scholarly journals Virulence Gene Profile, Antimicrobial Resistance and Multilocus Sequence Typing of Salmonella enterica Subsp. enterica Serovar Enteritidis from Chickens and Chicken Products

Animals ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Zunita Zakaria ◽  
Latiffah Hassan ◽  
Zawiyah Sharif ◽  
Norazah Ahmad ◽  
Rohaya Mohd Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Multilocus Sequence Typing ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Molecular Subtypes ◽  
Actin Binding ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Meat Samples ◽  
Sequence Types

This study was undertaken to determine the virulence, antimicrobial resistance and molecular subtypes of Salmonella in the Central Region of Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 45 Salmonella Enteritidis were detected from live chicken (cloacal swab), and chicken products (fresh and ready-to-eat meat) samples upon cultural isolation and serotyping. Similarly, an antimicrobial susceptibility test based on the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method as well as antimicrobial resistance AMR genes, virulence determinants and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) typing were conducted after the Whole Genome Sequencing and analysis of the isolates. The results indicate that sequence types ST1925 (63.7%), and ST11 (26.5%) were the predominant out of the seven sequence types identified (ST292, ST329, ST365, ST423 and ST2132). The phenotypic antimicrobial profile corresponds to the genotypic characterization in that the majority of the isolates that exhibited tetracycline, gentamycin and aminoglycoside resistance; they also possessed the tetC and blaTEM β-Lactam resistance genes. However, isolates from cloacal swabs showed the highest number of resistance genes compared to the chicken products (fresh and ready-to-eat meat) samples. Furthermore, most of the virulence genes were found to cluster in the Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI). In this study, all the isolates were found to possess SPI-1, which codes for the type III secretion system, which functions as actin-binding proteins (SptP and SopE). The virulence plasmid (VP) genes (spvB, spvC) were present in all genotypes except ST365. The findings of this study, particularly with regard to the molecular subtypes and AMR profiles of the Salmonella Enteritidis serotype shows multidrug-resistance features as well as genetic characteristics indicative of high pathogenicity.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Gram-Negative Bacterial Isolates from Raw Chicken Meat Samples

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 89-95
Author(s):  
Neha Gautam ◽  
Rojan Poudel ◽  
Binod Lekhak ◽  
Milan Kumar Upreti
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Food Microbiology ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Meat Samples

Objectives: This research aims to study the microbial quality of chicken meat available in retail shop of Kathmandu Valley. Methods:  This Study was conducted from June to December 2018 in three different districts of Kathmandu Valley. Samples were collected in sterile plastic bags, labeled properly and stored in an icebox and transported to the Food Microbiology laboratory of Golden Gate International College.  During sample preparation, 25 grams of each sample was taken and transferred to sterile flasks containing 225 ml of buffered peptone water. Potential pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria were isolated by using respective selective media and identified by biochemical test. Antibiotic susceptibility profile of isolates was carried out by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method according to CLSI 2017 guideline. Results: Of total 81 chicken meat samples processed; 201 Gram negative bacteria were isolated.  E. coli (100%) was the dominant Gram-negative isolates, followed by Citrobacter spp (62.96%), Pseudomonas spp (40.74%), Proteus spp (19.75%), Salmonella spp (16.04%) and Klebsiella spp (8.64%) respectively. No any multidrug isolates were detected. Conclusion: The study showed that the raw chicken meat samples of Kathmandu valley was highly contaminated with Gram negative potential pathogenic bacteria. Antimicrobial resistance pattern shown by the isolates may indicates that there is not overuse of drug in animals and the less chance of risk of increasing antimicrobial resistance.

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Isolates Recovered from Retail Pork in Major Village Markets in Tai'an Region, China

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (10) ◽  
pp. 1635-1640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zengmin Miao ◽  
Song Li ◽  
Kun Qin ◽  
Yufa Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Multilocus Sequence Typing ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Contamination Rate ◽  
Sequence Types ◽  
Pork Samples

ABSTRACT The current study was undertaken to evaluate Salmonella contamination in retail pork at major village markets of the Tai'an region, China. In total, 200 retail pork samples were collected from four village markets between June 2015 and February 2016, of which 69 samples (34.5%) were determined to be positive for Salmonella. Eleven serotypes were identified from the 69 Salmonella isolates, and Salmonella Derby was the most common (18 of 69, 26.1%), followed by Typhimurium (17 of 69, 24.6%) and Meleagridis (11 of 69, 15.9%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that antimicrobial resistance against tetracycline was the most prevalent (42 of 69, 60.9%), but antimicrobial resistance against both ceftriaxone and cefotaxime was 1.4% (1 of 69) and 2.9% (2 of 69), respectively. Multilocus sequence typing revealed that the 69 Salmonella isolates were divided into 11 sequence types (STs), among which ST40 (18 of 69, 26.1%) was the most common, followed by ST34 (15 of 69, 21.7%) and ST64 (13 of 69, 18.8%). Collectively, retail pork at village markets in the Tai'an region has a high Salmonella contamination rate, and these isolates exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial resistance. However, the absence of a dominant ST demonstrates that the Salmonella isolates from retail pork may be of diverse origins.

Staphylococci among Wild European Rabbits from the Azores: A Potential Zoonotic Issue?

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 (7) ◽  
pp. 1110-1114 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARGARIDA SOUSA ◽  
VANESSA SILVA ◽  
ADRIANA SILVA ◽  
NUNO SILVA ◽  
JESSICA RIBEIRO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Spa Typing ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Genetic Lineages ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
European Rabbits

ABSTRACT The prevalence and diversity of Staphylococcus species from wild European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in the Azores were investigated, and the antibiotic resistance phenotype and genotype of the isolates were determined. Nasal samples from 77 wild European rabbits from São Jorge and São Miguel islands in Azores were examined. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, and the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence factors was determined by PCR. The genetic lineages of S. aureus isolates were characterized by spa typing and multilocus sequence typing. A total of 49 staphylococci were obtained from 35 of the 77 wild rabbits. Both coagulase-positive (8.2%) and coagulase-negative (91.8%) staphylococci were detected: 4 S. aureus, 17 S. fleurettii, 13 S. sciuri, 7 S. xylosus, 4 S. epidermidis, and 1 each of S. simulans, S. saprophyticus, S. succinus, and S. equorum. The four S. aureus isolates showed methicillin susceptibility and were characterized as spa type t272/CC121, Panton-Valentine leukocidin negative, and hlB positive. Most of the coagulase-negative staphylococci showed resistance to fusidic acid and beta-lactams, and multidrug resistance was identified especially among S. epidermidis isolates. The mecA gene was detected in 20 isolates of the species S. fleurettii and S. epidermidis, associated with the blaZ gene in one S. epidermidis isolate. Five antimicrobial resistance genes were detected in one S. epidermidis isolate (mecA,dfrA,dfrG,aac6′-aph2′′, and ant4). Our results highlight that wild rabbits are reservoirs or “temporary hosts” of Staphylococcus species with zoonotic potential, some of them carrying relevant antimicrobial resistances. HIGHLIGHTS

scholarly journals Distribution of epidemic antibiotic-resistant pneumococcal clones in Scottish pneumococcal isolates analysed by multilocus sequence typing

Microbiology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 152 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Smith ◽  
J. Jefferies ◽  
S. C. Clarke ◽  
C. Dowson ◽  
G. F. S. Edwards ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Multilocus Sequence Typing ◽  
Type Strain ◽  
Sequence Type ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Clone Sequence ◽  
Sequence Types ◽  
Type Strains

Sequence types of pneumococci isolated in Scotland between 1996 and 2003 were compared with those of globally prevalent antibiotic-resistant clones. Multilocus sequence typing was performed on 252 invasive pneumococcal isolates referred to the Scottish Meningococcus and Pneumococcus Reference Laboratory. Isolates were not preselected for antimicrobial resistance, patient age or disease caused. Sequence types were compared with globally significant antimicrobial-resistant clones identified by the Pneumococcal Molecular Epidemiology Network (PMEN). Sequence types identical with three of the 26 PMEN clones were present in the Scottish collection; the clones were the Spain9V-3 clone (sequence type 156, seven isolates), the England14-9 clone (sequence type 9, eight isolates) and the Utah35B-24 clone (sequence type 377, one isolate). Many Scottish isolates related to PMEN clones had lower antimicrobial MICs than those described for the corresponding PMEN type strain. A number of single- (SLVs) and double-locus variants (DLVs) were present. Fifteen SLVs related to PMEN sequence types 37, 67, 90, 81, 156, 236 and 377 were detected. The collection contained 10 DLVs related to PMEN sequence types 37, 156, 173 and 338. The majority of SLVs and DLVs were penicillin- or erythromycin-sensitive variants of the resistant PMEN type strains. Capsule switching in isolates related to the PMEN clones was also detected. The highest levels of penicillin resistance were detected in sequence type 320 (serotype 19F), which is not a PMEN clone. These data suggest that PMEN clones are not widely distributed in disease-causing isolates in Scotland.

scholarly journals Emergence of mosaic plasmids harboring Tn1546-ermBelement inStaphylococcus aureusisolates

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsai-Wen Wan ◽  
Yu-Tzu Lin ◽  
Wei-Chun Hung ◽  
Jui-Chang Tsai ◽  
Yu-Jung Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Continuous Monitoring ◽  
Mobile Genetic Element ◽  
Clonal Complex ◽  
Genetic Element ◽  
Novel Structure ◽  
Important Means ◽  
Sequence Types

ABSTRACTAntimicrobial resistance inStaphylococcus aureusis a major problem and the acquisition of resistance genes may occur by horizontal gene transfer (HGT). The transposon, an important means of HGT, is recognized as a mobile genetic element that can integrate in plasmids, replicate and transfer to other strains. We have previously reported a novel structure of theEnterococcus faecium-originated Tn1546-ermBelement inS. aureus. The emergence of the Tn1546-like element is an emerging problem that requires continuous monitoring. In the present study, we expand the examination of Tn1546-ermBelement toermB-positive methicillin-susceptibleS. aureus(MSSA) (n = 116) andermB-positive methicillin-resistantS. aureus(MRSA) (n = 253) during a 16-year period, from 2000 to 2015. PCR mapping showed that 10 MSSA and 10 MRSA carried the Tn1546-ermBelement. The 10 MSSA belonged to three sequence types (ST), ST7 (n = 6), ST5 (n = 3), and ST59 (n = 1), and the 10 MRSA belonged to two STs, ST188 (n = 8) and ST965 (n = 2). Since only clonal complex 5 (including ST5, ST85, ST231, and ST371) MRSA, ST8 MRSA and ST5 MSSA have been previously reported to carry Tn1546plasmids, this is the first report describing the presence of the Tn1546-ermBelement in ST7/5/59 MSSA and ST188/965 MRSA. Plasmid sequencing revealed that the Tn1546-ermBelement was harbored by five different mosaic plasmids. In addition to resistance genes, some plasmids also harbored toxin genes.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial susceptibility, multilocus sequence typing, and virulence of listeria isolated from a slaughterhouse in Jiangsu, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liting Wu ◽  
Hongduo Bao ◽  
Zhengquan Yang ◽  
Tao He ◽  
Yuan Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Multilocus Sequence Typing ◽  
Tetracycline Resistance ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Meat Processing ◽  
Processing Plants

Abstract Background Listeria monocytogenes is one of the deadliest foodborne pathogens. The bacterium can tolerate severe environments through biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility, resistance genes, virulence, and molecular epidemiology about Listeria from meat processing environments. Methods This study evaluated the antibiotic resistance and virulence of Listeria isolates from slaughtering and processing plants. All isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing using a standard microbroth dilution method. The harboring of resistant genes was identified by polymerase chain reaction. The multilocus sequence typing was used to determine the subtyping of the isolates and characterize possible routes of contamination from meat processing environments. The virulence of different STs of L. monocytogenes isolates was evaluated using a Caco-2 cell invasion assay. Results A total of 59 Listeria isolates were identified from 320 samples, including 37 L. monocytogenes isolates (62.71%). This study evaluated the virulence of L. monocytogenes and the antibiotic resistance of Listeria isolates from slaughtering and processing plants. The susceptibility of these 59 isolates against 8 antibiotics was analyzed, and the resistance levels to ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, and lincomycin were as high as 98.31% (L. m 37; L. innocua 7; L. welshimeri 14), 96.61% (L. m 36; L. innocua 7; L. welshimeri 14), and 93.22% (L. m 35; L. innocua 7; L. welshimeri 13), respectively. More than 90% of the isolates were resistant to three to six antibiotics, indicating that Listeria isolated from meat processing environments had high antimicrobial resistance. Up to 60% of the isolates harbored the tetracycline-resistance genes tetA and tetM. The frequency of ermA, ermB, ermC, and aac(6′)-Ib was 16.95, 13.56, 15.25, and 6.78%, respectively. Notably, the resistant phenotype and genotype did not match exactly, suggesting that the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance of these isolates were likely related to the processing environment. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) revealed that 59 Listeria isolates were grouped into 10 sequence types (STs). The dominant L. monocytogenes STs were ST5, ST9, and ST121 in the slaughtering and processing plant of Jiangsu province. Moreover, ST5 subtypes exhibited high invasion in Caco-2 cells compared with ST9 and ST121 cells. Conclusion The dominant L. monocytogenes ST5 persisted in the slaughtering and processing plant and had high antimicrobial resistance and invasion characteristics, illustrating a potential risk in food safety and human health.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Determination of Enterococcus spp. Obtained from Hospital Environment in Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saba Asgharzadeh Marghmalek ◽  
Reza Valadan ◽  
Mehrdad Gholami ◽  
Mohtaram Nasrolahei ◽  
Hamid Reza Goli
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Virulence Determinants ◽  
Environmental Isolates ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

Abstract Background: The role of the hospital environment as a source of pathogenic bacteria in recent studies has been poorly investigated. This study investigated the distribution of antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence determinants in Enterococcus species isolated from hospital environment in Sari, Iran. Method: Overall, 90 enterococci strains were obtained from high touch surfaces of four hospitals in Sari, Iran. These environmental samples were obtained from bathroom, beds, tables, doorknobs, room keys, wheelchair and walls in the patient and staff’s rooms. The resistance profile of the isolates was determined by disk diffusion method. Seven resistance genes and two virulence associated genes were evaluated molecularly by multiplex PCR. Results: According to the PCR, 42 (46.66%) of them were E. faecalis and 48 (53.33%) others were detected as E. faecium. Also, 28 (66.6%) E. faecalis and 18 (37.5%) E. faecium isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Among all 90 environmental isolates 54 (60%), 54 (60%), 8 (8.8%), 8 (8.8%), 60 (66.6%), 26 (28.8%), and 24 (26.6%) isolates contained tetM, tetL, vanA, vanB, ermB, aac(6´)-Ie-aph(2´´)-Ia, and aph (3´)-IIIa, respectively. Moreover, all isolates were investigated for the presence of virulence genes and 88 (97.7%) of isolates had esp gene, and 16 (17.7%) had ace.Conclusions: This report showed that the environmental isolates of Enterococcus are the major sources of antibiotic resistance genes that can transfer them to the clinical isolates of bacteria in hospital settings. An effective following strategy should be organized to clearance and stop emergence of these pathogenic bacteria.

scholarly journals Non-human primates in the Gambia harbour human-associated pathogenic Escherichia coli strains

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (7A) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ebenezer Foster-Nyarko ◽  
Nabil-Fareed Alikhan ◽  
Anuradha Ravi ◽  
Gaëtan Thilliez ◽  
Nicholas Thomson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
The Gambia ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Software Environment ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Long Read ◽  
Sequence Types

Increasing contact between humans and non-human primates provides an opportunity for the transfer of potential pathogens or antimicrobial resistance between different host species. We have investigated genetic diversity and antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from a range of non-human primates dispersed across the Gambia: patas monkey (n=1), western colobus monkey (n=6), green monkey (n=14) and guinea baboon (n=22). From 43 stools, we recovered 99 isolates. We performed Illumina whole-genome shotgun sequencing on all isolates and nanopore long-read sequencing on isolates with antimicrobial resistance genes. We inferred the evolution of E. coli in this population using the EnteroBase software environment. We identified 43 sequence types (ten of them novel), spanning five of the eight known phylogroups of E. coli. Many of the observed sequence types and phylotypes from non-human primates have been associated with human extra-intestinal infection and carry virulence characteristics associated with disease in humans, particularly ST73, ST217 and ST681. However, we found a low prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes in isolates from non-human primates. Hierarchical clustering showed that ST442 and ST349 from non-human primates are closely related to isolates from human infections, suggesting recent exchange of bacteria between humans and monkeys. Our results are of public health importance, considering the increasing contact between humans and wild primates.

Characterization and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Typhimurium Isolates from Clinically Diseased Pigs in Korea

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (11) ◽  
pp. 1884-1890 ◽  
Author(s):  
SANG-IK OH ◽  
JONG WAN KIM ◽  
MYEONGJU CHAE ◽  
JI-A JUNG ◽  
BYUNGJAE SO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Pulsed Field ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

ABSTRACT This study investigated the prevalence of Salmonella enterica serovar and antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella Typhimurium isolates from clinically diseased pigs collected from 2008 to 2014 in Korea. Isolates were also characterized according to the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns. Among 94 Salmonella isolates, 81 (86.2%) were identified as being of the Salmonella Typhimurium serotype, followed by Salmonella Derby (6 of 94, 6.4%), Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:− (4 of 94, 4.3%), Salmonella Enteritidis (2 of 94, 2.1%), and Salmonella Brandenburg (1 of 94, 1.1%). The majority of Salmonella Typhimurium isolates were resistant to tetracycline (92.6%), followed by streptomycin (88.9%) and ampicillin (80.2%). Overall, 96.3% of Salmonella Typhimurium isolates showed multidrug-resistant phenotypes and commonly harbored the resistance genes blaTEM (64.9%), flo (32.8%), aadA (55.3%), strA (58.5%), strB (58.5%), sulII (53.2%), and tetA (61.7%). The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis of 45 Salmonella Typhimurium isolates from individual farms revealed 27 distinct patterns that formed one major and two minor clusters in the dendrogram analysis, suggesting that most of the isolates (91.1%) from diseased pigs were genetically related. These findings can assist veterinarians in the selection of appropriate antimicrobial agents to combat Salmonella Typhimurium infections in pigs. Furthermore, they highlight the importance of continuous surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and genetic status in Salmonella Typhimurium for the detection of emerging resistance trends.

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