Granular Material Development Applied in an Experimental Section for Civil Engineering Purposes

In this study, a granular material (GM) derived from wastes generated in waste-to-energy plants was developed. Weathered bottom ash (WBA) and air pollution control (APC) ashes obtained from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) were used as raw materials. A mortar (M) with 50 wt. % of APC and 50 wt. % of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) CEM-I was prepared. The GM formulation was 20 wt. % M and 80 wt. % WBA. At the laboratory scale, WBA, APC, M, and crushed GM were evaluated by means of dynamic leaching (EN 12457-4) tests, and WBA, M, and crushed GM by percolation column (CEN/TS 16637) tests. The metal(loid)s analyzed were below the non-hazardous limits, regarding the requirement of the metal(loid)s released for waste revalorization. In order to simulate a road subbase real scenario, the crushed GM was tested in an experimental section (10 × 20 × 0.2 m). During a 600-day period, the leachates generated by the percolation of rainwater were collected. This research shows outstanding results regarding the metal(loid)s released for both the “accumulated” and “punctual” leachates collected. An accomplishment in the immobilization of metal(loid)s from APC residues was achieved because of the encapsulation effect of the cement. The GM formulation from both MSWI wastes can be considered an environmentally safe procedure for revalorizing APC residues.

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Comparison of trace element mobility from MSWI ash before and after plasma vitrification

Waste Management & Research ◽

10.1177/0734242x211011543 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 0734242X2110115

Author(s):

Wesley N Oehmig ◽

Justin Roessler ◽

Abdul Mulla Saleh ◽

Kyle A Clavier ◽

Christopher C Ferraro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Municipal Solid Waste ◽

Solid Waste ◽

Waste Incineration ◽

Waste To Energy ◽

Air Pollution Control ◽

Plasma Arc ◽

Municipal Solid Waste Incineration ◽

Trace Element Mobility ◽

Before And After ◽

Air Pollution Control Residues

A common perception of plasma arc treatment systems for municipal solid waste incineration ash is that the resulting vitrified slag is inert from an environmental perspective. Research was conducted to examine this hypothesis and to assess whether reduced pollutant release results from pollutant depletion during the process of the ash with plasma, or encapsulation in the glassy vitrified matrix. The concentrations of four discrete municipal solid waste incineration ash samples before and after plasma arc vitrification in a bench-scale unit were compared. Slag and untreated ash samples were leached using several standardized approaches and mobility among the four metals of interest (e.g. As, Cd, Pb and Sb) varied across samples, but was generally high (as high as 100% for Cd). Comparison across methods did not indicate substantial encapsulation in the vitrified slag, which suggests that reduced pollutant release from plasma arc vitrified slag is due to pollutant depletion by volatilization, not encapsulation. This has significant implications for the management of air pollution control residues from waste-to-energy facilities using plasma arc vitrification.

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Investigation of Environmental Leaching Behavior of an Innovative Method for Landfilling of Waste Incineration Air Pollution Control Residues

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14041025 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 1025

Author(s):

Mihail Reinhold Wächter ◽

Ioana Ionel ◽

Daniel Dan ◽

Adina Negrea

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Portland Cement ◽

Pollution Control ◽

Waste Incineration ◽

Air Pollution Control ◽

Leaching Behavior ◽

Lignite Fly Ash ◽

Incineration Residues ◽

Apc Residues ◽

Air Pollution Control Residues

Waste incineration air pollution control (APC) residues require pretreatment before landfilling because these types of residues encompass pollutants from an incineration gas stream. The environmental concerns of APC residues consist of a risk of leaching and subsequent release of potentially harmful substances that occur under environmental exposure. The stabilization/solidification (S/S) method of incineration residues is one of the most applied technologies for hazardous incineration residues. Portland cement is commonly used as a binder material in S/S for pollutant encapsulation, in order to change the hydrological characteristics of the landfilled material. Based on previous research, an innovative S/S method for APC residues is investigated, meant to replace Portland cement with cement-like material made from lignite fly ash (FA). To do this, a lab-scale landfill was created through the promoted S/S method and exposed to the environment for 12 months. Thus, this article assesses the lab-scale leaching behavior of a landfill disposal material exposed to environmental conditions and attempts to prove the promoted innovative S/S method. The results show that the replacement of Portland cement with a substitute material for utilization in the S/S method can mitigate energy consumption in the industrial cement subsector.

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Prediction of Solid Waste Incineration Residues Quantity for Valorization in Lightweight Aggregates

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.1731 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 514-516 ◽

pp. 1731-1735 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Margarida J. Quina ◽

Marisa A. Almeida ◽

Regina C. Santos ◽

João C. Bordado ◽

Rosa M. Quinta-Ferreira

Keyword(s):

Solid Waste ◽

Waste Incineration ◽

Raw Material ◽

Air Pollution Control ◽

Lightweight Aggregates ◽

Percentage Concentration ◽

Incineration Residues ◽

Eu Policies ◽

Waste Characteristics ◽

Apc Residues

The recycling of wastes is nowadays a priority in terms of the EU policies. This study aims at the replacement of a certain percentage of clay (natural raw material) by residues produced in a municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) process referred as Air Pollution Control (APC) residues. The main objective of this work concerns the prediction of the quantity of the waste that can be valorized as lightweight aggregates (LWA). For this analysis the Riley diagram was considered, which consists in plotting the percentage concentration of the main oxides (SiO2, Al2O3, fluxing) in a ternary diagram. The fluxing is defined as the sum of Fe2O3+CaO+MgO+Na2O+K2O. Our results point out that no more than 5% of APC residues should be considered, since the main oxide composition of APC residues is far away from bloating area. A pre-washing treatment improved the waste characteristics being then possible to increase the amount of residue that can be incorporated in percentages below 10%. This theoretical analysis can save experimental work, since it allows the prediction of the maximum amount of wastes to be tested.

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Mechanical Properties of Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator (MSWI) Bottom Ash as Alternatives of Subgrade Materials

Advances in Civil Engineering ◽

10.1155/2020/9254516 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Yucheng Huang ◽

Ji Chen ◽

Shenjie Shi ◽

Bin Li ◽

Jialin Mo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Municipal Solid Waste ◽

Solid Waste ◽

Rapid Development ◽

Bottom Ash ◽

Waste Incineration ◽

Treatment Method ◽

Waste Incinerator ◽

Air Pollution Control ◽

Mswi Bottom Ash

The rapid development of industrialization, urbanization, and population of the society augments the rising amount of municipal solid waste (MSW). With the advantage of considerably reducing mass and volume of solid wastes and generating energy, the incineration is a widely used treatment method for MSW. During the incineration process, the organic substances contained in the wastes are combusted, and the massive residues are remained. Of the incineration residues, bottom ash takes up to 80–90%, and the remainders are fly ash along with air pollution control residues. Dealing with the municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash in a sustainable manner is the primary principle. Significantly, MSWI bottom ash has been successfully utilized in diverse beneficial applications in recent decades, especially in civil engineering applications. This paper investigates the mechanical properties and validity of MSWI bottom ash as applicable substitutes of conventional subgrade materials. For this reason, a series of direct shear and CBR tests are performed on specimens with different water contents and dry densities.

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High-Volume Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash Concrete

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.722.181 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 722 ◽

pp. 181-186

Author(s):

Pavel Reiterman ◽

Ondřej Holčapek ◽

Aneta Krausová ◽

Michal Šyc ◽

Martin Keppert

Keyword(s):

Municipal Solid Waste ◽

Solid Waste ◽

Concrete Strength ◽

Bottom Ash ◽

Waste Incineration ◽

High Volume ◽

Significant Loss ◽

Waste To Energy ◽

Secondary Sources ◽

Mswi Bottom Ash

About 50 % of Municipal Solid Waste is incinerated (MSWI) in Europe what represent ca. 50 Mt/a of MSWI bottom ash (BA). Bottom ash contains several marketable components (iron scrap, non-ferrous metals, glass) which can by separated from the main BA stream and placed on the market with secondary sources. The resting material is, by its composition and properties, similar to natural aggregates and can be used in this way. The influence of metals separation form BA on its behavior in concrete was tested by using BA from Praha Malešice Waste-to-Energy plant. particle size fractions 4/8 and 8/16 mm of this BA can be used as aggregates in concrete up to 50 vol. % of given fraction without any significant loss of concrete strength. The combination of valuable component separation form BA and recycling of the rest portion as aggregates feature promising way of BA management reducing the amount of BA to be landfilled to minimum.

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Porous Materials Derived from Industrial By-Products for Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Capture

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10228086 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (22) ◽

pp. 8086

Author(s):

Antonella Cornelio ◽

Alessandra Zanoletti ◽

Stefania Federici ◽

Laura Eleonora Depero ◽

Elza Bontempi

Keyword(s):

Porous Materials ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles ◽

Bottom Ash ◽

Experimental Tests ◽

Waste Incineration ◽

Original Material ◽

Limited Applicability ◽

Materials Used ◽

By Products

The aim of this paper was the evaluation of hybrid porous materials, named SUNSPACE (“SUstaiNable materials Synthesized from by-Products and Alginates for Clean air and better Environment”), realized with raw materials such as silica fume (SUNSPACE SF) and bottom ash derived from municipal solid waste incineration (SUNSPACE BA), compared to cement and leaf for particulate matter (PM) entrapment. SUNSPACE BA was synthesized to overcome the limited applicability of the original material due to its dark grey color. The modification of raw materials used for its realization allows one to obtain a light color in comparison to the corresponding SUNSPACE SF, more suitable to be used as a coating on the buildings’ facades for aesthetic reasons. Moreover, another great advantage was obtained by the synthesis of SUNSPACE BA in the frame of circular economy principles; indeed, it was obtained by using a waste material (derived from waste incineration), opening new possibilities for its reuse. Experimental tests to evaluate the particles entrapment capability of the material were realized for the first time by using a nanoparticles generator. TiO2 suspension with a size of 300 nm and a concentration of 3 g/L was used to simulate a monodisperse nanoparticles flux. To compare the quantity of TiO2 adsorbed by each specimen, both the exposed and the pristine samples were digested and then analyzed by total X-ray fluorescence (TXRF). The results showed a high adsorption capacity of SUNSPACE BA (3526 ± 30 mg/kg).

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MSWI Bottom Ash Utilization in Concrete Mixes

Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis ◽

10.3846/mla.2017.1081 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 524-530 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Milda Pundinaitė-Barsteigienė ◽

Darius Bačinskas ◽

Edmundas Spudulis ◽

Deividas Rumšys

Keyword(s):

Circular Economy ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Bottom Ash ◽

Waste Incineration ◽

Municipal Waste ◽

Mswi Bottom Ash ◽

General Terms ◽

Fine Aggregates ◽

Initial Results ◽

Municipal Waste Incineration

In recent years, along with the global development of the Circular Economy concept and in order to minimise the quantity of waste disposed, waste recovery and reuse of recovered materials as raw materials in various industries while preserving the natural resources is strongly encouraged. One of the strands in development of these trends is the reuse of slag (bottom ash) produced from municipal waste incineration in concrete mixes. The article gives a brief overview of the possibilities for the use of slag produced during the municipal waste incineration for the formation of concrete mixes. A brief overview of global experience in this area has been provided. The technological process of waste incineration in Lithuania and the chemical composition of the resulting ash have been described in general terms. The results of preliminary tests of concrete mixes with bottom ash performed at Vilnius Gediminas Technical University have been presented. The tests performed show that a properly selected content of bottom ash can be used as a substitute for fine aggregates in concrete mixes. The initial results give impetus to further research in the field of application of secondary raw materials for concrete mixes.

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Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash as Sole Precursor in the Alkali-Activated Binder Formulation

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10124129 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 4129

Author(s):

Àlex Maldonado-Alameda ◽

Jessica Giro-Paloma ◽

Anna Alfocea-Roig ◽

Joan Formosa ◽

Josep Maria Chimenos

Keyword(s):

Municipal Solid Waste ◽

Solid Waste ◽

Sodium Silicate ◽

Bottom Ash ◽

Physicochemical Characterization ◽

Waste Incineration ◽

Waste To Energy ◽

Municipal Solid Waste Incineration ◽

Alkali Activator ◽

Alkali Activated

The concern about the large amount of weathered bottom ash (WBA) produced in waste-to-energy plants (WtE) has caused an increased search for alternatives to reduce their environmental impact. The present study aims to provide an added value through the WBA valorization from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) for its use as a sole precursor for developing alkali-activated binders (AABs). Alkali-activated weathered bottom ash binders (AA-WBA) were formulated with a liquid-to-solid ratio of 1.0 and using sodium silicate (80 wt.%) and NaOH (20 wt.%) at different concentrations (2, 4, 6, and 8M) as alkali-activator solutions. AA-WBA were cured at room temperature to extend their applicability. The effect of the alkali-activator solution molarity on the final properties of the AA-WBA was evaluated. The physicochemical characterization by XRD, FTIR, and SEM evidenced the presence of the typical phases (calcium silicate hydrate and gehlenite) of C-(A)-S-H gel. Leaching concentrations of As, Cu, and Mo exceed the acceptance in landfills for inert waste, while the leaching concentration of Sb exceeds the one for non-hazardous waste. The structure of the binders depends on the alkalinity of the activator, obtaining better results using NaOH 6M in terms of microstructure and compressive strength (6.7 MPa). The present study revealed that AA-WBA for non-structural purposes can be obtained. The AA-WBA formulation contributes to the WBA valorization and development of low-carbon cements; therefore, it is an encouraged alternative to ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Considering the amounts and costs of the WBA, sodium silicate, NaOH, and water, the total cost of the developed formulations is comprised in a range between 137.6 and 153.9 €/Tn.

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