scholarly journals Influence of Immunocastration and Diet on Meat and Fat Quality of Heavy Female and Male Pigs

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3355
Author(s):  
Leticia Pérez-Ciria ◽  
Francisco Javier Miana-Mena ◽  
María Carmen López-Mendoza ◽  
Javier Álvarez-Rodríguez ◽  
Maria Angeles Latorre
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Boar Taint ◽  
High Energy Level ◽  
Fat Quality ◽  
Dry Cured Ham ◽  
Diet Control ◽  
Meat Samples

Two experiments were carried out; one with female pigs and the other with male pigs destined for Teruel dry-cured ham production, to evaluate the effect of immunocastration (entire gilts-EG vs. immunocastrated gilts-IG and surgically castrated males vs. immunocastrated males-IM) and diet (control vs. high energy vs. low crude protein and amino acids) on meat quality and fat composition. Fifteen meat samples and eight fat samples of each treatment were analyzed in both experiments. In the case of males, six fat samples per treatment were analyzed to determine boar taint. Immunocastration is a good strategy in gilts intended for dry-cured ham production because improves meat composition; however, in males, immunocastration impairs the results of pork chemical composition compared with surgical castration. The IG presented a lower polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids ratio than EG, improving fat technological quality. Diets had little effect on pork or fat quality in gilts, but a high-energy level using oilseeds and a low-crude-protein and -amino-acids diet from 80 to 137 kg of body weight could be interesting in IM to maintain or increase fat consistency, respectively. Moreover, in general, immunocastration is effective in avoiding boar taint in males.

scholarly journals Effect of Immunocastration and Diet on Growth Performance, Serum Metabolites and Sex Hormones, Reproductive Organ Development and Carcass Quality of Heavy Gilts

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1900
Author(s):  
Leticia Pérez-Ciria ◽  
Francisco Javier Miana-Mena ◽  
María Victoria Falceto ◽  
Olga Mitjana ◽  
Maria Angeles Latorre
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Reproductive Organ ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Organ Development ◽  
Serum Metabolites ◽  
Dry Cured Ham

It is desirable to increase fatness in gilts destined for Teruel dry-cured ham production. A total of 192 Duroc × (Landrace × Large White) gilts of 40.3 ± 4.80 kg body weight (BW) were used to assess the impact of immunocastration and feeding on growth performance, serum metabolites and sex hormones, reproductive organ development, and carcass quality. Six treatments were arranged factorially (2 × 3) with two types of gilt (entire gilts (EG) vs. immunocastrated gilts (IG)) and three experimental diets (control vs. high energy vs. low crude protein and amino acids) provided from 76 to 134 kg BW (n = 4 per treatment, being the replicate the pen with eight pigs). Immunocastration was carried out at 58 and 77 kg BW. The IG grew faster and showed lighter reproductive tracts and greater fatness than EG. The experimental feeds had limited effect on carcass quality, but the high-energy diet improved gain-to-feed ratio and the low-protein and -amino-acids diet did not impair growth performance. In conclusion, immunocastration was a better strategy than the tested diets to increase the fatness of gilts intended for Teruel dry-cured ham, although increasing energy or decreasing crude protein and amino acid levels in the diet could be beneficial strategies for pig farmers.

Composition and Nutritional Evaluation of the Cuttlefish Muscle

2012 ◽  
Vol 554-556 ◽  
pp. 1553-1558
Author(s):  
Sheng Jun Chen ◽  
Lai Hao Li ◽  
Xian Qing Yang ◽  
Bo Qi ◽  
Yan Yan Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Nutritive Quality ◽  
High Quality Protein ◽  
Acid Index

The nutritional components in the cuttlefish muscle were analyzed and the nutritive quality was evaluated in the paper. The results showed that the contents of the cuttlefish muscle in crude protein, crude fat, carbohydrate were 16.60%, 0.86%, 1.30%, respectively. There were 18 kinds amino acids and the total amino acids reached 17.44%, with an essential amino acid index(EAAI) of 67.95. The composition of the essential amino acids in muscle ratio was consistent with the FAO/WHO standards. In addition, the contents of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids were 41.13%, 12.15% and 46.72%, respectively. And the muscle contains a higher content of EPA and DHA, reached 11.0% and 24.49%, respectively. It was considered that the cuttlefish muscle has a high nutritive value and it can be the important material of the high quality protein and unsaturated fatty acid.

The protein and energy nutrition of the pig. V. The effect of varying the protein and energy levels in the ‘finishing diets’ of heavy pigs

1965 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Large White ◽  
High Energy Level ◽  
Finishing Diets ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Carcass Measurement

1. A feeding trial was carried out using fortyeight Large White pigs, individually fed in a Danish type piggery. Six different diets prepared at two levels of digestible energy and three levels of crude protein were fed to eight replicates consisting of four hogs and four gilts per replicate. A record was maintained of the weekly live-weight gain and food was given at a defined restricted level in relation to the live weight. Carcass quality was assessed by complete dissection into visible lean, fat and bone etc.2. Of the main effects, energy, supply was without significant effect upon growth, food conversion efficiency (FCE) or any carcass characteristics except body length which was increased with a high energy level. The protein level in the diet had a significant effect upon the percentage of carcass lean and the killing-out percentage, the higher levels of protein increasing both these measurements significantly. Gilts were significantly superior to hogs in every carcass measurement although hogs grew significantly faster.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the chemical composition of dry dogfoods commercialized in Chile used for growing dogs

2008 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 218-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.A. Alvarado ◽  
S.M. Hodgkinson ◽  
D. Alomar ◽  
D. Boroschek
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Nutrient Profiles

The nutritional quality of dry dogfood commercialized in Chile for growing dogs was studied. Samples from at least three different batches of 26 dogfood brands were mixed. The resultant samples (n=26) were chemically analyzed to determine their concentrations of dry matter (DM), gross energy, fiber, ash, crude protein, essential amino acids, total fat, linoleic acid and minerals. The metabolizable energy (ME) content of each sample was estimated using modified atwater factors. The results from the chemical analyses were compared with the nutrient profiles published by the American Association of Feed Control Officials (AAFCO). Dogfoods that were found to contain an estimated ME of over 4,000kcal/kg DM were corrected for their high energy density before comparison. All of the dogfoods contained adequate levels of protein, total fat, linoleic acid, iron, copper, manganese and selenium. The concentration of tryptophan was adequate in 92.3% of the samples. All of the other essential amino acids were present in adequate quantities. However, the situation was different for many of the minerals. Only 92.3% of the dogfoods contained an adequate Ca:P ratio. A total of 96.2% of the dogfoods contained an adequate level of Ca, 96.2% for P, 96.2% for Mg, 92.3% for I, 88.5% for Cl, 80.8% for Na, 80.8% for Zn and only 34.6% were adequate for K content. Overall, only 23% of the dogfoods evaluated in this study fulfilled all of the requirements established by the AAFCO in terms of their content of crude protein, amino acids, total fat, linoleic acid, and minerals. It appears that the majority of the dogfoods evaluated in this study (77%) would not satisfy all nutritional requirements of the growing dog.

scholarly journals The Proximate Composition, Amino Acid Profile and Chemical Indices in Five Freshwater Fishes from Tiga Dam Reservoir, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-92
Author(s):  
Audu Michael Elaigwu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Dam Reservoir

Abstract The study assesses the proximate composition, amino acid profile and its content and chemical indices of the sun-dried Schilbe mystus, Bagrus bayad, Oreochromis niloticus, Clarias anguillaris and Petrocephalus bane bane from Tiga Dam Reservoir, Nigeria. The proximate composition varied significantly (p<0.05) in all five species of fish and these ranged as follows: Moisture (4.79 - 9.52 g/100 g), Crude Protein (42.20 - 57.71 g/100 g), Ash Content (0.90 - 12.51 g/100 g), Ether Extract (3.41 - 9.93 g/100 g), Crude Fibre (0.62 - 5.08 g/100 g), Nitrogen Free Extract (12.28 - 42.70 g/100 g) and Dry Matter (90.48 - 95.21 g/100 g). The amino acid also differed significantly (p<0.05). The nine essential amino acids found in the five species of fish were Lysine (4.21 - 6.34 g/100 g), Histidine (1.96 - 4.30 g/100 g), Arginine (5.80 - 8.21 g/100 g), Threonine (1.93 - 5.05 g/100 g), Valine (2.91 - 5.53 g/100 g), Methionine (1.74 - 3.80 g/100 g), Isoleucine (2.04 - 3.37 g/100 g), Leucine (3.64 - 7.18 g/100 g) and Phynylalanine (1.90 - 4.23 g/100 g). Whereas, the eight non-essential amino acids included: Serine (2.12 - 5.22 g/100 g), Glutamic acid (13.24 - 16.30 g/100 g), Proline (3.12 - 6.29 g/100 g), Glycine (4.20 - 9.08 g/100 g), Alanine (5.00 - 6.36 g/100 g), Cysteine (0.94 - 1.24 g/100 g), Tyrosine (2.33 - 3.33 g/100 g) and Aspartic acid (6.34 - 11.01 g/100 g). P. bane bane was first in terms of crude protein; S. mystus had the highest lipid and essential amino acid content. Also, C. anguillaris recorded the highest calorific value and best amino acid content. Thus, P. bane bane can serve as a source of animal protein to balance deficiencies in humans. Both S. mystus and C. anguillaris can be used as a nutrient base for high energy food and oil in the food industry.

Physicochemical and sensory properties of dry-cured ham with dietary processed-sulfur supplementation

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 191
Author(s):  
Ji-Han Kim ◽  
Ha-Young Noh ◽  
Gyum-Heon Kim ◽  
Su-Jin Ahn ◽  
Go-Eun Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Oxidation Stability ◽  
Sensory Properties ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Nutrient Quality ◽  
Dry Cured Ham ◽  
T1 And T2

The aim of the present study was to explore the changes in physicochemical and sensory properties of dry-cured ham (from pigs that received a dietary supplement of processed sulfur, PS), as a function of the level of dietary PS. The following three groups were tested: (1) commercial basal feed (control, CON); (2) 0.1% of PS in the control diet (T1); and (3) 0.3% of PS in the control diet (T2). Dry-cured ham from T2 pigs had a higher moisture content and lower fat concentration than did that from the control pigs. Dry-cured ham T1 and T2 samples showed excellent lipid oxidation stability during storage and showed positive aroma scores in comparison with CON samples. Nonetheless, the total microbial plate count of dry-cured ham T1 (or T2) samples was significantly lower than that of CON samples, and volatile basic nitrogen of T1 (or T2) samples was higher than that of CON samples (P < 0.05). Concentrations of total free amino acids and sulfur-containing amino acids of ham T1 or T2 samples were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of control samples. Concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids of ham T1 and T2 samples were significantly higher than that of CON samples, whereas concentration of saturated fatty acids of CON samples was significantly higher. Thus, dry-cured ham from pigs receiving 0.3% PS in the diet showed the lowest fat concentration, increased nutrient quality and extended shelf life.

scholarly journals PSXIII-27 Meat and fat quality of gilts intended for Spanish dry-cured ham: effect of immunocastration and feeding

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 471-472
Author(s):  
Leticia Pérez-Ciria ◽  
Francisco Javier Miana-Mena ◽  
Guillermo Ripoll ◽  
María Ángeles Latorre
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Fat Quality ◽  
Dry Cured Ham ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Intramuscular Fat Content

Abstract Currently, gilts intended for Spanish high quality dry-cured ham are characterized by lack of fatness detected at backfat depth covering the ham and also in the intramuscular fat content, necessary for an optimum dry-curing process and for the consumer acceptability, respectively. Trying to solve it, a trial was carried out with 90 Duroc x (Landrace x Large White) females to assess the impact of immunocastration and different diets on meat and fat quality. Half of gilts were entire (EG) and the other half were immunocastrated (IG) by two injections of Vacsincel® at 58 and 76 kg of body weight (BW). Three diets were tested (76–134 kg BW) in both groups: A=control, B=high net energy content and C=low lysine level. A sample of meat from each carcass (n = 15) and 48 samples of subcutaneous fat chosen at random (n = 8) were analyzed. Data were processed as a factorial 2 (sexes) x 3 (diets) using the GLM procedure of SAS. Meat from IG showed lower moisture (P = 0.04) and higher intramuscular fat content (P = 0.01) than that from EG. Fat from IG presented higher proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFA) (P = 0.002) and lower of polyunsaturated (PUFA) (P = 0.02) and PUFA:SFA ratio (P = 0.007) than that from EG, but the n6:n3 ratio was not influenced. About feeding, the only effects observed were that in IG, diet C and B increased the water holding capacity (P &lt; 0.01). It can be concluded that immunocastration improved the chemical composition of meat, but feeding had scarce effects on pork quality. Besides, fat from EG seems healthier but fat from IG would be fitter for technological processes, such as curing. This work (Project AGL2016-78532-R) was funded by MINECO.

scholarly journals WINTER TURNIP RAPE — MEANING, USAGE IN FODDER PRODUCTION

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (4) ◽  
pp. 67-88
Author(s):  
Valentina Volovik
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Brassica Campestris ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Turnip Rape ◽  
Adverse Weather ◽  
Winter Rapeseed

Presents literature review on the value of biological characteristics, the use of winter turnip rape (Brassica campestris fr. biennis). Brassica campestris fr. biennis is inferior to winter rapeseed in seed productivity, but due to the lower location of the growth point in autumn, it has a potential resistance to freezing. Pods of winter turnip rape, unlike rapeseed, do not crack under adverse weather conditions of harvesting and overstocking on the root. Seed production of winter turnip rape is 1.5–2 times higher than spring. It is characterized by a shorter (10–20 days) growing season compared to winter rapeseed. It requires a smaller amount of effective temperatures in the autumn period, so it is sown 1–2 weeks later than winter rapeseed. Winter turnip rape is the earliest forage crop. It is used in multicomponent mixtures with triticale and vetch for green food. Early harvesting allows you to thoroughly prepare the soil for intermediate and subsequent crops in the crop rotation. As a part of the mixture, it can form more than 32 t/ha of green mass with an output of up to 7 t/ha of dry matter, or up to 5900 feed units and 0.7–1.1 t/ha of raw protein. The preparation of silage feed from winter turnip rape provides high-energy feed with an exchange energy content of 10.51 MJ/kg of dry matter. Both in pure form and in a mixture allow creating a green feed conveyor. It is good honey plant. Seeds and meal of turnip rape have a higher feed value due to the low content of fiber, lignin, glucosinolates and other undesirable substances in them and can be successfully used to compound feeds with protein. The grade of winter turnip rape 'Zarya', created in the Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology is used for forage and sideration purposes both in the main and in intermediate sowing. The variety is intended for use on seeds for the production of oil for both food and technical purposes, as well as for use in the green raw material conveyor. The seeds contain 23.8 ± 2% crude protein and 43.9 ± 2.3% crude fat. It is characterized by the absence of erucic acid in the oil, the content of crude fiber in the seeds is 6.41 ± 1.54%. The average content of glucosinolates in seeds is 13.2 mmol/gram. The proportion of essential amino acids in fat-free matter of seeds of winter turnip rape dawn is 46.6–50.1%, of crude protein 37.6 to 40.1%. The amino acid index (the ratio of essential amino acids to non-essential ones) is quite high: 0.8–0.9.

scholarly journals Association between alterations in plasma metabolome profiles and laminitis in intensively finished Holstein bulls in a randomized controlled study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja Christiane Bäßler ◽  
Ákos Kenéz ◽  
Theresa Scheu ◽  
Christian Koch ◽  
Ulrich Meyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Aromatic Amino Acids ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Inflammatory Phenotype ◽  
Dietary Nutrient ◽  
Holstein Bulls

AbstractMetabolic consequences of an energy and protein rich diet can compromise metabolic health of cattle by promoting a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Laminitis is a common clinical sign, but affected metabolic pathways, underlying pathophysiology and causative relationships of a systemic pro-inflammatory phenotype are unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to elucidate changes in metabolome profiles of 20 months old Holstein bulls fed a high energy and protein diet and to identify novel metabolites and affected pathways, associated with diet-related laminitis. In a randomized controlled feeding trial using bulls fed a high energy and protein diet (HEP; metabolizable energy [ME] intake 169.0 ± 1.4 MJ/day; crude protein [CP] intake 2.3 ± 0.02 kg/day; calculated means ± SEM; n = 15) versus a low energy and protein diet (LEP; ME intake 92.9 ± 1.3 MJ/day; CP intake 1.0 ± 0.01 kg/day; n = 15), wide ranging effects of HEP diet on metabolism were demonstrated with a targeted metabolomics approach using the AbsoluteIDQ p180 kit (Biocrates Life Sciences). Multivariate statistics revealed that lower concentrations of phosphatidylcholines and sphingomyelins and higher concentrations of lyso-phosphatidylcholines, branched chain amino acids and aromatic amino acids were associated with an inflammatory state of diet-related laminitis in Holstein bulls fed a HEP diet. The latter two metabolites share similarities with changes in metabolism of obese humans, indicating a conserved pathophysiological role. The observed alterations in the metabolome provide further explanation on the underlying metabolic consequences of excessive dietary nutrient intake.

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