scholarly journals Phenotypic PIA-Dependent Biofilm Production by Clinical Non-Typeable Staphylococcus aureus Is Not Associated with the Intensity of Inflammation in Mammary Gland: A Pilot Study Using Mouse Mastitis Model

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3047
Author(s):  
Jully Gogoi-Tiwari ◽  
Dorji Dorji ◽  
Harish Kumar Tiwari ◽  
Gayatri Shirolkar ◽  
Joshua W. Aleri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Aureus Strain ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Damage Level ◽  
Biofilm Production ◽  
The Impact

Non-typeable (NT) Staphylococcus aureus strains are associated with chronic bovine mastitis. This study investigates the impact of biofilm formation by clinical NT S. aureus on cytokine production and mammary tissue damage by using a mouse mastitis model. Mice infected with two different NT S. aureus strains with strong and weak biofilm forming potential demonstrated identical clinical symptoms (moderate), minimal inflammatory infiltrates, and tissue damage (level 1 histopathological changes) in the mammary glands. However, the S. aureus load in the mammary glands of mice and the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17 and IFN-γ) in serum were significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) in those infected with the strong biofilm forming NT S. aureus strain. The level of IL-6 in sera samples of these mice was extremely high (15,479.9 ± 532 Pg/mL. Furthermore, these mice died in 24h of post infection compared to 30 h in the weak biofilm forming NT S. aureus infected group. The study demonstrates no association between the strength of PIA (polysaccharide intercellular adhesion)-dependent biofilm production by clinical NT S. aureus and mammary gland pathology in a mouse mastitis model. However, the role of biofilm in the virulence of S. aureus advancing the time of mortality in mice warrants further investigation.

scholarly journals MASTITIS AFTER INDUCED MAMMOGENESIS IN A NULLIPAROUS GOAT

2007 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-31
Author(s):  
A.M.M.P. Della Libera ◽  
W.P. de Araújo ◽  
M.G. Blagitz ◽  
C.R. Bastos ◽  
M.R. Azedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Case Report ◽  
Hormonal Therapy ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
One Year ◽  
Tissue Effect

ABSTRACT This is a case report on a nulliparous Toggenbourg goat, one year of age that, after being submitted to superovulation with human menopause gonadotrophin, presented mammogenesis and lactogenesis. Both neoformed mammary glands were naturally infected with β-hemolytic Staphylococcus aureus and evolved clinically in different forms. The left half evolved to acute catarrhal mastitis that responded positively to treatment using sodium cloxacillin, whereas right mammary gland evolved to phlegmonous gangrenous mastitis, with teat loss. The mammary tissue remaining had to be surgically removed. The present report emphasizes that multi-tissue effect should not be ignored when hormonal therapy is used. The potential risk of induced mammogenesis in nulliparous animals and the nosological diversity that mastitis may present should be considered, once the etiological agent and host were the same, and different inflammatory responses were observed in the two halves.

Oxygen concentration in milk of healthy and mastitic cows and implications of low oxygen tension for the killing ofStaphylococcus aureusby bovine neutrophils

1988 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 513-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan J. Mayer ◽  
Avril E. Waterman ◽  
Peter M. Keen ◽  
Neil Craven ◽  
F. John Bourne
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Bactericidal Activity ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Low Oxygen Tension ◽  
Bovine Neutrophils ◽  
Venous Plasma

SummaryThe partial pressure of O2in milk from normal cows and from cows with mastitis was measured and the concentrations of O2calculated. Oxygen levels of milk from normal cows were similar to those in venous plasma, but inflammation of the mammary gland led to a dramatic drop in O2concentration to < 10% of control values. Intracellular survival ofStaphylococcus aureusstrain M60 in bovine neutrophils was greater under anaerobic than aerobic conditions. The implications of low O2concentrations in milk from infected mammary glands for the bactericidal activity of bovine neutrophils is discussed.

scholarly journals Proteomic and Membrane Lipid Correlates of Re-duced Host Defense Peptide Susceptibility in a snoD Mutant of Staphylococcus aureus

Antibiotics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 169
Author(s):  
Christian Kohler ◽  
Richard Proctor ◽  
Arnold Bayer ◽  
Michael Yeaman ◽  
Michael Lalk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Compositional Data ◽  
Insertion Site ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Anaerobic Growth ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Aureus Strain ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
The Impact

We previously described a transposon mutant in Staphylococcus aureus strain SH1000 that exhibited reduced susceptibility to cationic thrombin-induced platelet microbicidal proteins (tPMPs). The transposon insertion site was mapped to the gene snoD, the staphylococcal nuo orthologue. Hence, further studies have been performed to understand how this mutation impacts susceptibility to tPMP, by comparing proteomics profiling and membrane lipid analyses of the parent vs. mutant strains. Surprisingly, the mutant showed differential regulation of only a single protein when cultivated aerobically (FadB), and only a small number of proteins under anaerobic growth conditions (AdhE, DapE, Ddh, Ald1, IlvA1, AgrA, Rot, SA2366, and SA2367). Corresponding to FadB impact on lipid remodeling, membrane fatty acid analyses showed that the snoD mutant contained more short chain anteiso-, but fewer short chain iso-branched chain fatty acids under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions vs. the parental strain. Based upon these proteomic and membrane compositional data, a hypothetical “network” model was developed to explain the impact of the snoD mutation upon tPMP susceptibility.

scholarly journals Staphylococcus aureus Strain USA300 Perturbs Acquisition of Lysosomal Enzymes and Requires Phagosomal Acidification for Survival inside Macrophages

2015 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary R. Tranchemontagne ◽  
Ryan B. Camire ◽  
Vanessa J. O'Donnell ◽  
Jessfor Baugh ◽  
Kristin M. Burkholder
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Lysosomal Enzymes ◽  
Intracellular Survival ◽  
Aureus Strain ◽  
Lysosomal Hydrolases ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Multiple Strains ◽  
Virulence Regulator ◽  
The Impact

Methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) causes invasive, drug-resistant skin and soft tissue infections. Reports thatS. aureusbacteria survive inside macrophages suggest that the intramacrophage environment may be a niche for persistent infection; however, mechanisms by which the bacteria might evade macrophage phagosomal defenses are unclear. We examined the fate of theS. aureus-containing phagosome in THP-1 macrophages by evaluating bacterial intracellular survival and phagosomal acidification and maturation and by testing the impact of phagosomal conditions on bacterial viability. Multiple strains ofS. aureussurvived inside macrophages, and in studies using the MRSA USA300 clone, the USA300-containing phagosome acidified rapidly and acquired the late endosome and lysosome protein LAMP1. However, fewer phagosomes containing live USA300 bacteria than those containing dead bacteria associated with the lysosomal hydrolases cathepsin D and β-glucuronidase. Inhibiting lysosomal hydrolase activity had no impact on intracellular survival of USA300 or otherS. aureusstrains, suggesting thatS. aureusperturbs acquisition of lysosomal enzymes. We examined the impact of acidification onS. aureusintramacrophage viability and found that inhibitors of phagosomal acidification significantly impaired USA300 intracellular survival. Inhibition of macrophage phagosomal acidification resulted in a 30-fold reduction in USA300 expression of the staphylococcal virulence regulatoragrbut had little effect on expression ofsarA,saeR, orsigB. Bacterial exposure to acidic pHin vitroincreasedagrexpression. Together, these results suggest thatS. aureussurvives inside macrophages by perturbing normal phagolysosome formation and that USA300 may sense phagosomal conditions and upregulate expression of a key virulence regulator that enables its intracellular survival.

scholarly journals Muramyl Dipeptide Synergizes with Staphylococcus aureus Lipoteichoic Acid To Recruit Neutrophils in the Mammary Gland and To Stimulate Mammary Epithelial Cells

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 1797-1809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salim Bougarn ◽  
Patricia Cunha ◽  
Abdallah Harmache ◽  
Angélina Fromageau ◽  
Florence B. Gilbert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Mammary Epithelial Cells ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Muramyl Dipeptide ◽  
Lipoteichoic Acid ◽  
Mammary Epithelial ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Chemokine Production

ABSTRACT Staphylococcus aureus, a major pathogen for the mammary gland of dairy ruminants, elicits the recruitment of neutrophils into milk during mastitis, but the mechanisms are incompletely understood. We investigated the response of the bovine mammary gland to muramyl dipeptide (MDP), an elementary constituent of the bacterial peptidoglycan, alone or in combination with lipoteichoic acid (LTA), another staphylococcal microbial-associated molecular pattern (MAMP). MDP induced a prompt and marked influx of neutrophils in milk, and its combination with LTA elicited a more intense and prolonged influx than the responses to either stimulus alone. The concentrations of several chemoattractants for neutrophils (CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL8, and C5a) increased in milk after challenge, and the highest increases followed challenge with the combination of MDP and LTA. MDP and LTA were also synergistic in inducing in vitro chemokine production by bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMEpC). Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2), a major sensor of MDP, was expressed (mRNA) in bovine mammary tissue and by bMEpC in culture. The production of interleukin-8 (IL-8) following the stimulation of bMEpC by LTA and MDP was dependent on the activation of NF-κB. LTA-induced IL-8 production did not depend on platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR), as the PAFR antagonist WEB2086 was without effect. In contrast, bMEpC and mammary tissue are known to express Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and to respond to TLR2 agonists. Although the levels of expression of the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and IL-1β were increased by LTA and MDP at the mRNA level, no protein could be detected in the bMEpC culture supernatant. The level of induction of IL-6 was low at both the mRNA and protein levels. These results indicate that MDP and LTA exert synergistic effects to induce neutrophilic inflammation in the mammary gland. These results also show that bMEpC could contribute to the inflammatory response by recognizing LTA and MDP and secreting chemokines but not proinflammatory cytokines. Overall, this study indicates that the TLR2 and NOD2 pathways could cooperate to trigger an innate immune response to S. aureus mastitis.

Metabolism of [U-14C; 2, 3-3H]-L-valine by the isolated perfused goat udder

1979 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eddy Roets ◽  
Anne-Marie Massart-LeëN ◽  
Roger Verbeke ◽  
Georges Peeters
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Total Milk ◽  
Important Amount ◽  
Free Plasma

SUMMARYTwo lactating mammary glands excised from 2 goats were perfused for several hours in the presence of [U-14C; 2,3-3H]-L-valine and received adequate quantities of glucose, acetate and amino acids. In the synthesized milk 96 and 89% respectively of the casein valine was derived from free plasma valine. Valine was extensively catabolized by mammary tissue, resulting in a considerable 14CO2 production and in the incorporation of 14C into milk citric acid and to a lesser extent into casein aspartic acid and glutamic acid. About 30% of the valine molecules which were taken up by the mammary gland were oxidized to CO2 and 70% were incorporated in casein as valine residues. About 10% of the plasma valine molecules were reversibly transaminated during one passage through the udder. An important amount of radioactivity of plasma was present in unknown metabolites. Only 7% of this activity was localized in isobutyrate. The radioactivity of total milk fat was very low. Mainly iso-14:0, iso-16:0 and 15:0 were labelled.

Suppression of ovarian secretions before puberty strongly affects mammogenesis in the goat

2012 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucile Yart ◽  
Laurence Finot ◽  
Pierre-Guy Marnet ◽  
Frédéric Dessauge
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Progesterone Receptors ◽  
Antigen Expression ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Mammary Development ◽  
Border Region ◽  
Nuclear Antigen ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Pcr Analysis

The objective of this study was to provide insight into the biological mechanisms underlying mammary development and the role of the ovaries in prepubertal caprine mammogenesis using a serial ovariectomy approach. Young Alpine goats were ovariectomized (Ovx) or sham-operated (Int) at three periods before puberty (G1=1 month, G2=2 month and G3=3 months of age) and one after puberty (G7=7 months of age). The goats were slaughtered at 9 months of age and mammary glands were removed. Ovariectomy performed at 1, 2 and 3 months of age caused a 50% reduction in DNA concentration, in mammary tissue taken from the parenchyma-stroma border region. Morphological analysis of mammary tissue sections indicated that the parenchymal structures of Ovx goats were negatively affected by ovariectomy. Goats ovariectomized before 2 months of age (Ovx-1 and Ovx-2) showed a significant decrease in the percent of cells proliferating in mammary glands of 9-month old goats (proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression and antigen Ki67-positive cell number). Also, goats ovariectomized at 1 and 2 months of age had reduced matrix metalloprotease 2 activity at 9 months of age. E-cadherin was strongly decreased in goats ovariectomized before 2 months of age (80 and 85% in Ovx-1 and Ovx-2 goats, respectively). Quantitative PCR analysis of transcripts encoding for oestrogen (ERα) and progesterone receptors (PR) and immunodetection of ERα showed that ovariectomy at 1 and 2 months of age strongly inhibited the transcription of ERα and PR in the mammary gland. We conclude that ovariectomy before 3 months of age markedly impaired parenchymal development. These findings suggest that prepubertal mammogenesis in goats depends on the ovaries to initiate mammary epithelial cell proliferation and mammary gland remodelling.

scholarly journals Local Insulin-Like Growth Factor-II Mediates Prolactin-Induced Mammary Gland Development

2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 460-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell C. Hovey ◽  
Jessica Harris ◽  
Darryl L. Hadsell ◽  
Adrian V. Lee ◽  
Christopher J. Ormandy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Insulin Receptors ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Mouse Mammary Gland ◽  
Mammary Epithelial ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Alveolar Development

Abstract Prolactin (PRL) is a major determinant of mammary epithelial cell proliferation during alveolar development in sexually mature and pregnant mice. To date, it has not been clear whether PRL effects these responses alone or by also invoking the action of autocrine/paracrine growth factors. In this study, we provide evidence that part of the effect of PRL on mammary gland growth is mediated by IGF-II. During sexual maturity and in early pregnancy, the level of IGF-II mRNA in the mammary gland was increased concurrent with increased PRL receptor expression. The level of IGF-II mRNA was reduced in mammary tissue from PRL receptor−/− mice during early pregnancy, and explants of mouse mammary gland and HC11 mammary epithelial cells both increased their expression of IGF-II after exposure to PRL in vitro. These findings coincided with the demonstration that IGF-II stimulated alveolar development in mammary glands in whole organ culture. PRL was most efficacious in stimulating IGF-II gene transcription from promoter 3 of the mouse IGF-II gene in vitro. Insight into the mechanism by which PRL induced IGF-II expression was provided by the fact that it was blocked by the Jak2 inhibitor AG490 and the MAPK inhibitor PD98059. Finally, induction of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 in the mammary glands of PRL-treated mice and induction of IRS-1 and IRS-2 after treatment with PRL plus progesterone indicates that these molecules are induced by PRL as potential signaling intermediates downstream from IGF-I/insulin receptors. Together, these data demonstrate a role for IGF-II as a mediator of PRL action in the mouse mammary gland during ductal branching and alveolar development.

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