. Conclusion: The relatively high prevalence of MDR strains in the samples underlies an urgent need for surveillance and control measures concerning hygiene and antibiotic use in local broiler operations.

scholarly journals Genetic characterisation of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotypes isolated from poultry in Cairo, Egypt

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Abdel-Maksoud ◽  
Rania Abdel-Khalek ◽  
Atef El-Gendy ◽  
Rawia F. Gamal ◽  
Hemmat M. Abdelhady ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Esbl Production ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Integrase Gene ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Egg Yolks ◽  
Health And Economic Development ◽  
Resistance Rates

Background: Food-borne diseases pose serious health problems, affecting public health and economic development worldwide.Methods: Salmonella was isolated from samples of chicken parts, skin samples of whole chicken carcasses, raw egg yolks, eggshells and chicken faeces. Resulting isolates were characterised by serogrouping, serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and detection of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production. Antibiotic resistance genes and integrons were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Results: The detection rates of Salmonella were 60%, 64% and 62% in chicken parts, skin, and faeces, respectively, whereas the egg yolks and eggshells were uniformly negative. Salmonella Kentucky and S. Enteritidis serotypes comprised 43.6% and 2.6% of the isolates, respectively, whilst S. Typhimurium was absent. Variable resistance rates were observed against 16 antibiotics; 97% were resistant to sulfamethoxazole, 96% to nalidixic acid and tetracycline and 76% to ampicillin. Multidrug resistance was detected in 82% (64/78) of the isolates and ESBL production was detected in 8% (6/78). The β-lactamase blaTEM-1 gene was detected in 57.6% and blaSHV-1 in 6.8% of the isolates, whilst the blaOXA gene was absent. The sul1gene was detected in 97.3% and the sul2 gene in 5.3% of the isolates. Sixty-four of the 78 isolates (82%) were positive for the integrase gene (int I) from class 1 integrons, whilst int II was absent.Conclusion: This study reveals the presence of an alarming number of multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates in the local poultry markets in Cairo. The high levels of drug resistance suggest an emerging problem that could impact negatively on efforts to prevent and treat poultry and poultry-transmitted human diseases in Egypt.

scholarly journals Hospital use of antibiotics as the main driver of infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria – a reanalysis of recent data from the European Union

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias M. Fischer ◽  
Matthias Bild
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Hospital Sector ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Resistance Rates

AbstractAntimicrobial resistance in bacteria causes significant morbidity worldwide. The development and acquisition of resistance to antibiotics is believed to primarily develop under the selective pressure of widespread antibiotic use in humans, however antimicrobial usage in livestock has been proposed as additional, if not principal, driver of antibiotic resistance. In this work, we correlate recent data from the European Union on antibiotic resistance rates with data on antibiotic usage in the primary care and hospital sector and data on veterinary antimicrobial consumption across the individual member states. We quantify the strength of these different potential drivers of antimicrobial resistance in order to compare their biological importance. We found that the correlation between antibiotic use in the hospital sector and antibiotic resistance rates is significantly higher than the correlation between resistance rates and any of the other two predictors. This suggests increased antibiotic use in hospitals as the main driver of the development of antibiotic resistances and necessitates further research on and a re-evaluation of the risks associated with antibiotic use in human and veterinary medicine.

scholarly journals Acinetobacter baumannii Resistance: A Real Challenge for Clinicians

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosalino Vázquez-López ◽  
Sandra Georgina Solano-Gálvez ◽  
Juan José Juárez Vignon-Whaley ◽  
Jorge Andrés Abello Vaamonde ◽  
Luis Andrés Padró Alonzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Severity Of Illness ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Hospital Length ◽  
Skin Wound ◽  
Hospital Length Of Stay ◽  
Real Challenge

Acinetobacter baumannii (named in honor of the American bacteriologists Paul and Linda Baumann) is a Gram-negative, multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogen that causes nosocomial infections, especially in intensive care units (ICUs) and immunocompromised patients with central venous catheters. A. baumannii has developed a broad spectrum of antimicrobial resistance, associated with a higher mortality rate among infected patients compared with other non-baumannii species. In terms of clinical impact, resistant strains are associated with increases in both in-hospital length of stay and mortality. A. baumannii can cause a variety of infections; most involve the respiratory tract, especially ventilator-associated pneumonia, but bacteremia and skin wound infections have also been reported, the latter of which has been prominently observed in the context of war-related trauma. Cases of meningitis associated with A. baumannii have been documented. The most common risk factor for the acquisition of MDR A baumannii is previous antibiotic use, following by mechanical ventilation, length of ICU/hospital stay, severity of illness, and use of medical devices. Current efforts focus on addressing all the antimicrobial resistance mechanisms described in A. baumannii, with the objective of identifying the most promising therapeutic scheme. Bacteriophage- and artilysin-based therapeutic approaches have been described as effective, but further research into their clinical use is required

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