scholarly journals 3D DNA Nanostructures: The Nanoscale Architect

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 2624
Author(s):  
Daniel Fu ◽  
John Reif
Keyword(s):  
Single Molecule ◽  
Mechanical Design ◽  
Dna Nanotechnology ◽  
Dna Nanostructures ◽  
Biophysical Studies ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
Core Concepts ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Structural Dna Nanotechnology

Structural DNA nanotechnology is a pioneering biotechnology that presents the opportunity to engineer DNA-based hardware that will mediate a profound interface to the nanoscale. To date, an enormous library of shaped 3D DNA nanostructures have been designed and assembled. Moreover, recent research has demonstrated DNA nanostructures that are not only static but can exhibit specific dynamic motion. DNA nanostructures have thus garnered significant research interest as a template for pursuing shape and motion-dependent nanoscale phenomena. Potential applications have been explored in many interdisciplinary areas spanning medicine, biosensing, nanofabrication, plasmonics, single-molecule chemistry, and facilitating biophysical studies. In this review, we begin with a brief overview of general and versatile design techniques for 3D DNA nanostructures as well as some techniques and studies that have focused on improving the stability of DNA nanostructures in diverse environments, which is pivotal for its reliable utilization in downstream applications. Our main focus will be to compile a wide body of existing research on applications of 3D DNA nanostructures that demonstrably rely on the versatility of their mechanical design. Furthermore, we frame reviewed applications into three primary categories, namely encapsulation, surface templating, and nanomechanics, that we propose to be archetypal shape- or motion-related functions of DNA nanostructures found in nanoscience applications. Our intent is to identify core concepts that may define and motivate specific directions of progress in this field as we conclude the review with some perspectives on the future.

Single-molecule methods in structural DNA nanotechnology

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (13) ◽  
pp. 4220-4233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Casey M. Platnich ◽  
Felix J. Rizzuto ◽  
Gonzalo Cosa ◽  
Hanadi F. Sleiman
Keyword(s):  
Single Molecule ◽  
Method Development ◽  
Dna Nanotechnology ◽  
Dna Nanostructures ◽  
Structural Dna Nanotechnology ◽  
The Relationship

In this tutorial review, we explore the suite of single-molecule techniques currently available to probe DNA nanostructures and highlight the relationship between single-molecule method development and DNA nanotechology.

scholarly journals Strategies to Build Hybrid Protein–DNA Nanostructures

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1332
Author(s):  
Armando Hernandez-Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Systems ◽  
Dna Nanotechnology ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Hybrid Nanostructures ◽  
Advanced Materials ◽  
Dna Nanostructures ◽  
Hybrid Protein ◽  
Structural Protein ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Structural Dna Nanotechnology

Proteins and DNA exhibit key physical chemical properties that make them advantageous for building nanostructures with outstanding features. Both DNA and protein nanotechnology have growth notably and proved to be fertile disciplines. The combination of both types of nanotechnologies is helpful to overcome the individual weaknesses and limitations of each one, paving the way for the continuing diversification of structural nanotechnologies. Recent studies have implemented a synergistic combination of both biomolecules to assemble unique and sophisticate protein–DNA nanostructures. These hybrid nanostructures are highly programmable and display remarkable features that create new opportunities to build on the nanoscale. This review focuses on the strategies deployed to create hybrid protein–DNA nanostructures. Here, we discuss strategies such as polymerization, spatial directing and organizing, coating, and rigidizing or folding DNA into particular shapes or moving parts. The enrichment of structural DNA nanotechnology by incorporating protein nanotechnology has been clearly demonstrated and still shows a large potential to create useful and advanced materials with cell-like properties or dynamic systems. It can be expected that structural protein–DNA nanotechnology will open new avenues in the fabrication of nanoassemblies with unique functional applications and enrich the toolbox of bionanotechnology.

scholarly journals Hybrid Nanoassemblies from Viruses and DNA Nanostructures

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1413
Author(s):  
Sofia Ojasalo ◽  
Petteri Piskunen ◽  
Boxuan Shen ◽  
Mauri A. Kostiainen ◽  
Veikko Linko
Keyword(s):  
Cell Activation ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Dna Nanotechnology ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Dna Nanostructures ◽  
Dna Structures ◽  
Nanoscale Structures ◽  
Immune Cell Activation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Structural Dna Nanotechnology

Viruses are among the most intriguing nanostructures found in nature. Their atomically precise shapes and unique biological properties, especially in protecting and transferring genetic information, have enabled a plethora of biomedical applications. On the other hand, structural DNA nanotechnology has recently emerged as a highly useful tool to create programmable nanoscale structures. They can be extended to user defined devices to exhibit a wide range of static, as well as dynamic functions. In this review, we feature the recent development of virus-DNA hybrid materials. Such structures exhibit the best features of both worlds by combining the biological properties of viruses with the highly controlled assembly properties of DNA. We present how the DNA shapes can act as “structured” genomic material and direct the formation of virus capsid proteins or be encapsulated inside symmetrical capsids. Tobacco mosaic virus-DNA hybrids are discussed as the examples of dynamic systems and directed formation of conjugates. Finally, we highlight virus-mimicking approaches based on lipid- and protein-coated DNA structures that may elicit enhanced stability, immunocompatibility and delivery properties. This development also paves the way for DNA-based vaccines as the programmable nano-objects can be used for controlling immune cell activation.

scholarly journals Increasing Complexity in Wireframe DNA Nanostructures

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 1823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petteri Piskunen ◽  
Sami Nummelin ◽  
Boxuan Shen ◽  
Mauri A. Kostiainen ◽  
Veikko Linko
Keyword(s):  
Dna Nanotechnology ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Shape Space ◽  
Structure Design ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Dna Nanostructures ◽  
Dna Strands ◽  
Potential Applications

Structural DNA nanotechnology has recently gained significant momentum, as diverse design tools for producing custom DNA shapes have become more and more accessible to numerous laboratories worldwide. Most commonly, researchers are employing a scaffolded DNA origami technique by “sculpting” a desired shape from a given lattice composed of packed adjacent DNA helices. Albeit relatively straightforward to implement, this approach contains its own apparent restrictions. First, the designs are limited to certain lattice types. Second, the long scaffold strand that runs through the entire structure has to be manually routed. Third, the technique does not support trouble-free fabrication of hollow single-layer structures that may have more favorable features and properties compared to objects with closely packed helices, especially in biological research such as drug delivery. In this focused review, we discuss the recent development of wireframe DNA nanostructures—methods relying on meshing and rendering DNA—that may overcome these obstacles. In addition, we describe each available technique and the possible shapes that can be generated. Overall, the remarkable evolution in wireframe DNA structure design methods has not only induced an increase in their complexity and thus expanded the prevalent shape space, but also already reached a state at which the whole design process of a chosen shape can be carried out automatically. We believe that by combining cost-effective biotechnological mass production of DNA strands with top-down processes that decrease human input in the design procedure to minimum, this progress will lead us to a new era of DNA nanotechnology with potential applications coming increasingly into view.

Single Molecule Super-Resolution Microscopy Study on the Precision with Which DNA Nanostructures Can Orient Fluorescent Dyes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett Michael Ward
Keyword(s):  
Single Molecule ◽  
Dna Nanotechnology ◽  
Super Resolution ◽  
Fluorescent Dye ◽  
Molecular Networks ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Dna Nanostructures ◽  
Dye Molecules ◽  
Super Resolution Microscopy ◽  
Fluorescent Molecules

DNA nanotechnology enables the rapid, programmable self-assembly of novel structures and devices at the nanoscale. Utilizing the simplicity of Watson-Crick base pairing, DNA nanostructures are capable of assembling a variety of nanoparticles in arbitrary configurations with relative ease. Several emerging opto-electronic systems require a high degree of control of both the position and orientation of component fluorescent molecules, and while DNA nanostructures have demonstrated these capabilities, the precision with which DNA can orient fluorescent molecules is not well understood. Determining these bounds is critical in establishing the viability of DNA nanotechnology as a method of assembling fluorescent molecular networks. In this work, using a combination of single molecule emission dipole imaging and super-resolution microscopy techniques, we correlate the orientations of fluorescent dye molecules to the orientations of their DNA substrates along five degrees of freedom. Several species of dyes were embedded within a DNA sequence using either one or two covalent tethers. These strands were incorporated directly into DNA origami structures to investigate the dependence of the location and binding architecture of the dye on the orientational precision of DNA nanostructures. Dye functionalized strands were also folded into a simpler four-arm junction, which was then immobilized on an origami structure to study the influence of the DNA substrate on dye orientation. Correlated analysis of super-resolution images of origami structures and single molecule emission dipole images from the embedded fluorescent molecule within the same structure allowed us to directly measure the relative orientations of dye molecules within DNA nanostructures. The resulting measurements revealed a moderate degree of polar angle control but a large variation in azimuthal control for the majority of structures examined. These measurements establish a single-molecule method for measurement of correlated orientations and provide a powerful approach for future studies on increasing the precision in the orientational control of fluorescent dye molecule monomers by DNA nanostructures.

ARTIFICIALLY DESIGNED DNA NANOSTRUCTURES

NANO ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 04 (03) ◽  
pp. 119-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
RASHID AMIN ◽  
SOYEON KIM ◽  
SUNG HA PARK ◽  
THOMAS HENRY LABEAN
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Dna Nanotechnology ◽  
Medical Applications ◽  
Dna Nanostructures ◽  
Base Pairing ◽  
Assembly Instructions ◽  
Artificial Dna ◽  
Structural Dna Nanotechnology ◽  
Complex Nanostructures

In the field of structural DNA nanotechnology, researchers create artificial DNA sequences to self-assemble into target molecular superstructures and nanostructures. The well-understood Watson–Crick base-pairing rules are used to encode assembly instructions directly into the DNA molecules. A wide variety of complex nanostructures has been created using this method. DNA directed self-assembly is now being adapted for use in the nanofabrication of functional structures for use in electronics, photonics, and medical applications.

Structural DNA nanotechnology: Immobile Holliday junctions to artificial robots

2022 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raghu Pradeep Narayanan ◽  
Leeza Abraham
Keyword(s):  
Dna Nanotechnology ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Holliday Junctions ◽  
Dna Origami ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Dna Nanostructures ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Scientific World ◽  
2D And 3D ◽  
Structural Dna Nanotechnology

Abstreact: DNA nanotechnology marvels the scientific world with its capabilities to design, engineer, and demonstrate nanoscale shapes. This review is a condensed version walking the reader through the structural developments in the field over the past 40 years starting from the basic design rules of the double-stranded building block to the most recent advancements in self-assembled hierarchically achieved structures to date. It builds off from the fundamental motivation of building 3-dimensional (3D) lattice structures of tunable cavities going all the way up to artificial nanorobots fighting cancer. The review starts by covering the most important developments from the fundamental bottom-up approach of building structures, which is the ‘tile’ based approach covering 1D, 2D, and 3D building blocks, after which, the top-down approach using DNA origami and DNA bricks is also covered. Thereafter, DNA nanostructures assembled using not so commonly used (yet promising) techniques like i-motifs, quadruplexes, and kissing loops are covered. Highlights from the field of dynamic DNA nanostructures have been covered as well, walking the reader through the various approaches used within the field to achieve movement. The article finally concludes by giving the authors a view of what the future of the field might look like while suggesting in parallel new directions that fellow/future DNA nanotechnologists could think about.

Structural DNA Nanotechnology: Artificial Nanostructures for Biomedical Research

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 375-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yonggang Ke ◽  
Carlos Castro ◽  
Jong Hyun Choi
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Dna Nanotechnology ◽  
Dna Nanostructures ◽  
Considerable Effort ◽  
Artificial Nanostructures ◽  
Active Pursuit ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
Structural Dna Nanotechnology

Structural DNA nanotechnology utilizes synthetic or biologic DNA as designer molecules for the self-assembly of artificial nanostructures. The field is founded upon the specific interactions between DNA molecules, known as Watson–Crick base pairing. After decades of active pursuit, DNA has demonstrated unprecedented versatility in constructing artificial nanostructures with significant complexity and programmability. The nanostructures could be either static, with well-controlled physicochemical properties, or dynamic, with the ability to reconfigure upon external stimuli. Researchers have devoted considerable effort to exploring the usability of DNA nanostructures in biomedical research. We review the basic design methods for fabricating both static and dynamic DNA nanostructures, along with their biomedical applications in fields such as biosensing, bioimaging, and drug delivery.

scholarly journals DNA-Programmed Chemical Synthesis of Polymers and Inorganic Nanomaterials

2020 ◽  
pp. 57-81
Author(s):  
Xuemei Xu ◽  
Pia Winterwerber ◽  
David Ng ◽  
Yuzhou Wu
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Synthesis ◽  
Single Molecule ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Dna Recognition ◽  
Dna Nanotechnology ◽  
Nanometer Scale ◽  
Dna Nanostructures ◽  
Future Outlook ◽  
Inorganic Nanomaterials ◽  
Nanofabrication Technique

Abstract DNA nanotechnology, based on sequence-specific DNA recognition, could allow programmed self-assembly of sophisticated nanostructures with molecular precision. Extension of this technique to the preparation of broader types of nanomaterials would significantly improve nanofabrication technique to lower nanometer scale and even achieve single molecule operation. Using such exquisite DNA nanostructures as templates, chemical synthesis of polymer and inorganic nanomaterials could also be programmed with unprecedented accuracy and flexibility. This review summarizes recent advances in the synthesis and assembly of polymer and inorganic nanomaterials using DNA nanostructures as templates, and discusses the current challenges and future outlook of DNA templated nanotechnology.

scholarly journals Generating DNA Origami Nanostructures through Shape Annealing

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2950
Author(s):  
Bolutito Babatunde ◽  
D. Sebastian Arias ◽  
Jonathan Cagan ◽  
Rebecca E. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Self Assembly ◽  
Design Space ◽  
Simulated Annealing Algorithm ◽  
Dna Nanotechnology ◽  
Dna Origami ◽  
Design Tools ◽  
Dna Nanostructures ◽  
Formal Approach ◽  
Annealing Algorithm ◽  
Structural Dna Nanotechnology

Structural DNA nanotechnology involves the design and self-assembly of DNA-based nanostructures. As a field, it has progressed at an exponential rate over recent years. The demand for unique DNA origami nanostructures has driven the development of design tools, but current CAD tools for structural DNA nanotechnology are limited by requiring users to fully conceptualize a design for implementation. This article introduces a novel formal approach for routing the single-stranded scaffold DNA that defines the shape of DNA origami nanostructures. This approach for automated scaffold routing broadens the design space and generates complex multilayer DNA origami designs in an optimally driven way, based on a set of constraints and desired features. This technique computes unique designs of DNA origami assemblies by utilizing shape annealing, which is an integration of shape grammars and the simulated annealing algorithm. The results presented in this article illustrate the potential of the technique to code desired features into DNA nanostructures.

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