scholarly journals Lactational Responses of Heat-Stressed Dairy Goats to Dietary L-Carnitine Supplementation

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehaba ◽  
Salama ◽  
Such ◽  
Albanell ◽  
Caja
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Carnitine Supplementation ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Before And After

Heat stress causes significant losses in milk production, and nutritional strategies are needed to alleviate its effects. Endogenous carnitine synthesis is also reduced by heat stress (HS). Carnitine plays a central role in fatty acid oxidation and buffers the toxic effects of acyl groups. We hypothesized that carnitine supplementation would make up for any carnitine deficiencies during HS and improve lipid metabolism. The objective was to evaluate rumen-protected L-carnitine (CAR) supplementation in dairy goats under thermo-neutral (TN) or HS conditions. Four Murciano-Granadina dairy goats were used in a four × four Latin square design. Goats were allocated to one of four treatments in a two × two factorial arrangement. Factors were 1) diet: control (CON) or supplementation with CAR (1 g/d); and 2) ambient conditions: TN (15 to 20 °C) or HS (0900 to 2100 h at 35 °C, 2100 to 0900 h at 28 °C). Blood free-, acetyl-, and total-carnitine concentrations increased almost three times by supplementation. Despite this efficient absorption, CAR had no effect on feed intake, milk production or blood metabolites in TN or HS conditions. Heat stress increased rectal temperature and respiratory rate. Additionally, HS goats experienced 26% loss in feed intake, but they tended to eat longer particle sizes. Compared to TN, heat-stressed goats lost more subcutaneous fat (difference in fat thickness measured before and after each period = −0.72 vs. +0.64 mm). In conclusion, supplemented L-carnitine was efficiently absorbed, but it had no lactational effects on performance of goats under thermo-neutral or heat stress conditions.

scholarly journals Milk Production and Energetic Metabolism of Heat-Stressed Dairy Goats Supplemented with Propylene Glycol

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2449
Author(s):  
Soufiane Hamzaoui ◽  
Gerardo Caja ◽  
Xavier Such ◽  
Elena Albanell ◽  
Ahmed A. K. Salama
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Milk Fat Depression

Heat-stressed dairy animals increase their reliance on glucose. This elevated glucose demand is partially met by increasing the conversion of glucogenic amino acids (AA) in the liver. Propylene glycol (PG) is a glucogenic precursor and was not tested in dairy goats under thermoneutral (TN) and heat stress (HS) conditions simultaneously. We hypothesize that if HS-goats are fed with PG, they would get more glucose and consequently spare more glucogenic AA for milk protein synthesis rather than gluconeogenesis. Eight multiparous dairy goats (40.8 ± 1.1 kg body weight; 84 ± 1 days in milk) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design of 4 periods; 21 d each (14 d adaptation, 5 d for measurements, and 2 d of transition). Goats were allocated to one of 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Factors were control (CO) without PG or 5% of PG, and thermoneutral (TN; 15 to 20 °C) or heat stress (HS; 12 h/d at 37 °C and 12 h/d at 30 °C) conditions. Feed intake, rectal temperature, respiratory rate, milk yield, milk composition, and blood metabolites were measured. Compared to TN, HS goats had lower (p < 0.01) feed intake (–34%), fat-corrected milk (–15%), and milk fat (–15%). Heat-stressed goats also tended (p < 0.10) to produce milk with lower protein (–11%) and lactose (–4%) contents. Propylene glycol increased blood glucose (+7%; p < 0.05), blood insulin (+37%; p < 0.10), and body weight gain (+68%; p < 0.05), but decreased feed intake (–9%; p < 0.10) and milk fat content (–23%; p < 0.01). Furthermore, blood non-esterified fatty acids (–49%) and β-hydroxybutyrate (–32%) decreased (p < 0.05) by PG. In conclusion, supplementation of heat-stressed dairy goats with propylene glycol caused milk fat depression syndrome, but reduced body weight loss that is typically observed under HS conditions. Supplementation with lower doses of PG would avoid the reduced feed intake and milk fat depression, but this should be tested.

scholarly journals Partial replacement of corn by forage cactus in the diets of lactating goats

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julianne Santiago Silva Goveia ◽  
Veronaldo Souza de Oliveira ◽  
Gladston Rafael De Arruda Santos ◽  
Karla Dias Antunes Melo ◽  
Aline Guimarães de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Gliricidia Sepium ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Ingestive Behavior ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Lactating Goats ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Daily Milk Production

The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effect of the partial replacement of corn by forage cactus (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck) in the diets of lactating goats on the nutrient intake, milk production and composition and ingestive behavior. Five crossbreed Saanen x Pardo Alpina goats with body weights of 47 ± 3.3 kg were used in the study. The design was 5x5 Latin square design, in which the treatments were as follows: 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40% of girl cactus included in the diet as a partial replacement of corn, with 0, 18, 36, 54 and 72% of the added the cactus comprising of gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium (Jacq) Walp) as roughage in all treatments. Treatment did not affect (P > 0.05) the dry matter intake, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and total digestible nutrients with the increasing levels of cactus in the diet, presenting means of 1.64, 0.26, 0.82, 0.54 and 1.17 kg day-1, respectively. In the same way, no influence was observed on the daily milk production and levels of fat, protein, lactose and total solids of milk, which averaged 1.18 kg day-1; 3.74, 3.34, 5.06 and 13.56%, respectively. The inclusion of cactus also had no influence (P > 0.05) on the ingestion behavior. The treatment with 35% cactus showed a lower impairment of food intake (31%). The partial replacement of the corn by the girl cactus in the diets of dairy goats can be accomplished because it does not alter the intake, milk yield and composition and feeding behavior. The replacement of up to 54% corn by the cactus is recommended to reduce producer costs for food.

scholarly journals Thermoregulatory Response of Dairy Cows Fed Ergotized Barley during Summer Heat Stress

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hosam J. Al-Tamimi ◽  
George E. Rottinghaus ◽  
Donald E. Spiers ◽  
Jim Spain ◽  
Darryl Chatman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Claviceps Purpurea ◽  
Thermoregulatory Response ◽  
Summer Heat ◽  
Toxicity Response ◽  
Thermal Status ◽  
Measurable Change

Claviceps purpurea infects the seed heads of cereal grains and grasses and produces ergopeptine alkaloids that cause hyperthermia and agalactia in cattle during periods of heat stress. A field experiment was undertaken to examine the effects of ergopeptine alkaloids found in barley on thermal status of dairy cattle during periods of heat stress. Production end points were also measured to identify the effect of the change in thermal status. Contaminated barley screenings containing known levels of ergopeptine alkaloids were fed to lactating Holstein cattle (10 μg total ergopeptine alkaloids/kg BW/day) for 10 days during summer heat stress. Air temperature increased 14.4 C during the first 8 days of treatment and then declined the same during the last 2 days. Extreme daily values for rectal temperature and respiration rate, using averages of all animals, showed maximum increases of 2.3 C and 56.8 breaths/minute, respectively, during this period. Group afternoon milk production decreased 2 kg/day during the heat stress period, with no measurable change in feed intake. A greater level of hyperthermia occurred in cattle consuming the diet with ergopeptine alkaloids, with only marginal symptoms of ergot toxicosis reflected in feed intake and milk production. Therefore, the ergopeptine alkaloid dose used in this study represents a level for minimal induction of the ergot toxicity response.

Effects of increasing supplementation levels of rice bran on milk production and fatty acid composition of milk in Saanen dairy goats

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 413 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. Park ◽  
E. G. Kwon ◽  
C.-H. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Forage Intake

In this study, the effects of four dietary supplementation levels of rice bran (RB) on milk yield and composition were examined in Saanen dairy goats. Four goats (initial bodyweight, 55.0 ± 7.1 kg) and four 21-day periods were used in a 4 × 4 Latin-square design. The diets contained 0, 5, 10, and 20% DM of RB, but were otherwise formulated to be 10.7 MJ metabolisable energy/kg and 18.8% crude protein/kg DM. Goats consumed the greatest amount of DM feed concentrate when fed the 5% RB diet (P < 0.01); however, DM forage intake was not significantly different between diets. Total DM intake of the 5% RB diet was significantly higher than that of the control diet (P < 0.05). Milk yield was the lowest from goats fed the 20% RB (P < 0.01). The protein concentration of milk was significantly lower in goats fed the control and 5% RB diets than in those fed the 10 and 20% RB diets (P < 0.01). However, milk protein production was not significantly different between diets. The concentration of fat in milk increased as the supplementation level of RB increased, although fat production did not differ between diets. The addition of RB increased the concentration of long-chain fatty acids (C16 and C18) in goat milk. No significant difference was found in milk lactose concentration between diets. Overall, the results indicate that RB supplements of up to 10% have no adverse effects on DM intake and milk production in dairy goats.

Responses to dry heat of men and women with similar aerobic capacities

1981 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Frye ◽  
E. Kamon
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Strain State ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Stress Tests ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Dry Heat ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Cardiovascular Strain

Four men and four women with similar VO2max (56.33 +/- 4.05 and 54.08 +/- 4.27 ml.kg-1.min-1, respectively) exercised up to 3 h at 30% VO2max during heat stress tests (HST) before and after acclimation to dry heat [dry-bulb temperature (Tdb)/wet-bulb temperature (Twb) = 48/25 degrees C]. Rectal (Tre), tympanic sweat on the chest (msw), and total sweat rate (Msw) were recorded. There were no differences in the responses of the women between phases of the menstrual cycle. Tre, Tty, Tsk, and Tdb at the onset of sweating were similar in both sexes before and after acclimation. The nonacclimated men had significantly higher Msw and slower rise in Tre as compared to the nonacclimated women. Following acclimation these differences were no longer evident. Acclimation produced an increase in Msw in both sexes that was characterized by an increase in sweating sensitivity (delta msw/delta Tre). It was concluded that sex alone does not determine responses to heat stress. Consideration should also be given to the relative cardiovascular strain, state of acclimation, and the ambient conditions.

The effect of diet and heat stress on feed intake, growth, and nitrogen metabolism in Friesian, F1 Brahman × Friesian, and Brahman heifers

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 717 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Colditz ◽  
RC Kellaway
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Nitrogen Metabolism ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Creatinine Excretion ◽  
Superior Genotype ◽  
Quality Diet

Four Friesian, four F1 Brahman x Friesian, and four Brahman heifers were fed on high and low quality diets in controlled environment rooms. Feed intake, growth, and nitrogen metabolism were assessed during four periods of 28 days when the animals were either subjected to heat stress (38°C) or maintained under cool ambient conditions (17°).Brahman x Friesian animals were the superior genotype only under heat stress. At 17°C the feed intake and growth rate of Friesians and Brahman x Friesians were similar. At 38° the Brahman x Friesians ate more and grew faster than the Friesians. Brahmans ate less than the Brahman x Friesians at both temperatures and grew more slowly than them at 38°. Water intake per kilogram dry matter intake was greater for the Friesians than for the other two genotypes at 17 and 38°C. Rectal temperatures and respiration rates increased between 17 and 38°C; the change was greatest for the Friesians and least for the Brahmans. These responses were not significantly correlated with feed intake or growth rate. On the high quality diet the digestibilities of dry matter and nitrogen were similar between genotypes. On the low quality diet they were higher for Friesians than for the other two genotypes, although this was confounded with differences in intake. The utilization of digested nitrogen differed between diets but was similar for the three genotypes within diets. The concentration of plasma creatinine was higher in Brahmans than in the other two genotypes. Creatinine excretion per unit of liveweight was greater at 38° than at 17°C for Friesians and Brahman x Friesians.

scholarly journals Effect of Soybean Oil Supplementation on Milk Production, Digestibility, and Metabolism in Dairy Goats under Thermoneutral and Heat Stress Conditions

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 350
Author(s):  
Soufiane Hamzaoui ◽  
Gerardo Caja ◽  
Xavier Such ◽  
Elena Albanell ◽  
Ahmed A. K. Salama
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Milk Protein Content

In a previous work, we observed that heat-stressed goats suffer reductions in milk yield and its contents of fat and protein. Supplementation with soybean oil (SBO) may be a useful strategy to enhance milk quality. In total, eight multiparous Murciano–Granadina dairy goats (42.8 ± 1.3 kg body weight; 99 ± 1 days of lactation) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with four periods; 21 d each (14 d adaptation, 5 d for measurements and 2 d transition between periods). Goats were allocated to one of four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Factors were no oil (CON) or 4% of soybean oil (SBO), and controlled thermal neutral (TN; 15 to 20 °C) or heat stress (HS; 12 h/d at 37 °C and 12 h/d at 30 °C) conditions. This resulted in four treatment combinations: TN-CON, TN-SBO, HS-CON, and HS-SBO. Compared to TN, HS goats experienced lower (p < 0.05) feed intake, body weight, N retention, milk yield, and milk protein and lactose contents. However, goats in HS conditions had greater (p < 0.05) digestibility coefficients (+5.1, +5.2, +4.6, +7.0, and +8.9 points for dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber, respectively) than TN goats. The response to SBO had the same magnitude in TN and HS conditions. Supplementation with SBO had no effects on feed intake, milk yield, or milk protein content. However, SBO supplementation increased (p < 0.05) blood non-esterified fatty acids by 50%, milk fat by 29%, and conjugated linoleic acid by 360%. In conclusion, feeding 4% SBO to dairy goats was a useful strategy to increase milk fat and conjugated linoleic acid without any negative effects on intake, milk yield, or milk protein content. These beneficial effects were obtained regardless goats were in TN or HS conditions.

scholarly journals Native and introduced forage cacti in Saanen dairy goat diets

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. e51029
Author(s):  
Pedro Etelvino de Góes Neto ◽  
José Geraldo Medeiros da Silva ◽  
Emerson Moreira de Aguiar ◽  
Airon Aparecido Silva de Melo ◽  
Guilherme Ferreira da Costa Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Dairy Goat ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Total Carbohydrates

This study aimed to assess the nutrient intake and milk production of dairy goats fed with total mixed rations with different species of forage cacti. Five pluriparous Saanen goats (50 ± 4 kg) at nine weeks of lactation were allocated in a Latin square (5 x 5) with five diets and five periods. Each period was composed of 10 days for adaptation and seven days for collection. The treatments were composed of 473.0 to 501.0 g kg-1 of forage cacti: xiquexique (Pilosocereus gounellei), mandacaru (Cereus jamacaru), facheiro (Pilosocereus chrysostele), cactus cladodes cv. miúda (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm-Dyck) and cactus cladodes cv. orelha de elefante mexicana (Opuntia stricta); plus sabiá hay (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia) (188.0 to 198.0 g kg-1) and concentrate (311.0 to 329.0 g kg-1). The intake of dry matter, organic matter, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, total carbohydrates, and water intake through diet components were unaffected by experimental diets. For milk production and feed efficiency, no difference was observed among the diets. All diets containing different species of forage cacti can be used for dairy goats feed.

scholarly journals Effect of ambient temperature and restricted feeding on the production of rabbit does and their kits

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zsolt Szendrő ◽  
Zoltán Papp ◽  
Károly Kustos
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Zealand White Rabbit ◽  
Feed Ratio ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Ad Libitum

Thirty-six lactating New Zealand White rabbit does were divided into 6 groups according to ambient temperature and feed intake. The does were kept at 20 °C during pregnancy and at kindling, then they were put into climatic chambers at temperatures of 5, 15, 23 or 30 °C. One part of the does were fed ad libitum (5A, 15A, 23A and 30A), two other groups were housed at 15 °C, but they received the same amount of pellet as the does' intake at 23 °C or 30 °C (15/23R and 15/30R). The litter sizes were equalized to seven. The weight of does, milk production, feed intake and water intake were recorded daily. Heat stress reduced milk yield (148, 152, 150 and 106 g/day), feed intake (287, 279, 260 and 179 g/day) and water intake (497, 512, 526 and 428 g/day), but increased the water/feed ratio (1.73, 1.84, 2.02 and 2.39) in the groups of 5A, 15A, 23A and 30A, respectively. Body weight of does decreased at 23 °C and 30 °C by 5.6% and 8.5%, respectively, compared to 15 °C. Comparing the groups of rabbits kept at 23 °C and 30 °C fed ad libitum (23A and 30A) and the data obtained for groups of 15/23R and 15/30R it was observed that the milk yield decreased by 8.0% and 2.5%, water intake increased by 8.6 and 13.3%, and the feed/water ratio was higher by 0.18 and 0.18, respectively. The effect of heat stress was less significant on kits than on does. It can be concluded that the high ambient temperature mainly affected the milk production through the reduction of feed intake.

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