Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and Avium Complex In-Vestigation among Malaysian Free-Ranging Wild Boar and Wild Macaques at Wildlife-Livestock-Human In-Terface

Wild animals are considered reservoirs, contributing to the transmission of emerging zoonotic diseases such as tuberculosis (TB). A cross-sectional study was conducted by opportunistic sampling from fresh carcasses of free-ranging wild boar (n = 30), and free-ranging wild macaques (n = 42). Stained smears from these tissues were tested for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) with Ziehl–Neelsen staining. Mycobacterial culture was conducted using Lowenstein–Jensen media and Middlebrook 7H11 agar media. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed through the detection of the 16S rRNA gene, with multiple sets of primers for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). In wild boars, 30% (9/30; 95% Confidence Interval: 16.7–47.9%) of examined samples showed gross tuberculosis-like lesions (TBLLs). Multiple nodular lesions that were necrotic/miliary with cavitation were found in the submandibular lymph nodes, tonsils, lungs, kidney and liver, while single nodular lesions were found in the mediastinal lymph nodes, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes. Conventional PCR on the submandibular lymphoid tissues of wild boar (nine samples with TBLLs and three non-TBLL samples) showed that 75% (9/12) were positive for Mycobacterium bovis (95% CI: 46.8–91.1), and 91% (CI: 64.6–98.5) were positive for Mycobacterium avium. For macaques, 33.3% (10/30) were positive for M. avium (95% CI: 19.2–51.2) but negative for MTBC.

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Quantitative analysis of total macrophage content in adult mouse tissues. Immunochemical studies with monoclonal antibody F4/80.

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.161.3.475 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 161 (3) ◽

pp. 475-489 ◽

Cited By ~ 254

Author(s):

S H Lee ◽

P M Starkey ◽

S Gordon

Keyword(s):

Bone Marrow ◽

Small Bowel ◽

Lymph Nodes ◽

Large Bowel ◽

Adult Mouse ◽

Specific Antigen ◽

Lymphoid Tissues ◽

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽

Mesenteric Lymph ◽

Mouse Tissues

We have estimated the macrophage content of different tissues of the normal adult mouse using F4/80, a highly specific antigen marker for mature mouse macrophages. An absorption indirect binding assay was used to quantitate F4/80 antigen against a calibration standard made from the J774.2 macrophage-like cell line. The richest sources of tissue F4/80 antigen were found to be bone marrow, spleen, cervical and mesenteric lymph nodes, large bowel, liver, kidneys, and small bowel. The organs that have the highest total F4/80 antigen content are the liver, large bowel, small bowel, bone marrow, spleen, cervical and mesenteric lymph nodes, and kidney. We conclude that the mononuclear phagocyte system is mainly distributed in the gastrointestinal tract and liver, followed by hemopoietic and lymphoid tissues.

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Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium in Lymph Nodes and Diaphragms of Pigs from One Infected Herd in the Czech Republic

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-036 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 77 (1) ◽

pp. 141-144 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

PETR KRIZ ◽

MARIJA KAEVSKA ◽

IVA SLANA ◽

IVA BARTEJSOVA ◽

IVO PAVLIK

Keyword(s):

Lymph Nodes ◽

Mycobacterium Avium ◽

Mycobacterium Avium Subsp ◽

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

The Czech Republic ◽

Mesenteric Lymph ◽

Qpcr Method ◽

Pig Carcasses ◽

Slaughtered Pigs

This study was performed on 40 finished pigs from one herd naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium. The aim was to investigate the presence and amount of M. a. avium in samples of lymph nodes and diaphragm tissues collected during routine postmortem inspection using the triplex quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) method. We collected, in total, 107 samples: various lymph nodes affected by gross tuberculosis (TB)–like lesions from 17 pig carcasses, as well as samples of head and mesenteric lymph nodes from 23 carcasses without TB-like lesions. Samples of diaphragm tissues were collected from all carcasses. M. a. avium was detected in one or more tissue samples collected from half of the slaughtered pigs tested. Samples of diaphragm tissues of three pigs with detected TB-like lesions contained M. a. avium (102 to 103 cells per g of sample); the organism was not detected in diaphragm tissues from pigs without TB-like lesions. The qPCR method may be useful for quantification of M. a. avium in pigs for the purposes of foodborne risk assessment.

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A mixed infection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and M. a. hominissuis in one red deer (Cervus elaphus) studied by IS900 BstEII and IS1245 PvuII RFLP analyses: a case report

Veterinární Medicína ◽

10.17221/1927-vetmed ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 53 (No. 8) ◽

pp. 445-451 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

M. Moravkova ◽

I. Trcka ◽

J. Lamka ◽

I. Pavlik

Keyword(s):

Lymph Nodes ◽

Mycobacterium Avium ◽

Cervus Elaphus ◽

Mixed Infection ◽

Red Deer ◽

Chronic Diarrhoea ◽

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

Mesenteric Lymph ◽

Rflp Type

A mixed infection with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) and Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis (MAH) in one naturally infected red deer stag from a game park is described. The animal was euthanized because of symptoms of poor condition, weight loss and chronic diarrhoea. In spite of that, pathological lesions were observed only in the mesenteric lymph nodes, which were five to ten times enlarged with confluent caseous granulomas of 1 to 10 mm in size. Mycobacteria were isolated from all studied samples: a mixed infection of MAP and MAH was confirmed by multiplex PCR for the detection of IS 900, IS9011, IS1245 and dnaJ. MAP of the identical IS900 BstEII RFLP type C1 was isolated from all tissue samples and faeces. MAH isolates were detected in six examined tissue samples, including three mesenteric lymph nodes with caseous granulomas. Only minor differences in the band numbers and position of four different IS1245 PvuII RFLP patterns of MAH isolates were found. It follows from these results that red deer may potentially be infected with MAH, when a MAP infection is under way.

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Global vascular expression of murine CD34, a sialomucin-like endothelial ligand for L-selectin

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v84.8.2554.2554 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 84 (8) ◽

pp. 2554-2565 ◽

Cited By ~ 105

Author(s):

S Baumhueter ◽

N Dybdal ◽

C Kyle ◽

LA Lasky

Keyword(s):

Lymph Nodes ◽

Immune Surveillance ◽

Nod Mice ◽

Lymphoid Tissues ◽

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽

High Endothelial Venules ◽

Endothelial Cell Surface ◽

Vascular Expression

Abstract Extravasation of leukocytes into organized lymphoid tissues and into sites of inflammation is critical to immune surveillance. Leukocyte migration to peripheral lymph nodes (PLN), mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and Peyer's patches (PP) depends on L-selectin, which recognizes carbohydrate-bearing, sialomucin-like endothelial cell surface glycoproteins. Two of these ligands have been identified at the molecular level. One is the potentially soluble mucin, GlyCAM 1, which is almost exclusively produced by high endothelial venules (HEV) of PLN and MLN. The second HEV ligand for L-selectin is the membrane-bound sialomucin CD34. Historically, this molecule has been successfully used to purify human pluripotent bone marrow stem cells, and limited data suggest that human CD34 is present on the vascular endothelium of several organs. Here we describe a comprehensive analysis of the vascular expression of CD34 in murine tissues using a highly specific antimurine CD34 polyclonal antibody. CD34 was detected on vessels in all organs examined and was expressed during pancreatic and skin inflammatory episodes. A subset of HEV-like vessels in the inflamed pancreas of nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice are positive for both CD34 and GlyCAM 1, and bind to an L-selectin/immunoglobulin G (IgG) chimeric probe. Finally, we found that CD34 is present on vessels of deafferentiated PLN, despite the fact that these vessels are no longer able to interact with L-selectin or support lymphocyte binding in vitro or trafficking in vivo. Our data suggest that the regulation of posttranslational carbohydrate modifications of CD34 is critical in determining its capability to act as an L-selectin ligand. Based on its ubiquitous expression, we propose that an appropriately glycosylated form of vascular CD34 may act as a ligand for L-selectin-mediated leukocyte trafficking to both lymphoid and nonlymphoid sites.

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Studies on the pathogenesis of rinderpest in experimental cattle: III. Proliferation of an attenuated strain in various tissues following subcutaneous inoculation

Journal of Hygiene ◽

10.1017/s0022172400045149 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 63 (2) ◽

pp. 263-275 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

W. P. Taylor ◽

W. Plowright

Keyword(s):

Lymph Nodes ◽

Subcutaneous Tissue ◽

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

Vaccine Virus ◽

Lymphoid Tissues ◽

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Virulent Strains ◽

Eclipse Phase ◽

Subcutaneous Inoculation

Twenty-five grade cattle were infected subcutaneously with 1040 to 104·6 TCD 50 of a highly-attenuated strain of rinderpest virus which is used as a vaccine. No clinical reaction was observed but the proliferation of virus was studied in twenty-two tissues harvested at daily intervals from the first to the 10th days after inoculation. Serum samples collected at the same times were examined for rinderpest-neutralizing antibody.There was an ‘eclipse’ phase of 3 days during which no infectivity could be demonstrated in any tissue. On the 4th day virus had generalized, as shown by its detection in lymphoid tissues which were not associated with the site of inoculation; occasional animals showed evidence of viral proliferation in the local muscle and subcutaneous tissue. A considerable growth of virus, with peak titres between 104·0 and 105·0 TDC50/g., was demonstrated in the prescapular, pharyngeal and mesenteric lymph nodes, also in the palatal tonsils and Peyer's patches of the ileum. Highest titres (105·4 TCD50/g.) were recorded in the prescapular haemo-lymph nodes, but less virus (up to 103·4 TCD50/g.) appeared in the spleen.A low-level viraemia was detected in eight of the thirteen cattle killed on the 5th to 8th days inclusive. Minimal quantities of virus were found on two occasions each in the bone marrow and lung. No virus was recovered from the mucosae of the base of the tongue, abomasum, ileum, caecum and colon; liver, heart, kidney and brain tissue also failed to support its multiplication.Neutralizing antibody was present in all cattle by the 10th day after inoculation, its appearance being associated with the abrupt decline in virus titres, which was usually demonstrable on the 8th day.The behaviour of the attenuated virus was compared with that of virulent strains, and it was concluded that its lack of pathogenicity was due primarily to its failure to proliferate in the mucosae of the gastro-intestinal and respiratory tracts. Vaccine virus was, in fact, exclusively ‘lymphotropic’, a characteristic which may account for the solid, lasting immunity it confers and for the considerable antibody response it provokes in inoculated cattle. Inability to spread by contact amongst susceptible cattle may be a result of the absence of virus in mucosae or parenchymatous organs and hence in excretions.

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ANTIBODIES OF THE IgA TYPE IN INTESTINAL PLASMA CELLS OF GERMFREE MICE AFTER ORAL OR PARENTERAL IMMUNIZATION WITH FERRITIN

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.130.4.723 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 130 (4) ◽

pp. 723-744 ◽

Cited By ~ 128

Author(s):

P. A. Crabbé ◽

D. R. Nash ◽

H. Bazin ◽

H. Eyssen ◽

J. F. Heremans

Keyword(s):

Lymph Nodes ◽

Plasma Cells ◽

Lymphoid Tissues ◽

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽

Repeated Stimulation ◽

C3h Mice ◽

Parenteral Immunization ◽

Circulating Antibodies ◽

A Site ◽

Horse Spleen Ferritin

In adult germfree C3H mice immunized with horse spleen ferritin, either subcutaneously or intraperitoneally, plasma cells containing specific antibodies were found in lymph nodes and spleen and, in smaller numbers, also in the lamina propria of the intestine. In extraintestinal sites, these antiferritin-containing plasma cells were mainly of the IgM class after a single stimulation, and of the IgG1 class after repeated stimulation. In the intestine, all the anti-ferritin-containing cells appeared to be of the IgA class. Circulating antibodies, after repeated stimulation, were for the major part IgG1 and IgG2. In germfree mice given ferritin in their drinking water, antiferritin-containing cells were abundant in the intestinal mucosa, much less numerous in the mesenteric lymph nodes, and extremely scarce in other lymphoid tissues. All these cells, whatever their location, appeared to belong exclusively to the IgA class. Similarly, all the circulating antibody in these animals was found to be IgA. These findings illustrate the role of the gut as a site of antibody synthesis, as well as its selective commitment to the production of antibodies of the IgA class.

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Longitudinal Study of Salmonella Dispersion and the Role of Environmental Contamination in Commercial Swine Production Systems

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.01632-08 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 75 (6) ◽

pp. 1478-1486 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Paul M. Dorr ◽

Daniel A. Tadesse ◽

Bayleyegn Molla Zewde ◽

Pamela Fry ◽

Siddhartha Thakur ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lymph Nodes ◽

Susceptibility Testing ◽

Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽

Production Systems ◽

Swine Production ◽

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Mesenteric Lymph ◽

Swine Herds

ABSTRACT This study investigated the roles of various environmental sources, such as truck-washing systems, waste-processing lagoons, and other sources, as potential contributors to the exposure and dissemination of Salmonella in commercial swine production systems. Four cohorts of nursery age swine herds which originated from distinct farm flows were selected. In addition, cross-sectional sampling of four truck wash stations selected based on the types of disinfectants and sources of water used for sanitizing trucks were tested. Salmonella isolates were recovered from pigs (feces, cecal contents, and mesenteric lymph nodes) and environmental sources (barn floor, lagoon, barn flush, trucks, and holding pens). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and genotyping were conducted using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion and amplified fragment length polymorphism, respectively. Salmonella prevalence significantly increased with age from late nursery to slaughter for all of the cohorts (P = 0.007). In two of three instances, all three pig holding pens (lairage) sampled at processing were Salmonella positive. The predominant antibiotypes for all sources included ACSSuT (51.8%), SSuT (16.8%), T (6%), and pansusceptible (7.4%). For the isolates obtained at the farms, the ACSSuT phenotype was 5.6 times more likely to be found in the animals than in the environment (95% confidence interval, 4.4 to 7.2 times). Serogroup B was the most common serogroup (79%), followed by serogroup E (10.4%). Despite the fact that the four production flows were independent, 1 of the 11 genotypic clusters (cluster A1) was commonly detected in any type of sample regardless of its origin. Five of the genotypic clusters (clusters A3, A4, A5, A6, and A7) contained isolates that originated from trucks and lairage swabs and also from cecal contents and/or mesenteric lymph nodes. More interestingly, genotypic clusters A3, A4, and A6 (but not clusters A5 and A7) were not detected on the farms. They originated from the trucks and lairage swabs and then were identified from the cecal contents and/or mesenteric lymph nodes. These findings underscore the significance of various environmental factors, including inadequate truck-washing systems, and emphasize the role of lairage contamination by Salmonella that has food safety significance.

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Peripheral CD103+ dendritic cells form a unified subset developmentally related to CD8α+ conventional dendritic cells

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.20091627 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 207 (4) ◽

pp. 823-836 ◽

Cited By ~ 480

Author(s):

Brian T. Edelson ◽

Wumesh KC ◽

Richard Juang ◽

Masako Kohyama ◽

Loralyn A. Benoit ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dendritic Cells ◽

Transcription Factor ◽

Lymph Nodes ◽

Sendai Virus ◽

Pulmonary Inflammation ◽

Lymphoid Organ ◽

Contact Hypersensitivity ◽

Lymphoid Tissues ◽

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽

Normal Contact

Although CD103-expressing dendritic cells (DCs) are widely present in nonlymphoid tissues, the transcription factors controlling their development and their relationship to other DC subsets remain unclear. Mice lacking the transcription factor Batf3 have a defect in the development of CD8α+ conventional DCs (cDCs) within lymphoid tissues. We demonstrate that Batf3−/− mice also lack CD103+CD11b− DCs in the lung, intestine, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), dermis, and skin-draining lymph nodes. Notably, Batf3−/− mice displayed reduced priming of CD8 T cells after pulmonary Sendai virus infection, with increased pulmonary inflammation. In the MLNs and intestine, Batf3 deficiency resulted in the specific lack of CD103+CD11b− DCs, with the population of CD103+CD11b+ DCs remaining intact. Batf3−/− mice showed no evidence of spontaneous gastrointestinal inflammation and had a normal contact hypersensitivity (CHS) response, despite previous suggestions that CD103+ DCs were required for immune homeostasis in the gut and CHS. The relationship between CD8α+ cDCs and nonlymphoid CD103+ DCs implied by their shared dependence on Batf3 was further supported by similar patterns of gene expression and their shared developmental dependence on the transcription factor Irf8. These data provide evidence for a developmental relationship between lymphoid organ–resident CD8α+ cDCs and nonlymphoid CD103+ DCs.

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Incidence of Mycobacterium avium Subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) Infection in slaughtered buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) of Malwa Region of Madhya Pradesh

THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY ◽

10.21887/ijvsbt.v13i02.10043 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 (02) ◽

Author(s):

G. P. Jatav ◽

U. K. Garg ◽

Supriya Shukla ◽

Daljeet Chhabra ◽

A. K. Jayraw ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lymph Nodes ◽

Mycobacterium Avium ◽

Bubalus Bubalis ◽

Madhya Pradesh ◽

Mycobacterium Avium Subsp ◽

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽

Mesenteric Lymph ◽

Gross Lesions ◽

Mycobacterium Avium Subsp Paratuberculosis ◽

Infection Study

The study was undertaken to assess the incidence of subclinical and clinical paratuberculosis in slaughtered buffaloes of Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh. They were unproductive buffaloes (1- 10 years old) slaughtered in Mhow and Indore examined for subclinical and clinical Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection. Study of gross lesions of intestine and respective mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) showed overall 87.33% (131/150) incidence of paratuberculosis. Out of these 131 cases of paratuberculosis, 18.21% (24/131) buffaloes suffered from subclinical and 81.68% (107/131) from clinical paratuberculosis, whereas impression smear examination revealed clinical and subclinical paratuberculosis up to 25.77 and 74.33% in intestine and 13.51 and 86.49% in MLNs, respectively.

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Salmonella TyphimuriumInfection Along the Porcine Gastrointestinal Tract and Associated Lymphoid Tissues

Veterinary Pathology ◽

10.1177/0300985819843682 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 56 (5) ◽

pp. 681-690 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Natividad Bellido-Carreras ◽

Héctor Argüello ◽

Sara Zaldívar-López ◽

Ángeles Jiménez-Marín ◽

Rodrigo P. Martins ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lymph Nodes ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Foodborne Pathogen ◽

Early Time ◽

Effective Control ◽

Lymphoid Tissues ◽

Polymorphonuclear Cells ◽

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽

Time Points ◽

Mesenteric Lymph

Salmonella is a major foodborne pathogen and pork is one of the main sources of human salmonellosis. Understanding the pathogenesis and progression of the infection within the host is of interest to establish potential approaches to control the disease in pigs. The present study evaluates factors such as intestinal colonization, fecal shedding, and pathogen persistence by 2 studies using experimental challenge with Salmonella Typhimurium in weaned pigs and euthanasia at different time points (1, 2, and 6 and 2, 14, and 30 days postinfection [dpi], respectively). Histopathology of intestine at early time points (1 dpi and 2 dpi) showed severe damage to the epithelium together with an increase in polymorphonuclear cells and macrophages ( P < .001), particularly in jejunum and ileum. Large quantities of Salmonella were detected within the contents of the ileum, cecum, and colon in early infection. Salmonella could also be observed in the medulla of tonsils and mesenteric lymph nodes. From 6 dpi onward, signs of recovery were observed, with progressive restoration of the epithelium, reduction of the inflammatory infiltrate, and elimination of Salmonella from the mucosa. Concentration of Salmonella in feces and ileum content decreased, but shedding did not cease even at 4 weeks after infection. Persistence of the bacteria in mesenteric lymph nodes was identified within the connective tissue at 14 and 30 dpi. Our results demonstrate a recovery of the disease after an initial acute phase but also show persistence within the lumen and surrounding lymphoid tissue. These findings are relevant to developing effective control strategies.

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