Daytime Grazing in Mountainous Areas Increases Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Decreases Cortisol in the Milk of Holstein Dairy Cows

The effects of grazing lactating cows in mountainous areas for 12 and 24 h compared with the confined indoor system were evaluated by examining the overall milk fatty acid and cortisol. Twenty-one dairy cows were allocated to three treatment groups: (1) control (confined management system in a free-stall barn; TMR based), (2) grazing for 12 h (12hG; TMR plus grazing pasture), and (3) grazing for 24 h (24hG; pasture-based feeding system). Dry matter intake was higher in the control and 12hG groups than in the 24hG group. The yields of total milk and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk were the lowest in the 24hG group. Milk fat was the highest in the 24hG group and higher in 12hG compared with the control group. Milk protein and lactose levels were the highest in the 12hG group. The highest somatic cell count was observed in the 24hG group. The saturated fatty acid levels were higher in the control group compared with the 12hG and 24hG groups. There was no difference in overall mono-unsaturated fatty acids between 12hG and 24hG groups. Poly-unsaturated fatty acids were higher in the 12hG group compared with the control and 24hG groups. There was no difference in omega-6 (ω-6) fatty acids among the groups, and omega-3 fatty acids were higher in the 12hG group than in the control group. Milk cortisol was the highest in the 24hG group and higher in the control group compared with the 12hG group. Taken together, grazing for 12 h is advisable for farms that have access to mountainous areas to improve the milk fatty acid profile and decrease the stress levels in high-yielding Holstein lactating cows.

Download Full-text

Nutrients balances and milk fatty acid profile of mid lactation dairy cows supplemented with unsaturated fatty acid

Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal ◽

10.1590/s1519-99402013000200007 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 322-335

Author(s):

Jose Esler de Freitas Júnior ◽

Francisco Palma Rennó ◽

Jefferson Rodrigues Gandra ◽

Luciana Navajás Rennó ◽

Gustavo Henrique Rodrigues ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Fatty Acid Profile ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acid ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Energetic Efficiency ◽

Milk Fatty Acid

The objective was to evaluate the effect of unsaturated fatty acid sources supplementation on nutrients balances and milk fatty acid profile of mid lactation dairy cows. Twelve Brazilian Holstein cows in the mid lactation (mean of 128 days) and (580 ± 20kg of weight; mean ± SD) with milk yield of 25kg/d were assigned randomly into three 4 x 4 Latin square, fed the following diets: control (C); refined soybean oil; (SO); whole soybean raw (WS) and; calcium salts of unsaturated fatty acids (CSFA). Milk yield was 26.6; 26.4; 24.1 and 25.7 to the diets CO, SO, WS and CSFA respectively. Cows fed the WS treatment produced less milk (1.95kg/d of milk), fat and lactose than did cows fed the SO and CSFA. Cows fed the CSFA treatment showed less blood, urine (g/d) concentrations of N more energetic efficiency and intake of energy than did cows fed the SO treatment. Cows fed the unsaturated fatty acids sources showed more C18:2 cis-9, trans-11 CLA and trans-C18:1 FA concentration in milk than did cows fed the CO treatment. Diets with whole soybeans and soybeans oil provide more efficient digestive processes, and increase milk composition of unsaturated fatty acids.

Download Full-text

The Mode of Grass Supply to Dairy Cows Impacts on Fatty Acid and Antioxidant Profile of Milk

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods9091256 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 1256

Author(s):

Senén De La Torre-Santos ◽

Luis J. Royo ◽

Adela Martínez-Fernández ◽

Cristina Chocarro ◽

Fernando Vicente

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Production ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Major Influence ◽

Grass Silage ◽

Zero Grazing

The optimization of milk production includes a rational use of forages, respect for the environment and offers the best quality to consumers. Milk production based on grass and forages produces healthier milk and it is widely spread throughout the Atlantic arc to maximize milk yield per hectare. However, the mode of offering the grass can have a major influence on milk composition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of grass supply mode (grazing, zero-grazing or ensiling) on dairy cows’ performance, with particular reference to fatty acids and fat-soluble antioxidants concentration. A three by three Latin square experiment was performed with 18 dairy cows. Experimental treatments consisted of exclusive feeding with grass silage and zero-grazing, both offered ad libitum indoors, or grazing for 24 h. The results showed that grazing cows had a higher dry matter intake and greater milk yield than cows feeding on grass silage and zero-grazing, as well as higher concentrations of protein, lactose, nonfat-solids and urea in milk than housed cows. Milk fat from grazing cows had a higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids than from cows feeding on grass silage and zero-grazing, with significant differences in the proportion of vaccenic and rumenic acids. The 18:1 trans-11 to 18:1 trans-10 ratio is proposed as biomarker to identify the milk produced from the management system of grazing cattle. Milk from grazing cows had a greater proportion of lutein than cows eating grass silage, with the zero-grazing system having intermediate values. In conclusion, the mode of grass supply affects fatty acid and antioxidant profiles of milk.

Download Full-text

The effect of duration of feeding oilseeds to dairy cows on the persistency of response in milk fatty acid composition

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200011819 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 2003 ◽

pp. 22-22

Author(s):

D. I. Givens ◽

C. Rymer ◽

A.R. Moss ◽

R. Allison

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Extended Period ◽

Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Milk Fatty Acid ◽

Human Diet

There is much interest in the manipulation of the fatty acid composition of milk fat so as to improve its health characteristics in the human diet. In an earlier study there was an indication that the concentration of fatty acids in milk may change with time when feeding whole oilseeds rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). In particular a tendency for an increase in CLA and C18:1 and a reduction in C18:2 and C18:3 concentrations with time were seen. The present study was therefore undertaken to examine the changes in the fatty acid composition of milk from high yielding dairy cows fed diets rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) or PUFA over an extended period.

Download Full-text

Effects of rapeseed and soybean oil dietary supplementation on bovine fat metabolism, fatty acid composition and cholesterol levels in milk

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s002202991300071x ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 81 (1) ◽

pp. 120-128 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Christian Altenhofer ◽

Melanie Spornraft ◽

Hermine Kienberger ◽

Michael Rychlik ◽

Julia Herrmann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Soybean Oil ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Fat Metabolism ◽

Fatty Acid Pattern ◽

Blood Cholesterol ◽

Control Group ◽

Cholesterol Levels

The main goal of this experiment was to study the effect of milk fat depression, induced by supplementing diet with plant oils, on the bovine fat metabolism, with special interest in cholesterol levels. For this purpose 39 cows were divided in three groups and fed different rations: a control group (C) without any oil supplementation and two groups with soybean oil (SO) or rapeseed oil (RO) added to the partial mixed ration (PMR). A decrease in milk fat percentage was observed in both oil feedings with a higher decrease of −1·14 % with SO than RO with −0·98 % compared with the physiological (−0·15 %) decline in the C group. There was no significant change in protein and lactose yield. The daily milk cholesterol yield was lower in both oil rations than in control ration, while the blood cholesterol level showed an opposite variation. The milk fatty acid pattern showed a highly significant decrease of over 10 % in the amount of saturated fatty acids (SFA) in both oil feedings and a highly significant increase in mono (MUFA) and poly (PUFA) unsaturated fatty acids, conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) included. The results of this experiment suggest that the feeding of oil supplements has a high impact on milk fat composition and its significance for human health, by decreasing fats with a potentially negative effect (SFA and cholesterol) while simultaneously increasing others with positive (MUFA, PUFA, CLA).

Download Full-text

Meta-analysis of the effect of glycerin inclusion in dairy cattle diet on milk fatty acid profile

Translational Animal Science ◽

10.1093/tas/txab012 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Rodrigo N S Torres ◽

João P A Bertoco ◽

Maria C G de Arruda ◽

Julia L Rodrigues ◽

Larissa M Coelho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Random Effect ◽

Milk Fatty Acid ◽

Data Set

Abstract The use of glycerin in diets for dairy cows initially emerged as an alternative for the prevention and control of ketosis. However, despite some controversy, there are still several studies associating glycerin with increases in daily milk yield, with possible changes in its constituents. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate, using a meta-analysis approach, the effect of glycerin inclusion in dairy cow diets on milk fatty acid. Twenty-two peer-reviewed publications with 66 treatment means were included in data set. The effect of glycerin inclusion in diet (treatment) were evaluated using random-effect models to examine the weighted mean differences (WMD) between a control diet (without glycerin in the diet) and the treatment diet. Heterogeneity was explored by meta-regression and subgroup analysis performed for: genetic type; days in milk; experimental period; glycerin in diet; glycerin type and concentrate in diet. Inclusion of glycerin in the diet increased the digestibility of dry matter and protein, as well as ruminal propionate. It did not affect dry matter intake (P = 0.351) and milk yield (P = 0.730). The effect of glycerin inclusion on the milk fat yield is dependent on the genetic group, in which Holstein (WMD = −0.04 kg/d; P = 0.010) and Holstein-crossbreed (WMD = −0.10 kg/d; P < 0.0001) cows produced less fat in milk compared to Jersey cows, when glycerin was included in the diets. Glycine inclusions of up to 100 g/kg in the diet of dairy cows did not negatively affect milk production and composition. However, inclusions above 150 g/kg of glycerin in the diet reduced the concentration of fat, and of unsaturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA C18: 2 cis-9 and trans-11) in milk. The results reported in our meta-analysis does not demonstrate the effectiveness of glycerin in improving the composition of milk and a group of fatty acids of importance for human health such as C18: 2 cis-9, trans-11 CLA.

Download Full-text

Inclusion of soybean and linseed oils in the diet of lactating dairy cows makes the milk fatty acid profile nutritionally healthier for the human diet

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0246357 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. e0246357

Author(s):

Mauricio X. S. Oliveira ◽

Andre S. V. Palma ◽

Barbara R. Reis ◽

Camila S. R. Franco ◽

Alessandra P. S. Marconi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Soybean Oil ◽

Fatty Acid Profile ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Linseed Oil ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Omega 6

Fluid milk and its derivatives are important dietary ingredients that contribute to daily nutrient intake of the modern Homo sapiens. To produce milk that is healthier for human consumption, the present study evaluated the effect of adding soybean oil and linseed oil in the diet of lactating cows. The fatty acid profile of milk, milk composition, and the blood parameters of cows were evaluated. Eighteen Holstein cows were distributed in a replicated Latin square design and distributed according to the following treatments: 1) Control (CC): traditional dairy cow diet, without addition of oil; 2) Soybean oil (SO): 2.5% addition of soybean oil to the traditional diet, as a source of omega-6; 3) Linseed oil (LO): 2.5% addition of linseed oil in the diet as a source of omega-3. Milk production was not affected, but oil supplementation decreased feed intake by 1.93 kg/cow/day. The milk fat percentage was significantly lower when cows were supplemented with vegetable oil (3.37, 2.75 and 2.89% for CC, SO and LO, respectively). However, both soybean and linseed oils decreased the concentration of saturated fatty acids (66.89, 56.52 and 56.60 g/100g for CC, SO and LO respectively), increased the amount of unsaturated fatty acids in milk (33.05, 43.39, and 43.35 g/100g for CC, SO and LO respectively) and decreased the ratio between saturated/unsaturated fatty acids (2.12, 1.34, and 1.36 for CC, SO and LO respectively). Furthermore, SO and LO increased significantly the concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids (29.58, 39.55 and 39.47 g/100g for CC, SO and LO respectively), though it did not significantly alter the level of polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk fat (3.57, 3.93 and 3.98 g/100g for CC, SO and LO respectively). Supplementation with LO enhanced the concentration of omega-3 fatty acids on milk (0.32, 0.36, and 1.02 for CC, SO and LO respectively). Blood variables aspartate aminotransferase, gamma glutamyl transferase, urea, albumin, creatinine and total proteins were not altered. On the other hand, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL were greater in the group supplemented with vegetable oils. Supplementation with vegetable oils reduced the dry matter intake of cows, the fat content of milk, and improved saturated/unsaturated fatty acid ratio of milk fat. Compared to the SO treatment, animals fed LO produced milk with greater content of omega-3, and a more desirable omega-6/omega-3 ratio on a human nutrition perspective. Thus, the inclusion of SO and LO in the diet of lactating dairy cows makes the milk fatty acid profile nutritionally healthier for the human consumption.

Download Full-text

Milk fatty acid composition of Holstein x Gyr dairy cows fed sugarcane-based diets containing citrus pulp supplemented with sunflower oil

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n4p1663 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 1663

Author(s):

Shirley Motta de Souza ◽

Fernando César Ferraz Lopes ◽

Sebastião de Campos Valadares Filho ◽

Marco Antônio Sundfeld da Gama ◽

Luciana Navajas Rennó ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Production ◽

Elaidic Acid ◽

Sunflower Oil ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Milk Fatty Acid ◽

Citrus Pulp

Sugarcane is a strategic roughage source for milk production in the tropics, and its supplementation with plant oils offers great potential for obtaining milk enriched with beneficial fatty acids, such as oleic (cis-9 C18:1), vaccenic (trans-11 C18:1), and rumenic (cis-9, trans-11 CLA) acids. The aim of this study was to evaluate the milk fatty acid composition of cows fed 60% chopped sugarcane-based diets containing citrus pulp and 0.0% (control), 1.5%, 3.0% and 4.5% sunflower oil on a dry matter basis. Twelve multiparous Holstein x Gyr dairy cows with an average milk production of 17±5 kg day-1 and 96±25 days in milk were allocated in a triplicate 4 x 4 Latin square design. There was no effect of dietary treatment on milk production, but sunflower oil supplementation linearly reduced the milk fat content and yield. The milk fat contents of lauric (C12:0), myristic (C14:0), and palmitic (C16:0) fatty acids were linearly reduced with increasing sunflower oil levels. There was a quadratic effect on the milk fat oleic, vaccenic, and rumenic acid contents, while the concentrations of elaidic acid (trans-9 C18:1), trans-10 C18:1 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA linearly increased in response to sunflower oil inclusion. Diet supplementation with sunflower oil linearly reduced both the atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indices and linearly increased the ratio between hypo- and hypercholesterolemic fatty acids in milk fat. The inclusion of up to 4.5% sunflower oil in 60% chopped sugarcane-based diets improved the nutritional quality of milk fat from Holstein x Gyr dairy cows as a result of the increased content of oleic, rumenic and vaccenic acids, which are beneficial to human health, and the concomitant reduction of hypercholesterolemic lauric, myristic and palmitic acids. However, there was an increase in the milk content of trans-10 C18:1 and elaidic acid, which are associated with deleterious effects on cardiovascular health.

Download Full-text

Relative impact of α-tocopherol, copper and fatty acid composition on the occurrence of oxidized milk flavour

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029910000300 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 77 (3) ◽

pp. 302-309 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Jessica Juhlin ◽

Freddy Fikse ◽

Anne Lundén ◽

Jana Pickova ◽

Sigrid Agenäs

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Metal Ion ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Milk Fatty Acid ◽

Relative Impact ◽

Oxidative Process ◽

Unsaturated Fat

The oxidative process in milk fat, resulting in spontaneous oxidized off-flavour (SOF), is commonly assumed to depend on contents of pro- and antioxidants in milk and availability of fatty acids acting as their substrate. An important antioxidant in milk is α-tocopherol whereas the most potent prooxidant is the metal ion copper. The separate effects of α-tocopherol, copper, and milk fatty acid profile, and their combined effect on SOF development were examined in milk from 44 multiparous cows fed different roughage types and different amounts of dietary, unsaturated fat. A clear association between concentrations of copper and poly-unsaturated fatty acids in milk and the risk for developing SOF was found. Heritability estimates suggest that occurrence of SOF is partly under genetic control which indicates that milk quality may be compromised if breeding bulls are selected that carry genotypes predisposing for milk prone to develop SOF.

Download Full-text

Enhancing the DHA content in milk from dairy cows by feeding ALL-G-RICH™

Journal of Applied Animal Nutrition ◽

10.1017/jan.2017.9 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

C. A. Moran ◽

M. Morlacchini ◽

G. Fusconi

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Content ◽

Dry Matter Intake ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Omega 3

SummaryThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the dietary inclusion of 6 g/kg dry matter intake of an unextracted Aurantiochytrium limacinum algae (AURA) in mid-lactation Italian Friesian cows under commercial conditions on milk yield, milk composition and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content. Cows were allocated to two groups (n = 18; 108.2 ± 66.1 and 104.4 ± 54.6 days in milk, control and treated groups, respectively). Feeding AURA for 84 d had no effect on dry matter intake, body condition score or weight gain, but did improve milk yield by 1.9 kg/cow/d (+5.4%; P < 0.1) over the course of the experiment. Milk fat concentration declined by 12% (P < 0.0001) without any significant change in 4% fat corrected milk, protein or lactose. Supplementing AURA for 12 weeks substantially altered the fatty acid profile of milk compared with milk from CON-fed cows such that the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids increased, omega-3 fatty acid content increased by 73.1% (P < 0.0001) and was accompanied by a favourable increase in the omega-3:6 fatty acid ratio by 75.0% (P < 0.0001). The AURA supplement, during day 7–84, increased the DHA concentration to 0.37 g /100 g milk total fatty acids (P < 0.0001) with a mean transfer efficiency of 18.1% from feed to milk. Together these results indicated that supplementing a dairy cow diet with DHA-rich microalgae is a feasible and efficient means for creating DHA-enriched milk for human consumption.

Download Full-text

EFFECT OF GINGER, LEMURU FISH OIL SAPONIFICATION AND OLIVE OIL ON COMPOSITION FATTY ACID OF BEEF

Jurnal Agroindustri ◽

10.31186/j.agroind.4.1.31-39 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 31-39

Author(s):

Siwitri Kadarsih

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Fish Oil ◽

Olive Oil ◽

Rice Bran ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Omega 6

The objective was to get beef that contain unsaturated fatty acids (especially omega 3 and 6), so as to improve intelligence, physical health for those who consume. The study design using CRD with 3 treatments, each treatment used 4 Bali cattle aged approximately 1.5 years. Observations were made 8 weeks. Pasta mixed with ginger provided konsentrat. P1 (control); P2 (6% saponification lemuru fish oil, olive oil 1%; rice bran: 37.30%; corn: 62.70%; KLK: 7%, ginger paste: 100 g); P3 (lemuru fish oil saponification 8%, 2% olive oil; rice bran; 37.30; corn: 62.70%; KLK: 7%, ginger paste: 200 g). Konsentrat given in the morning as much as 1% of the weight of the cattle based on dry matter, while the grass given a minimum of 10% of the weight of livestock observation variables include: fatty acid composition of meat. Data the analyzies qualitative. The results of the study showed that the composition of saturated fatty acids in meat decreased and an increase in unsaturated fatty acids, namely linoleic acid (omega 6) and linolenic acid (omega 3), and deikosapenta deikosaheksa acid.Keywords :

Download Full-text