Fatty Acids as Biomarkers of the Production Season of Caciocavallo Palermitano Cheese

This experiment aims to evaluate the potential of fatty acids (FA) of Caciocavallo Palermitano cheese as biomarkers of production season and pasture-based diet. A total of 48 cheeses were made in the four seasons with milk from two farms that raised cows of Cinisara breed. The animals were fed on pasture with supplementation of wheat bran and wheat straw in the barn, and in summer also with Opuntia ficus-indica cladodes. The chemical composition and FA profile of cheese were influenced by the season and not by the farm. In particular, cheeses produced in spring were characterized by higher protein and lower fat, and showed higher contents in trans-vaccenic acid, α-linolenic acid, rumenic acid, n-3 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA), and total PUFA. In winter, the lower availability of grazing forage, requiring a higher level of feeding integration, was responsible for an increase of saturated FA (SFA). The multivariate analysis distinguished clearly the cheeses made in winter and spring, while those produced in autumn and summer showed some overlapping points. Further investigations should be carried out to evaluate the effects of type and level of feeding integration on the presence of FA more suitable to be used as biomarkers of period and diet.

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Effect of Milk Intake, Its Composition, and Fatty Acid Profile Distribution on Live Weight of Suckling Wallachian Lambs until Their Weaning

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani9100718 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 718 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Martin Ptáček ◽

Michal Milerski ◽

Luděk Stádník ◽

Jaromír Ducháček ◽

Vladimír Tančin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Milk Production ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Vaccenic Acid ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Live Weight ◽

Profile Distribution ◽

Production Increase ◽

Daily Milk Production ◽

Trans Vaccenic Acid

This study determined effects of milk production, milk components, or fatty acids (FA) profile on live weight of suckling lambs till their weaning. Live weight (LW, kg) of 42 purebred Wallachian lambs (from 33 ewes) was recorded during four control days with approximately 30-day intervals during rearing. At the same time, their mothers were examined for milk production (kg), milk fat (g), proteins (g), lactose (g), and fatty acids (%) contents. Results investigated using linear regression analysis showed 5.93 kg (p < 0.05) increase of lambs LW corresponded with 1 kg of ewe’s daily milk production increase during the observed period. Similarly, significant 0.13 kg or 0.11 kg increases of lambs live weight corresponded with 1 g increase of milk protein or milk lactose at this time. Milk with higher prevalence of trans-palmitoleic acid, trans-vaccenic acid, cis-vaccenic acid, linolelaidic acid, linoleic acid, or conjugated linolenic acid (CLA) significantly improved lambs LW. Moreover, significantly positive Pearson partial correlation between LW and trans-vaccenic acid (r = 0.305) or CLA (r = 0.347) indicated on genetic correlation between these traits. Therefore, milk (natural or artificially supplied) with higher distribution of these specified FAs could improve lambs’ LW.

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Effect of ewe feeding system (grass v. concentrate) on intramuscular fatty acids of lambs raised exclusively on maternal milk

Animal Science ◽

10.1079/asc50480431 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 81 (3) ◽

pp. 431-436 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

M. A. Valvo ◽

M. Lanza ◽

M. Bella ◽

V. Fasone ◽

M. Scerra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽

Linolenic Acid ◽

Vaccenic Acid ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Feeding System ◽

Pasture Grass ◽

Maternal Milk ◽

Trans Vaccenic Acid

AbstractTwenty pregnant Comisana ewes were divided into two groups of 10. One group was allowed to graze a vetch pasture (grass). The second group of animals was housed collectively in a pen and was given hay and concentrates (concentrate). After lambing, all the ewes were allowed to stay with the respective lambs between 18:00 h and 07:00 h of the following day in two different pens. Therefore all the lambs were raised exclusively on maternal milk. The lambs were slaughtered at 38 days of age. Milk and lamb meat (longissimus dorsi muscle) fatty acids were analysed. Ewes on grass produced milk with a lower (P < 0·001) proportion of saturated fatty acids and with a higher proportion of both monounsaturated (P < 0·05) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (P < 0·01) than ewes given concentrates. Trans-vaccenic acid was significantly higher (P < 0·001) in milk from grass-fed animals compared with ewes given concentrates. Linoleic acid (C18: 2 n-6) tended to be higher (P = 0·06) in milk from ewes on concentrates while linolenic acid (C18: 3 n-3) was significantly higher (P < 0·001) in milk from animals grazing pasture. Conjugated linoleic acid (cis-9, trans-11 C18: 2) was almost double in milk from grass-fed ewes compared with animals given concentrates (P < 0·001). Regarding lamb tissue, trans-vaccenic acid (C18: 1 trans-11) was higher (P = 0·01) in the fat from lambs raised by grazing ewes. Linoleic acid (C18: 2 n-6) was at higher concentration (P < 0·001) in the fat from lambs raised by ewes given concentrates. Linolenic acid (C18: 3 n-3) was increased three-fold (P < 0·001) in the fat of lambs from the grass group compared with lambs suckled by ewes given concentrates. The isomer cis-9, trans-11 of conjugated linoleic acid was present at double concentration (P < 0·001) in the fat from animals raised by grazing ewes. Eicosapentaenoic (C20: 5 n-3; EPA) and docosaesaenoic (C22: 6 n-3; DHA) acids were higher (respectively P < 0·001 and P = 0·01) in the intramuscular fat from lambs from the grass group compared with animals from the concentrate group. The n-6/n-3 ratio was lower (P < 0·001) in the meat from lambs raised by grazing ewes. Overall this trial showed that ewe feeding system strongly affects intramuscular fatty acids even in lambs raised exclusively on maternal milk.

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The effect of non-starter bacteria on the chemical composition and the flavour of Cheddar cheese

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029900015661 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 117-125 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

B. A. Law ◽

Marisi Castañón ◽

M. Elisabeth Sharpe

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Free Fatty Acids ◽

Raw Milk ◽

Methyl Ketones ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Fresh Cheese ◽

Cheese Curd ◽

Bacterial Groups ◽

Made In

SummaryDifferences in flavour scores and in the concentrations of free fatty acids, methyl ketones and H2S were measured in Cheddar cheeses containing various groups of non-starter bacteria or starter streptococci alone, made under controlled bacteriological conditions by the aseptic vat technique. The non-starter bacteria were made up of lactobacilli, leuconostocs, pediococci, micrococci and Gram-negative rods isolated in commercial creameries from raw milk or fresh cheese curd. These were added to the experimental cheese as single groups or as complete floras (reference floras). Several bacterial groups influenced the measured concentrations of the flavour compounds, but flavour differences were not correlated with these chemical differences. Only cheese containing a curd-derived whole reference flora or cheese made in open vats in the N.I.R.D. Experimental Dairy had significantly better flavour than starter-only cheese, but this improvement was not attributable to any particular group of bacteria.

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Lipid metabolism in the perfused chicken liver. The uptake and metabolism of oleic acid, elaidic acid, cis-vaccenic acid, trans-vaccenic acid and stearic acid

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj1180433 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 118 (3) ◽

pp. 433-442 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

R. Bickerstaffe ◽

E. F. Annison

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Oleic Acid ◽

Stearic Acid ◽

Trans Fatty Acids ◽

Vaccenic Acid ◽

Chicken Liver ◽

Octadecenoic Acids ◽

Cis And Trans ◽

Uptake And Metabolism ◽

Trans Vaccenic Acid

Comparative studies were made of the uptake and metabolism of cis- and trans-octadecenoic acids by the perfused chicken liver. No differences were observed in the rates of uptake of the isomers. There was considerable incorporation of radioactivity into triglycerides and phospholipids, and some release of labelled lipid into the perfusate was observed. The cis-fatty acids were more readily incorporated into triglycerides than phospholipids, the reverse being true of the trans-fatty acids. Examination of the intramolecular distribution of fatty acids in triglycerides showed that the trans-fatty acid and stearate mainly occupied the 1- and 3-positions, and cis-fatty acids the 2-position. In the phospholipids phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine the trans-fatty acids again behaved like stearic acid and favoured the 1-position. No evidence was obtained of atypical patterns of uptake or metabolism of the trans-fatty acids.

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Mare’s Milk from a Small Polish Specialized Farm—Basic Chemical Composition, Fatty Acid Profile, and Healthy Lipid Indices

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11061590 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 1590

Author(s):

Grażyna Czyżak-Runowska ◽

Jacek Antoni Wójtowski ◽

Romualda Danków ◽

Daniel Stanisławski

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Birth Order ◽

Fatty Acid Profile ◽

Age Structure ◽

Atherogenic Index ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Stage Of Lactation ◽

Bulk Tank

The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition, fatty acid profile, and values of healthy indices of milk from a specialized farm of Polish Coldblood mares of different ages, birth orders, and lactation stages. Milk samples (n = 48) were collected for analysis in weeks 10, 15, and 25 of lactation from mares aged between five and 14 years. The study showed that the stage of lactation has a significant effect on the fatty acid (FA) profile of the milk produced on the farm. The highest concentration of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated FAs was found in milk produced from the 15th week of lactation. The milk was also characterized by low values of atherogenic and thrombogenic indices, which indicate the health benefits of milk with respect to the content of fatty acids and their potential to prevent or cause atherosclerosis and thrombosis. The study also found a significant correlation between the number of foalings (birth order), the fatty acid profile, and atherogenic index of milk produced on the farm. The findings from the study indicate that it is possible to modify the fatty acid profile of bulk tank milk through appropriate management of the age structure of the herd of mares. To confirm this dependence, the study will be continued on a larger group of mares.

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A non-canonical Δ9-desaturase synthesizing palmitoleic acid identified in the thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium sp. T66

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ◽

10.1007/s00253-021-11425-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

E-Ming Rau ◽

Inga Marie Aasen ◽

Helga Ertesvåg

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Fatty Acid Synthase ◽

Palmitoleic Acid ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Gene Annotation ◽

Vaccenic Acid ◽

Strain Engineering ◽

Δ9 Desaturase ◽

Δ12 Desaturase

Abstract Thraustochytrids are oleaginous marine eukaryotic microbes currently used to produce the essential omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 n-3). To improve the production of this essential fatty acid by strain engineering, it is important to deeply understand how thraustochytrids synthesize fatty acids. While DHA is synthesized by a dedicated enzyme complex, other fatty acids are probably synthesized by the fatty acid synthase, followed by desaturases and elongases. Which unsaturated fatty acids are produced differs between different thraustochytrid genera and species; for example, Aurantiochytrium sp. T66, but not Aurantiochytrium limacinum SR21, synthesizes palmitoleic acid (C16:1 n-7) and vaccenic acid (C18:1 n-7). How strain T66 can produce these fatty acids has not been known, because BLAST analyses suggest that strain T66 does not encode any Δ9-desaturase-like enzyme. However, it does encode one Δ12-desaturase-like enzyme. In this study, the latter enzyme was expressed in A. limacinum SR21, and both C16:1 n-7 and C18:1 n-7 could be detected in the transgenic cells. Our results show that this desaturase, annotated T66Des9, is a Δ9-desaturase accepting C16:0 as a substrate. Phylogenetic studies indicate that the corresponding gene probably has evolved from a Δ12-desaturase-encoding gene. This possibility has not been reported earlier and is important to consider when one tries to deduce the potential a given organism has for producing unsaturated fatty acids based on its genome sequence alone. Key points • In thraustochytrids, automatic gene annotation does not always explain the fatty acids produced. • T66Des9 is shown to synthesize palmitoleic acid (C16:1 n-7). • T66des9 has probably evolved from Δ12-desaturase-encoding genes.

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Investigation on the potential of poplar bark from short-rotation coppices as bio-based fungicidal additives

BioEnergy Research ◽

10.1007/s12155-021-10253-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Martina Bremer ◽

Javane Oktaee ◽

Daniela Einer ◽

Steffen Fischer ◽

André Wagenführ

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Outer Bark ◽

Chemical Substances ◽

Adverse Conditions ◽

Short Rotation ◽

Poplar Clones ◽

Phenolic Substances ◽

Excellent Source

AbstractBark on trees protects the plant against environmentally adverse conditions as well as fungi and insect attacks. There are different chemical substances, mostly in the outer bark of trees, which can stop fungi from developing. Bark as a by-product of wood plantations is available in high quantity and can serve as an excellent source for the production of eco-fungicides. In the presented article, bark of various poplar clones from two short-rotation coppices (SRC) in Poland and Germany was examined to determine the chemical composition, the possible extraction of potential fungicides (terpenes, aromatic and phenolic substances), and influence of their extracts on slowing the growth of mold fungi. It was proved that the content of the fungicidal substances depends strongly on the clone type. Two methods of extraction—Soxhlet and batch—were compared to obtain fungicidal extracts. Fungicidal substances were found in extracts gained with both approaches. Triterpenes, fatty acids, aldehydes, and alcohols were primarily the active fungicides in the Soxhlet extracts, whereas phenolic substances act as fungicides in the batch extracts.

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Relationships between Serum Saturated Fatty Acids and Serum Total Cholesterol and HDL-Cholesterol in Humans

Annals of Clinical Biochemistry International Journal of Laboratory Medicine ◽

10.1177/000456329403100304 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. 240-244 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Teruo Nagaya ◽

Ken-Ichi Nakaya ◽

Akemi Takahashi ◽

Izumi Yoshida ◽

Yoshinari Okamoto

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Multivariate Analysis ◽

Total Cholesterol ◽

Cholesterol Metabolism ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

Significant Relation ◽

Men And Women ◽

Fa Composition

To investigate the effects of serum saturated fatty acids (FAs) on human cholesterol metabolism, total-cholesterol (T-C), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), T-C/HDL-C ratio, and FA composition [myristic acid (MA, 14:0), palmitic acid (PA, 16:0) and stearic acid (SA, 18:0)] were determined in serum from 115 men and 120 women (20–70 years old). MA, PA and SA were expressed as percentages of serum total FAs. Using multivariate analysis to account for the confounding effects of age, body mass index, drinking, and smoking it was found that SA was negatively correlated with T-C and T-C/HDL-C ratio in both men and women. In men MA was negatively correlated with HDL-C, and in women SA was positively correlated with HDL-C. Although PA was the major component of serum saturated FAs, PA had no significant relation to any cholesterol indices in either sex. These results suggest that serum MA may aggravate and serum SA may improve cholesterol metabolism, thereby influencing the risk for ischaemic heart disease.

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SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GRASSES HARVESTED FROM THE NATURAL PASTURE IN OGUN STATE SOUTH-WESTERN NIGERIA

Journal of Agricultural Science and Environment ◽

10.51406/jagse.v20i1.2103 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 65-77

Author(s):

O. A. OKUKENU ◽

B. T. AKINYEMI ◽

P. A. DELE ◽

A. A. OLAJIDE ◽

A.O. JOLAOSHO ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Rainy Season ◽

Crude Protein ◽

P Value ◽

Ogun State ◽

Natural Pasture ◽

Four Seasons ◽

Acid Detergent Fibre ◽

Different Seasons ◽

Dominant Grasses

The research was carried was carried out to evaluate the chemical composition of the dominant grasses harvested from the natural pasture in selected villages in Ogun State, South-western Nigeria at different seasons. The study was carried out using a 4 × 6 factorial arrangement comprising four seasons (early rain, late rain, early dry and late dry) at six locations (Afami, Atokun, Ibooro, Ileniku, Ipaaya, and Okerori). Results showed that the crude protein (CP) content significantly (p<0.05) varied from 5.56 % for Okerori to 7.34 % for Ibooro and the grasses harvested at Afami had the highest (72.75 %) neutral detergent fibre (NDF) values with the least (68.75 %) value recorded for Okerori, while the acid detergent fibre (ADF) values ranged from 41.00 % for Atokun to 48.25 % for Okerori. Also, CP value as affected by the season ranged from 4.23 % for late rainy to 9.44 % for the early rainy season and NDF values from 67.33% for late dry to 72.33 % for late rainy season while the early dry season had the highest value (48.00 %) for ADF with the least value (40.33 %) was recorded for the early rainy season. The phosphorus (P) value was highest at Ipaaya (2.99 g/kg) with the least value observed at Okerori (1.62 g/kg). The value for calcium ranged from 2.55 g/kg at Afami to 6.59 g/kg at Okerori. The P value of grasses as affected by seasons ranged from 1.46 g/kg for early dry to 2.66 g/kg for early rainy seasons.

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Thermal Acclimation of a Central Neurone in Helix Aspersa: III. Ionic Substitution and Related Studies

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.78.1.201 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 78 (1) ◽

pp. 201-211

Author(s):

C. K. LANGLEY

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Electrical Properties ◽

Membrane Resistance ◽

Thermal Acclimation ◽

Neuronal Membrane ◽

Electrical Characteristics ◽

Ionic Substitution ◽

Warm Acclimation ◽

Sodium And Potassium ◽

Made In

(1) Thermal acclimation of the Fi neurone does not appear to result from changes in the chemical composition of the haemolymph. This is deduced from the lack of effect on the electrical characteristics of control neurones of either pooled haemolymph from acclimated individuals, or variations in the experimental salines made in accordance with haemolymph analyses. (2) Changes in [Ca]0 tended to act cooperatively with temperature shifts to induce alterations in the electrical properties of the neurone, notably to increase excitability and lower membrane resistance. (3) Warm acclimation was associated with increased resting conductance of the neuronal membrane to sodium and potassium, whereas chloride conductance appeared little affected.

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