Effects of Different Parts on the Chemical Composition, Silage Fermentation Profile, In Vitro and In Situ Digestibility of Paper Mulberry

Paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera, PM) is high protein but unutilized as a feed source. The study explores the different parts (leaf, stem, and whole plant) of PM chemical composition, silage fermentation, and in vitro and in situ digestibility, aiming to give some guidelines to PM usage as feed. The result showed that the leaf had a higher fresh weight than the stem (p < 0.05). The dry matter contents of the three groups had no differences. The highest crude protein, ether extract, water-soluble carbohydrate, ash, calcium, phosphorus, amino acid contents, and butter capacity were observed in the leaf (p < 0.05). The stem had the highest (p < 0.05) neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and lignin contents. After ensiling, the stem silage had the lowest pH value, ammonia nitrate (NH3-N), lactate, acetate, and propionate (p < 0.05). The leaf silage had the highest pH value (p < 0.05). The lactate, acetate, and propionate in the leaf and whole plant silage had no difference. The butyrate was not detected in all silage. The in vitro and in situ digestibility experiments showed the leaf had the highest digestibility (p < 0.05), which could produce more volatile fatty acids and have a higher effective digestibility. These results allow a greater understanding of PM to be used as a feedstuff.

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Chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of whole-crop maize fertilized with synthetic fertilizer or digestate and harvested at two maturity stages in Boreal growing conditions

Agricultural and Food Science ◽

10.23986/afsci.60068 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 47 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Mahmoud F. Seleiman ◽

Shaimaa Selim ◽

Seija Jaakkola ◽

Pirjo S.A. Mäkelä

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Soluble Carbohydrate ◽

In Vitro Digestibility ◽

Maturity Stages ◽

Synthetic Fertilizer

Maize cultivation for silage could be a sustainable option in Boreal conditions, especially when combined with nutrient recycling. Effects of digestate (sludge from biogas of domestic origin) application in comparison with synthetic fertilizer and two maturity stages on chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of whole-crop maize were investigated. Starch, neutral detergent fiber, water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and digestible organic matter (DOM) contents of maize did not differ in response to the two fertilizer treatments. However, starch, DOM and metabolizable energy of maize increased, while ash, crude protein and WSC contents decreased with increasing maize maturity. Heavy metals in maize fertilized with digestate remained low. The results indicate that whole-crop maize fertilized with digestate and harvested at 150 days after sowing is a promising feed and has good nutritive value, even in Boreal conditions.

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PSVIII-23 Effects of different growth height on the yield, chemical composition, silage fermentation profile, in vitro and in situ digestibility of Broussonetia papyrifera

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa278.582 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. 325-327

Author(s):

YangYi Hao ◽

Shuai Huang ◽

Jun Zhang ◽

Yue Gong ◽

Gaokun Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Broussonetia Papyrifera ◽

Silage Fermentation ◽

Whole Plant ◽

Lactic Acid Content ◽

Fermentation Profile ◽

Different Parts

Abstract Broussonetia papyrifera (BP) is a woody roughage source with high protein content. The experiment was conducted to explore the effects of different growth height (GH) on the BP yield, chemical composition, silage fermentation profile, as well as ruminants in vitro and in situ digestibility of different parts of BP. The three different harvested GH of BP were 0.8, 1.2, and 1.6 m, respectively. Samples from leaf, stem, and whole plant of BP were collected (each one has three replicates), making silage, and detected the nutritional composition of them. The results were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance with Duncan’s multiple comparisons. Fresh weight increased with the GH increased (P < 0.05). No significant difference was observed in dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) yield of leaf, and CP yield of whole plant between 1.2 to 1.6 m GH (P > 0.05). With the increase of GH, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of BP increased, while CP content decreased (P < 0.05). Stem had the highest NDF and acid detergent fiber (ADF) content, and the lowest CP content and buffer capacity. The BP silage fermentation quality was deteriorated (lactic acid content decreased and pH values increased) with GH increased. For the different parts of BP, leaf silage had the highest pH and stem silage had the highest lactic acid content (P < 0.05). The leaf and its silage had the highest in vitro dry matter digestibility and gas production compared to others. The BP in situ digestibility were corresponded with in vitro results. DM, CP, NDF, and ADF effective digestibility rates of whole plant with 1.2 m GH were 439.6, 455.1, 412.9, and 381.3 g/kg, respectively. In conclusion, the BP nutritional quality decreased with GH increased and it could be used as a potential feedstuff for ruminants.

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Characterization of triticale silage inoculated with homolactic bacteria and exposed to aerobic stress during storage

The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico ◽

10.46429/jaupr.v100i2.12728 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 100 (2) ◽

pp. 155-170

Author(s):

Luis C. Solórzano ◽

Luis L. Solórzano ◽

Abner Rodríguez-Carías

Keyword(s):

Water Soluble ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Soluble Carbohydrates ◽

Inorganic Matter ◽

Whole Plant ◽

Spring Triticale ◽

Fermentation Pattern ◽

The One

Fresh whole plant spring triticale (x Triticosecale spp.) was field wilted and chopped prior to either being sprayed or not with a homolactic bacterial inoculant (HBI). Wilted triticale was ensiled for 120 d at 20 to 23 °C using 16 PVC mini-silos of 3 L capacity fitted with two-way mechanics to vent gas (which imposed aerobic stress (ASTS) when it remained open), and filled with about 2 kg of the crop containing 35% dry matter (DM) and 5.2% water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) in the DM. Four treatments of a 2x2 factorial were: 1) No HBI/vent closed; 2) HBI/ vent closed; 3) No HBI/vent open; 4) HBI/vent open. Upon opening the mini-silos, chemical composition, fermentation characteristics and in vitro 30 h neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility of the silages were determined. Relative to pre-ensiled forage, either sprayed or not with HBI, ensiling increased (P<0.05) contents of moisture, inorganic matter, fibrous fractions (acid detergent fiber (ADF) and lignin), and ether extract (EE), while decreasing contents of WSC and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC). However, treatment had no consistent effect on content of silage nutrients. Of the two non-inoculated silages, the one subjected to ASTS was more than 20 percentage points lower (66 vs. 88 %) in DM recovery (DMR), whereas the HBI silage subjected to ASTS was protected from DM losses. Ensiling and ASTS during the 120 d fermentation decreased NDF digestibility, whereas inoculated non-ASTS silage was nearly as digestible (57.5) as the pre-ensiled forages (58.2 and 60.7%, without and with HBI). Inoculation tended to steer fermentation in a homolactic direction. On balance, HBI is recommended because of the benefits in the fermentation pattern, fiber digestibility and DMR, especially in the presence of ASTS.

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Mixed sugarcane and elephant grass silages with or without bacterial inoculant

Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia ◽

10.1590/s1516-35982010000300003 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 39 (3) ◽

pp. 462-470 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Jucilene Cavali ◽

Odilon Gomes Pereira ◽

Sebastião de Campos Valadares Filho ◽

Marlos Oliveira Porto ◽

Francisco Eden Paiva Fernandes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Linear Models ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Soluble Carbohydrate ◽

In Vitro Digestibility ◽

Elephant Grass ◽

Acid Detergent Fiber ◽

Total N

The effects of different ratios of sugarcane and elephant grass (0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and 100:0% of the natural basis) were assessed on the chemical composition and losses in silages treated with a bacterial inoculant, using laboratory silos. A 2 × 5 factorial arrangement (with and without inoculant and five elephant grass ratios) in a randomized blocks design with three replications was used. Interaction was observed in the sugarcane and elephant grass ratio × bacterial inoculant for crude protein (CP) and pH. The other variables were influenced only by the increasing proportions of elephant grass. The contents of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber corrected for ashes and protein, acid detergent fiber, insoluble protein in acid detergent fiber, hemicellulose and lignin in the silages increased linearly with the proportions of elephant grass. The water soluble carbohydrate contents and dry matter in vitro digestibility of the silages decreased linearly with the increase in the proportion of elephant grass. The mean value of ammonia nitrogen in relation to total N was 7.0% (% of DM). The CP values of the inoculated and non-inoculated silage fitted linear models. The highest CP content was observed in the silage treated with inoculant. The pH values of the silages, with and without inoculant, fitted quadratic and linear models, respectively. The lactic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid contents were not influenced by the elephant grass ratios, while the acetic acid content, for the non-inoculated silages, and ethanol decreased linearly with the increase in elephant grass. The ratio of 25% sugarcane and 75% elephant grass improves the nutritional value and increases the silage DM recovery, because of the lower effluent and gas productions. The homofermentative bacterial inoculant does not affect the sugarcane silage.

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Chemical composition and in vitro ruminal degradation of hay and silage from tropical grasses

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas-2014-014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 94 (4) ◽

pp. 705-715 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J. I. Arroquy ◽

M. V. Cornacchione ◽

D. Colombatto ◽

C. Kunst

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Gas Production ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Grass Species ◽

Soluble Carbohydrate ◽

Panicum Maximum ◽

Tropical Grasses ◽

Ruminal Degradation

Arroquy, J. I., Cornacchione, M. V., Colombatto, D. and Kunst, Jr., C. 2014. Chemical composition and in vitro ruminal degradation of hay and silage from tropical grasses. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 94: 705–715. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of preservation type on chemical composition and in vitro ruminal degradation of warm-season grasses (WSG). Treatments consisted of two factors (6×2): the first factor was tropical grasses: Cenchrus ciliaris (cv. Biloela, and cv. Molopo), Chloris gayana (cv. Callide and cv. Finecut), Panicum maximum, and Brachiaria bryzanta; and the second factor was preservation type (hay vs. silage). Cell wall, hemicellulose, cellulose, and water-soluble carbohydrate (P<0.05) concentrations were different among WSG. In general, hay or silage altered fiber content compared with fresh. For instance, hemicellulose and cellulose contents were lower in silage than in hay and fresh grass (P<0.05). Gas production rates were higher in silage from 0 to 24 h of fermentation, except at 4 h of incubation. After 24 h, gas production (GP) rate was similar for both preservation types, whilst potential GP was similar between preservation types. However, silage had decreased lag time compared with hay (P<0.01). Silage had greater dry matter disappearance than hay (P<0.05), and gas production yield was similar for grass species and preservation type. Our results indicate that WSG conserved as silage showed beneficial changes in chemical composition and dry matter degradation compared with hay.

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Ruminal Degradability and Summative Models Evaluation for Total Digestible Nutrients Prediction of Some Forages and Byproducts in Goats

ISRN Veterinary Science ◽

10.1155/2013/532528 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Oswaldo Rosendo ◽

Luis Freitez ◽

Rafael López

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

National Research Council ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Coefficient Of Determination ◽

Ruminal Degradability ◽

Lineal Regression

In in vitro true dry matter degradability (IVTDMD), in situ dry matter degradability, and neutral detergent fiber degradability, both in vitro (IVNDFD) and in situ (ISNDFD) techniques were used with crossbred goats to determine dry matter and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) ruminal degradability in eight forages and four industrial byproducts. Total digestible nutrients (TDN) content obtained with five different summative models (summative equations) were studied to compare the precision of estimates. All these models included digestible fractions of crude protein, ether extract, and nonfiber carbohydrates that were calculated from chemical composition, but digestible NDF (dNDF) was obtained from IVNDFD (IVdNDF), ISNDFD (ISdNDF), or by using the Surface Law approach. On the basis of the coefficient of determination (R2) of the simple lineal regression of predicted TDN (y-axes) and observed IVTDMD (x-axes), the precision of models was tested. The predicted TDN by the National Research Council model exclusively based on chemical composition only explains up to 41% of observed IVTDMD values, whereas the model based on IVdNDF had a high precision (96%) to predict TDN from forage and byproducts fiber when used in goats.

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Effect of silage additives on the microbial succession and fermentation process of alfalfa and whole-plant maize silages

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) ◽

10.1017/s0308229600022662 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 1992 ◽

pp. 156-156

Author(s):

K. K. Bolsen ◽

B. E. Brent ◽

Chunjian Lin

Keyword(s):

Fermentation Process ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Soluble Carbohydrate ◽

Microbial Succession ◽

Maize Hybrids ◽

Silage Fermentation ◽

Whole Plant ◽

Silage Production ◽

Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Alfalfa is recognized as more difficult to ensile than maize. Typically, multiple alfalfa cuttings are harvested at various stages of maturity, and numerous maize hybrids that vary in their nutritive value are used for silage production in North America. The objective of these studies was to determine the effects of commercial bacterial inoculant and water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) additions on the microbial succession and silage fermentation process of two cuttings of alfalfa and three whole-plant maize hybrids.In 1989, second and fourth cuttings of alfalfa were mowed and swathed at the late-bud, 10% bloom, and 50% bloom stages of maturity within each cutting and wilted in the windrow for 5 to 6 hours prior to precision chopping. Three maize hybrids (Pioneer 3377, 3379, and 3389) were grown under irrigation in 1989 and harvested at the two-third milk line of kernel maturity.

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Effects of Ensiling Oxytropis glabra with Whole-Plant Corn at Different Proportions on Fermentation Quality, Alkaloid Swainsonine Content, and Lactic Acid Bacteria Populations

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10101733 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 1733

Author(s):

Ya Tao ◽

Dongze Niu ◽

Feng Li ◽

Sasa Zuo ◽

Qizhong Sun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽

Removal Rate ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Soluble Carbohydrate ◽

Residual Water ◽

Fresh Matter ◽

Whole Plant ◽

Water Soluble Carbohydrate

Oxytropis glabra (OG) is a leguminous forage that is potentially valuable for solving the shortage of feed for livestock production, while, in large quantities, it may be toxic because of its swainsonine (SW) content. In this study, OG was ensiled with whole-plant corn (Zea mays L.) at 10:0, 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5, 4:6, and 0:10 ratios on a fresh matter basis, and, after 60 d of ensiling, the chemical composition, fermentation characteristic, SW removal rate, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) populations, and their capabilities for SW removal were analyzed. As the proportion of corn in the silage increased, the pH, as well as the propionic acid, ammonia-N, dry matter, crude protein, and SW contents, decreased linearly, while the lactic acid, neutral detergent fiber, and residual water-soluble carbohydrate contents increased linearly. Lactobacillus plantarum was the most common microorganism present in all mixture silages. Lactobacillus amylovorus and Lactobacillusbrevis were prevalent at lower ratios of corn to OG. Meanwhile, the LAB strains belong to L. amylovorus and L. plantarum had a higher SW removal rate. Our results suggested that ensiling OG with whole-plant corn improves fermentation and decreases SW content, and that 5:5 is the optimal ratio, so this type of mixed silage could make OG useable for ruminant production.

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Optimization of dietary lemon seed essential oil to enhance alfalfa silage chemical composition and in vitro degradability

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n2p891 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 891-906

Author(s):

Maghsoud Besharati ◽

◽

Valiollah Palangi ◽

Masomeh Niazifar ◽

Zabihollah Nemati ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Alfalfa Silage

Purpose of the experiment was to evaluate the effect of lemon-seed essential oils on chemical composition and in vitro degradability of alfalfa silage. Treatments were alfalfa silage with no additive (control) or treated with 60 ml/kg DM of lemon-seed (C60), of lemon-seed (C120) essential oils and equal mixed of them (M60). Whole plant alfalfa silage was ensiled for 60 d in triplicate laboratory scale tubes. Dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, insoluble fiber in acidic and neutral detergent, water soluble carbohydrate, pH, were measured with 3 replicates by in vitro gas production method. Dry matter (DM) content was greater for leo60 than control. Compared with control, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentration was decreased in leo120. Addition of essential oils and their combination to the silage significantly decreased (p<.0001) silage pH compared with untreated silage interestingly increased for all the silages containing essential oil compared with untreated silage. Addition of lemon-seed essential to alfalfa silage decreased the rate of disappearance of organic matter and dry matter in all treatments compared to the control treatment. The degradability potential of alfalfa silage has increased in treatments containing lemon-seed essential oil (60 ml / kg DM) which is significantly different from the control. In general, the obtained data show the positive effect of lemon-seed essential oil on the quality of alfalfa silage and its fermentation properties.

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Effects of elevated CO<sub>2</sub> and extreme climatic events on forage quality and <i>in vitro</i> rumen fermentation in permanent grassland

10.5194/bg-2020-464 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Vincent Niderkorn ◽

Annette Morvan-Bertrand ◽

Aline Le Morvan ◽

Marie-Lise Benot ◽

Angela Augusti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Extreme Event ◽

Forage Quality ◽

Climate Scenario ◽

Rumen Fermentation ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Soluble Carbohydrate ◽

Severe Drought ◽

Strong Impact

Abstract. This study was aimed at analyzing changes in botanical and chemical composition, and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics of an upland grassland exposed to climate changes in controlled conditions except for light intensity, which was the natural one. Grassland was exposed to future climate scenario coupled with CO2 treatments (390 and 520 ppm) from the beginning of spring. During summer, an extreme event (two weeks of increased temperature, +6 °C, associated with severe drought, ECE) was associated. After the ECE, a recovery treatment was performed. Three cutting dates in April, June and November were considered. Our results indicate that increases in greenness, nitrogen (N) content and changes in water-soluble carbohydrate profile for the cut of November result in higher in vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD) in the rumen. The neutral detergent fiber : nitrogen (NDF : N) ratio appeared to be a main driver of forage quality affected in opposite ways by elevated CO2 and ECE, with a strong impact on rumen fermentation. A trend towards an interaction between atmospheric CO2 concentration and ECE was observed in IVDMD, indicating that their effects could partly offset each other. These findings indicate that the different factors of climate change have to be considered together to characterize their effects on forage quality and use by ruminants.

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