scholarly journals Towards a Better Understanding of the Removal of Carbamazepine by Ankistrodesmus braunii: Investigation of Some Key Parameters

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (22) ◽  
pp. 8034
Author(s):  
Tania Yehya ◽  
Lidia Favier ◽  
Fabrice Audonnet ◽  
Nidal Fayad ◽  
Hajar Bahry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basal Medium ◽  
Pharmaceutical Product ◽  
Removal Mechanism ◽  
Transformation Mechanism ◽  
Initial Inoculum ◽  
Proteose Peptone ◽  
Ultra Trace ◽  
Peptone Medium ◽  
Harmful Effects ◽  
Adaptive Abilities

Nowadays, water pollution by pharmaceuticals is a major issue that needs an urgent solution, as these compounds, even when found at trace or ultra-trace levels, could have harmful effects on organisms. Carbamazepine (CBZ) is a pharmaceutical product that is detected as a micropollutant in many water resources. Different treatment methods were lately employed for the removal of CBZ, which are often cheap but inefficient or efficient but expensive. Yet, there are limited available studies on the elimination of this molecule by algae despite their well-known highly adaptive abilities. In this study, the biological treatment of CBZ was carried out using the green microalgae, Ankistrodesmus braunii (A. braunii), which has been reported to be particularly resistant to CBZ toxicity in the literature. The respective effects of the culture medium, the initial inoculum, and CBZ concentrations were studied on CBZ removal. Lastly, the mechanism of CBZ elimination by A. braunii was investigated. The presented data clearly demonstrates that the presence of this molecule did not completely repress A. braunii growth or the ability of these algae to remove CBZ; after 60 days of incubation, the highest percentage of CBZ elimination achieved was 87.6%. Elimination was more successful in Bold’s basal medium than in proteose peptone medium. Finally, the removal mechanism was also investigated to provide a better understanding of the transformation mechanism of this molecule. It was shown that the main removal mechanism was the bioaccumulation of CBZ by A. braunii cells, but the biotransformation of the initial CBZ into metabolites was also observed.

Development of a Selective Broth Medium for the Detection of Injured Campylobacter jejuni by Capacitance Monitoring

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (10) ◽  
pp. 1752-1755 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. ERIC LINE ◽  
KIRSTEN G. PEARSON
Keyword(s):  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Rapid Detection ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Triphenyltetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Inoculum Level ◽  
Single Strain ◽  
Initial Inoculum ◽  
Medium Components ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
The Mean

The purpose of these studies was to develop a conductimetric method for the rapid detection of Campylobacter jejuni. Numerous basal medium components were analyzed to develop a growth-enhancing broth medium for detection of freeze-injured Campylobacter cells using a conductimetric system. The final medium was composed of a modified Campy-Line agar from which the agar and triphenyltetrazolium chloride were removed and the amino acid, l-arginine was added. Pure isolates of C. jejuni. (frozen and thawed to produce stressed cells) were utilized to test the detection methodology. Monitoring of significant changes in the capacitance signal was found suitable for detection of Campylobacter proliferation. Using stressed pure cultures, Campylobacter growth was repeatedly detected at very low inoculum levels (about one cell per well). There was a direct linear relationship between detection times (DTs) and the initial inoculum level. For example, using a single strain, the mean DT (n = 20) at the 10 CFU/ml inoculum level was 28.6 h, with 100% of the inoculated wells detecting. The mean DTs at the 100, 1,000, and 10,000 CFU/ml inoculum levels were 24.9, 21.4, and 17.0 h, respectively. This study demonstrates that conductimetric methods can be utilized for the rapid detection of C. jejuni.

scholarly journals USE OF GENOMIC EXCLUSION TO ISOLATE HEAT-SENSITIVE MUTANTS IN TETRAHYMENA

Genetics ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-559
Author(s):  
Eduardo Orias ◽  
Miriam Flacks
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Axenic Culture ◽  
Tetrahymena Pyriformis ◽  
Recessive Mutation ◽  
Allelic Exclusion ◽  
Current Interest ◽  
Proteose Peptone ◽  
Abnormal Form ◽  
Mutant Strains ◽  
Peptone Medium

ABSTRACT We have used the abnormal form of conjugation known as "genomic exclusion" to isolate a collection of heat-sensitive mutants of Tetrahymena pyriformis, syngen 1. Growth at room temperature in bacterized medium and no growth at 40°C in the same medium was the criterion used for the isolation. The mutant strains were tested for growth in pure (axenic) culture in proteose peptone medium; of the 31 strains which grew normally at room temperature and not at 40°C in that medium, 21 also failed to grow at 37°C. Preliminary results of complementation tests suggest that most, if not all, the mutations are recessive and that a variety of genes was affected. A detailed genetic analysis was performed on one mutant (H9). The results are all consistent with the idea that the heat-sensitive phenotype of this mutant is determined by a single recessive mutation, designated ts-2. Heterozygotes ts-2/+ yield heat-sensitive segregants during vegetative growth; we interpret this finding as another example of allelic exclusion, a phenomenon universally encountered among heterozygotes in syngen 1 of T. pyriformis. Our results are discussed in the context of some questions of current interest in Tetrahymena genetics.

scholarly journals Bioactive fractions from Streptococcus macedonicus MBF 10-2 produced in an optimized plant-based peptone medium fermentation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amira Aulia Musnadi ◽  
Amarila Malik ◽  
Amalia Sitti Khayyira
Keyword(s):  
Micrococcus Luteus ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Proteose Peptone ◽  
Skin Patch ◽  
Antioxidant Potency ◽  
Peptone Medium

Background: Postbiotic fractions of several lactic acid bacteria have potential as microbial therapeutics for skin health and may also appeal to consumers who wish to avoid animal-based products. We aim to establish the optimum plant-peptone fermentation of Streptococcus macedonicus MBF10-2, which possess Bacteriocin Like-Inhibitory Substance activity in our previous study, to produce bacterial bioactive fractions. We evaluate their potential antibacterial and antioxidant actions, and as well assess the preliminary safety for human skin application. Methods: Fermentation was carried out by using plant peptone modified MRS, i.e., soy peptone and Vegitone, a non-animal-carbon sources that substitute proteose peptone in MRS medium. Fractions of MBF10-2 lysate and cell-free supernatant were collected and processed as follows, i.e. cell disruption, fraction separation and fractions freeze-drying. Fractions were confirm for antibacterial properties by the agar well diffusion method and assess for antioxidant activity using DPPH, while safety assessment was carried-out by skin patch assay. Result: Maximum growth of MBF10-2 achieved by fermentation in soy peptone- and in Vegitone-modified media was 9.00 and 7.99 g total cell mass, respectively. The antibacterial property of fractions was most effective against Micrococcus luteus T18. The lysate fraction exhibited a mild antioxidant potency (IC50 840 µg/mL), and all bioactive fractions were proven safe and non-allergenic for human skins. Conclusion: Strep. macedonicus MBF10-2 postbiotics bioactive fractions were indicated as being safe for topical application. This is the first report on the production of a safe Strep. macedonicus bioactive postbiotic possessing mild antibacterial and mild-to-weak antioxidant.   Keywords: antibacterial; antioxidant; lysate; soy peptone; Streptococcus macedonicus MBF 10-2

Serum-Induced Endocytic Vacuole in the Nonphagocytic Tetrahymena Pyriformis Strain NP1

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 644-645
Author(s):  
L. J. Brenner ◽  
D. G. Osborne ◽  
B. L. Schumaker
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Tetrahymena Pyriformis ◽  
Metal Salts ◽  
Proteose Peptone ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Food Vacuoles ◽  
Heavy Metal Salts ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Peptone Medium

Tetrahymena pyriformis strains WH6, W, HSM, and GLC, after exposure to normal human serum, give rise to large membrane-bounded endocytic vacuoles, as visualized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These vacuoles do not resemble ordinary food vacuoles formed in the oral apparatus. Nor do they appear to be vacuoles containing protein concentrated from the serum: Albumin solutions induce a different type of vacuole (Brenner et al., 1976). The large bodies take a stain (PAS) that indicates the presence of polysaccharide. TEM micrographs show the presence of lipid in some of the large bodies. It is not yet known if these large body vacuoles are formed in the oral apparatus like food vacuoles or result from the fusion of pinocytic vacuoles.Although the mutant T. pyriformis strain, NP1, is unable to form a functional oral apparatus at 37° C and cannot form food vacuoles (Rasmussen and Orias, 1975), it multiplies in 2% proteose peptone medium supplemented with vitamins and heavy metal salts.

Factors Affecting Isolation and Identification of Haemophilus vaginalis (Corynebacterium vaginale)

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-71
Author(s):  
Robert K. Bailey ◽  
Jack L. Voss ◽  
Rodney F. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Systems Analysis ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Proteose Peptone ◽  
Bifidobacteria Strain ◽  
Reference Strains ◽  
Peptone Yeast Extract Glucose

The rate of isolation of organisms resembling Haemophilus vaginalis (Corynebacterium vaginale) from vaginal specimens was not significantly affected by anaerobic versus carbon dioxide incubation atmospheres or whether specimens were inoculated on isolation media immediately after collection or after a delay of 6 h. Forty-one clinically isolated strains were provisionally divided into 30 H. vaginalis strains and 11 H. vaginalis -like (HVL) strains based on morphological and growth characteristics. The H. vaginalis strains were less reactive in API-20A identification test strips, (Analytab Products, Inc.) using Lombard-Dowell broth, than in a modified basal medium that contained proteose peptone no. 3 (Difco). The numbers and kinds of substrates fermented by 30 clinical and 2 reference strains of H. vaginalis varied among conventional, API, Minitek (Baltimore Biological Laboratory), and rapid buffered substrate fermentation systems. A greater number and variety of carbohydrates were fermented by the 11 HVL strains more consistently in all four test systems. Analysis of volatile and nonvolatile fermentation end products by gas-liquid chromatography did not reveal significant differences between the H. vaginalis and HVL strains. However, the latter group grew in peptone-yeast extract-glucose broth, whereas the H. vaginalis strains did not grow without the addition of starch to peptone-yeast extract-glucose. All of the reference and clinical strains were similar in their susceptibilities to a variety of antimicrobial compounds except sulfonamides, which inhibited the HVL strains and bifidobacteria but not the H. vaginalis strains. Sulfonamide susceptibility or resistance corresponded in part to the H. vaginalis and HVL-bifidobacteria strain reactions on selected conventional fermentation substrates. Susceptibility or resistance to sulfonamides and metronidazole in conjunction with fermentation tests is described to aid in the separation of H. vaginalis from other possibly unrecognized biotypes of H. vaginalis or other vaginal bacteria that presumptively resemble the organism. A human blood medium known as V agar was also of considerable value in distinguishing H. vaginalis from HVL strains, because only the H. vaginalis strains produced diffuse beta-hemolysis on V agar.

scholarly journals Secretion of lysosomal hydrolases by stimulated and nonstimulated macrophages.

1978 ◽  
Vol 148 (2) ◽  
pp. 435-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Schnyder ◽  
M Baggiolini
Keyword(s):  
Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Lysosomal Enzyme ◽  
Peritoneal Macrophages ◽  
Enzyme Secretion ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Lysosomal Hydrolases ◽  
Intracellular Enzyme ◽  
Proteose Peptone ◽  
Peptone Medium

Peritoneal macrophages were obtained from untreated mice and from mice treated with thioglycollate medium (TA), proteose peptone medium (PP), or a suspension of streptococcus A cell wall material (SA). The biochemical and secretory properties of these cells in long term cultures (up to 2 wk) were compared. TA-elicited macrophages contained more protein, lactate dehydrogenase, lysosomal hydrolases, and in particular, more plasminogen activator than the other cells studied. All types of macrophages studied were found to release considerable amounts of lysosomal hydrolases (beta-glucuronidase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase, alpha-mannosidase, and acid phosphatase) into the medium. Release was independent of phagocytosis and must, therefore, be regarded as true secretion. In both elicited and nonelicited macrophages, the rates of lysosomal enzyme secretion were virtually identical in the presence and in the absence of serum, and they were not enhanced by increasing serum concentrations. Lysosomal enzyme secretion in macrophages appears to depend on protein synthesis, since it was blocked by low concentrations of cycloheximide which neither affected cell viability nor lowered the intracellular enzyme levels. The amounts of lysosomal hydrolases secreted were highest in TA-elicited macrophages. The rates of secretion of PP- or SA-elicited and of nonelicited macrophages were about one-fourth of that of the TA-elicited cells. This difference, although significant, is much smaller than that observed for the secretion of plasminogen activator which was 20-50 times higher in TA-elicited cells. Acid glycosidases were also found in the peritoneal lavage media used for cell harvesting from both treated and nontreated mice. This indicates that active secretion of lysosomal hydrolases may be an in vivo property of the macrophage.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE NUTRITION OF HEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE

1942 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles L. Hoagland ◽  
S. M. Ward ◽  
Helena Gilder ◽  
Robert E. Shank
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Sodium Nitrate ◽  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Specific Factor ◽  
Optimum Growth ◽  
The Past ◽  
Proteose Peptone ◽  
Peptone Medium

The metabolic activity of H. influenzae can be followed quantitatively by measurement of the nitrite produced in a medium containing 0.2 per cent potassium or sodium nitrate. When X-factor, or hemin, and other specific substances required for the optimum growth of H. influenzae, are present in excess, the nitrite produced by this organism is quantitatively related to the concentration of V-factor, or total coenzyme. This quantitative relationship has been demonstrated for five strains of H. influenzae. It has been shown that various media, which in the past have been used for the determination of coenzyme by growth of H. influenzae, have in many instances been deficient in X-factor and that this substance rather than coenzyme has been the specific factor limiting growth. When 0.5 per cent blood is added to a basal proteose-peptone medium the specific requirements for optimum growth and metabolic activity of H. influenzae, other than coenzyme, are met, and a large number of specific biocatalysts and nutritive substances added to this medium are without effect in stimulating further growth. The foregoing studies have formed the basis for a quantitative method for the determination of total coenzyme in blood and tissue. This method is being described elsewhere.

scholarly journals NUCLEOLAR AND BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES DURING UNBALANCED GROWTH OF TETRAHYMENA PYRIFORMIS

1965 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 845-855 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan L. Cameron ◽  
E. Ernest Guile
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Rna Synthesis ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Tetrahymena Pyriformis ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Proteose Peptone ◽  
Rna And Protein Synthesis ◽  
Peptone Medium

Numerous nucleoli can be observed in the macronucleus of the logarithmically growing ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis; at late log phase the nucleoli aggregate and fuse. In stationary phase this fusion process continues, leaving a very few large vacuolated nuclear fusion bodies in the nucleus. When these stationary phase cells are placed into fresh enriched proteose peptone medium, the large fusion bodies begin to disaggregate during the 2.5-hour lag phase before cell division is initiated. By 3 to 6 hours after inoculation the appearance of the nucleoli in many cells returns to what it was in logarithmic cells. In view of the possible role of nucleoli in ribosome synthesis, attempts were made to correlate the morphological changes to changes in RNA and protein metabolism. The beginning of an increased RNA synthesis was concomitant with the beginning of disaggregation of the large fusion bodies into nucleoli, which was noticed in some cells by 1 hour after the return to fresh enriched proteose peptone medium. Increased protein synthesis then followed the increased RNA synthesis by 1 hour. The supply of RNA precursors (essential pyrimidines) were removed from cultures which were grown on a chemically defined synthetic medium, in order to study the relation between nucleolar fusion and synthesis of RNA and protein. Pyrimidine deprivation drastically curtailed RNA and protein synthesis, but did not cause fusion of nucleoli. When pyrimidines were added back to this culture medium, RNA synthesis was immediately stimulated and again preceded an increased protein synthesis by 1 hour. These studies suggest the involvement of unfused nucleoli in RNA and protein synthesis and demonstrate the extreme plasticity of nucleoli with respect to changes in their environment.

Effect of Preservatives and Growth Factors on Secretion of Listeriolysin O by Listeria monocytogenes

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 380-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROBIN C. MCKELLAR
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Inhibitory Action ◽  
Cell Yield ◽  
Listeriolysin O ◽  
Proteose Peptone ◽  
Peptone Medium ◽  
Long Chain

The influence of selected preservatives and growth factors on listeriolysin O (LLO) secretion by Listeria monocytogenes was examined. Secretion of LLO was maximal in tryptic soy broth medium. LLO secretion paralleled growth at 10 and 30°C in buffered proteose peptone medium. LLO secretion was supported by a number of carbohydrates and was inhibited by long-chain (P13-18) polyphosphates. Cell yield but not LLO secretion was increased by agitation. Both growth and LLO secretion were inhibited by nitrite, while LLO secretion was selectively inhibited by sorbate and NaCl. These results suggest that LLO secretion is more sensitive than growth to the inhibitory action of preservatives.

scholarly journals Behaviour of Diphtheria Bacilli in Acidified Media, especially with reference to Virulence Tests

1922 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Walker Hall
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Artificial Culture ◽  
Fermentation Products ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Peptone Medium ◽  
Lactic Acids ◽  
Harmful Effects ◽  
Extended Trial ◽  
Peptone Broth

1. The growth of diphtheria bacilli in suger-free pure casein digest broth may be accelerated by the addition of dilute nitric, acetic and lactic acids, and delayed by certain monobasic fatty acids.2. The limiting acid zone for toxic and non-toxic varieties is unaffected by initial dilute acidifications by several acids, but incresaed by the addition of citric acid.3. The time periods and intensity of the reaction changes produced by diphtheria bacilli growing in a sugar-free casein digest medium are altered by the addition of certain acids. Toxic strains produce earlier and more progressive alkalinity when dilute acetic or nitric acid is included in the medium: and later and lessened alkalinity in the presence of butyric, formic, and propionic acids. Certain other typical acids do not exert any obvious action. Non-toxic strains are less affected by the selected acids, although butyric acid generally retards reaction changes.4. The time required for virulence testing is decreased, and the potency of the bacillus under examination is more evident when 1/200 η acetic or nitric acid is added to the culture medium. Acidified casein digest plus peptone broth yields practically the same results as acidified fermented veal peptone infusion. The acidification does not affect the metabolism of non-toxic strains.5. The disadvantages of unfermented meat infusions and the ascribed harmful effects of the fermentation products in fermented meat broths, may perhaps be avoided by the substitution of casein digest peptone medium. The advantages of the starting action of the glucose may be retained by adding acetic or nitric acid to the casein digest.6. Individual strains of diphtheria bacilli differ considerably in their capacity of altering the reaction of culture media, and in their toxic potency. It does not seem permissible to apply to newly isolated organisms all the published results obtained from cultures that have been repeatedly subcultured and established as toxin producers in nutrient bouillon. As a presumptive test in the virulence testing of bacilli just transferred from human tissues to artificial culture media the tendency of non-toxic strains to produce early formation of alkali in adequately buffered and adjusted unfermented veal broth may be thought worthy of extended trial.

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