scholarly journals A Multi-Analytical Approach for the Characterization of Seventeenth Century Decorative Wall Paintings in Two Norwegian Stave Churches: A Case Study at Eidsborg and Heddal, Norway

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 3477
Author(s):  
Ashley Amanda Freeman ◽  
Lavinia de Ferri ◽  
Joy Mazurek ◽  
Fabrizio Andriulo ◽  
Chiara Bertolin
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Environmental Scanning ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Materials Used

The presented research examines 17th century distemper paint from the polychrome wooden interiors of two Norwegian stave churches: Eidsborg and Heddal. For the first time, the inorganic and organic components of specimens from Eidsborg and Heddal were identified using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM)—Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) after derivatization. This multi-analytical approach allowed for the identification of red ochre as the main red pigment within the topcoat (with the possible addition of minium), confirmed that a chalk basecoat was used, and finally permitted the recognition of alteration phases. Markers of proteinaceous material attributed to the use of animal-based glues were detected throughout the stratigraphic layers of both churches, with the addition of linseed oil in some locations. Furthermore, the wood substrate showed markers characteristic of pine tree, with contamination of wood fractions being detected in some of the paint samples from Heddal and Eidsborg. This research has contributed to a better understanding of the current preservation state of Heddal and Eidsborg, and ultimately assisted in developing a deeper comprehension and awareness of materials used in Norwegian stave churches.

Environmental scanning electron microscopy of fresh human gallstones reveals new morphologies of precipitated calcium salts

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1322-1323
Author(s):  
Howard S. Kaufman ◽  
Keith D. Lillemoe ◽  
John T. Mastovich ◽  
Henry A. Pitt
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Environmental Scanning ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Calcium Salts ◽  
Cholesterol Gallstones ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ca Carbonate ◽  
Scanning Electron

Gallstones contain precipitated cholesterol, calcium salts, and proteins. Calcium (Ca) bilirubinate, palmitate, phosphate, and carbonate occurring in gallstones have variable morphologies but characteristic windowless energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectra. Previous studies of gallstone microstructure and composition using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with EDX have been limited to dehydrated samples. In this state, Ca bilirubinates appear as either glassy masses, which predominate in black pigment stones, or as clusters, which are found mostly in cholesterol gallstones. The three polymorphs of Ca carbonate, calcite, vaterite, and aragonite, have been identified in gallstones by x-ray diffraction, however; the morphologies of these crystals vary in the literature. The purpose of this experiment was to study fresh gallstones by environmental SEM (ESEM) to determine if dehydration affects gallstone Ca salt morphology.Gallstones and bile were obtained fresh at cholecystectomy from 6 patients. To prevent dehydration, stones were stored in bile at 37°C. All samples were studied within 4 days of procurement.

scholarly journals Iterative regularity and parent-offspring growth mold of stable grain array in bismuth silicate micro-crystals

2011 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-112
Author(s):  
Z.G. Zhang ◽  
X.F. Wang ◽  
Q.Q. Tian
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Environmental Scanning ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Bismuth Silicate ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Offspring Growth ◽  
Line Spacing ◽  
Array Structure ◽  
Sintering Method

Bismuth silicate micro-crystals with grain array structure were prepared by sintering method under atmosphere pressure. The samples were characterized for structural and surface morphological properties by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). The result shows that stable grain arrays grow by iterative mode. If a stable grain array eliminates, a new stable grain array will generate. In a stable parent array, an offspring array may generate after the corresponding partial elimination of its parent array. If one part of an offspring array stops growing, it will be as a new parent array, and then its offspring grain array will create. The sum of the lengths of an offspring array and the corresponding eliminated part of its parent array is equal to the length of the next eliminated part of its parent array. It means the growth rate of an offspring array is equal to that of the corresponding survived part of its parent array. There is a highly correlation between grain array length and average grain line spacing. It means that larger average grain line spacing corresponds to the stable grain array with lager length. When average grain line spacing increases 1?m, the corresponding array length will increase approximately 7.6?m.

The structure and chemical layering of Proterozoic stromatolites in the Mojave Desert

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 517-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Douglas ◽  
Meredith E. Perry ◽  
William J. Abbey ◽  
Zuki Tanaka ◽  
Bin Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Analysis ◽  
Mojave Desert ◽  
Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Environmental Scanning ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Mars Rover ◽  
X Ray ◽  
High K ◽  
Representative Samples

AbstractThe Proterozoic carbonate stromatolites of the Pahrump Group from the Crystal Spring formation exhibit interesting layering patterns. In continuous vertical formations, there are sections of chevron-shaped stromatolites alternating with sections of simple horizontal layering. This apparent cycle of stromatolite formation and lack of formation repeats several times over a vertical distance of at least 30 m at the locality investigated. Small representative samples from each layer were taken and analysed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), environmental scanning electron microscopy – energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, and were optically analysed in thin section. Optical and spectroscopic analyses of stromatolite and of non-stromatolite samples were undertaken with the objective of determining the differences between them. Elemental analysis of samples from within each of the four stromatolite layers and the four intervening layers shows that the two types of layers are chemically and mineralogically distinct. In the layers that contain stromatolites the Ca/Si ratio is high; in layers without stromatolites the Ca/Si ratio is low. In the high Si layers, both K and Al are positively correlated with the presence and levels of Si. This, together with XRD analysis, suggested a high K-feldspar (microcline) content in the non-stromatolitic layers. This variation between these two types of rocks could be due to changes in biological growth rates in an otherwise uniform environment or variations in detrital influx and the resultant impact on biology. The current analysis does not allow us to choose between these two alternatives. A Mars rover would have adequate resolution to image these structures and instrumentation capable of conducting a similar elemental analysis.

Evaluation of Pulsed Laser Deposited Li4Ti5O12 Thin Film Anodes by CV and EIS

2013 ◽  
Vol 743-744 ◽  
pp. 13-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Qiu Deng ◽  
Zhou Guang Lu ◽  
Chi Yuen Chung ◽  
Zhong Min Wang ◽  
Huai Ying Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Discharge Rate ◽  
Pulsed Laser ◽  
Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cycling Performance ◽  
Laser Deposition ◽  
Environmental Scanning ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray

Li4Ti5O12thin film anodes were prepared successfully using pulsed laser deposition technique. The thin films were characterized by X-ray diffraction and environmental scanning electron microscopy. The effects of thickness and scan rate on the electrochemical properties of Li4Ti5O12thin film electrodes were discussed in detail. The thin film anodes deliver favorable capacity and excellent cycling performance. The discharge capacity maintains at 141 mAhg-1after 20 cycles at 1C charge-discharge rate for the thin film anodes deposited for 20 minutes. The charge-transfer resistances were also investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.

scholarly journals A sol-gel synthesis, characterization and in vitro bioactivity of binary, ternary and quaternary bioglasses with high mechanical strength

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 310-318
Author(s):  
Sara Bouhazma ◽  
Imane Adouar ◽  
Sanae Chajri ◽  
Smaiel Herradi ◽  
Mohamed Khaldi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sol Gel ◽  
Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Environmental Scanning ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
In Vitro Bioactivity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
High Mechanical Strength ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Sol Gel Synthesis

Bioactive powders of the binary SiO2-CaO, ternary SiO2-CaO-P2O5 and quaternary systems SiO2-CaO-P2O5-Na2O/Mg2O were synthesized using a sol-gel route. The gels were converted into bioglasses powders by heat treatments at the temperature of 700°C. The resulting materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM) and in vitro bioactivity in acellular Simulated Body Fluid (SBF). The in vitro tests showed that the samples had good apatite-forming ability. Glasses doped with sodium and magnesium show good results in terms of bioactivity and mechanical properties. The results showed that the quaternary glass SiO2-CaO-P2O5-Na2O containing Na is the most bioactive, only 6 hours after its immersion in SBF; a layer of hydroxycarbonated apatite (HAC) was deposited on the glass and compressive strength of up to 233.08 MPa with a porosity of 11.02%, due to the presence of the Na2Ca2Si3O9 phase. Magnesium also affects bioactivity because it has improved from binary to ternary to quaternary doped with magnesium, bioactive from 12h of contact with the SBF.

scholarly journals Effect of Alkaline Degumming on Structure and Properties of Lotus Fibers at Different Growth Period

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 155892501501000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fengyan Li ◽  
Hongjun Fu
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Bond Rupture ◽  
Environmental Scanning ◽  
Structure And Properties ◽  
Breaking Force ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Before And After

Lotus fibers are pulled from different period of lotus root. Alkaline was used as degumming agent to remove non-cellulose impurities of lotus fibers. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and FTIR were used to characterize surface morphology and microscopic structure of lotus fibers before and after degumming. The effect of alkaline degumming on tensile properties of lotus fibers is investigated. The results show that impurities remove, hydrogen bond rupture, and crystallinity of partly armorphous chain occur during alkaline degumming. All of these changes play roles in influencing fiber tensile breaking force and elongation at break.

Novel Temperature Dependent Process for α-Al2O3 Platelets

2012 ◽  
Vol 182-183 ◽  
pp. 104-109
Author(s):  
Cheng Long Yu ◽  
Xin Hao ◽  
Hong Tao Jiang ◽  
Li Li Wang ◽  
Zheng Guang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ternary System ◽  
Molten Glass ◽  
Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Environmental Scanning ◽  
Phase Identification ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Hand Part

α-Al2O3 platelets were prepared in the interface of Na2O-CaO-SiO2 glass induced by Al. Phase identification was accomplished by X-ray diffraction analysis. The morphology of the platelets was observed using an Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM). The changes for the mixtures of the Al powders and the glass powders that occurred during heating were characterized by a combination of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermalgravimety(TG) on a multi-functional instrument. Confirmed by XRD and ESEM, at 1200°C, the prepared platelets have mean diameters between 400nm and 1000nm. Most of them are aggregated and part of them through intergrowth. The crystals develop from the interface between glass and Al, and can form good moistening with the glass matrix. DSC/TG shows that γ-Al2O3 formed by oxidation of Al, transforms into α-Al2O3 and grow into the platelet α-Al2O3 crystals owing to the molten Al and the molten glass. On the other hand, part of the molten Al erodes into the glass and makes the deviation of the Na2O-CaO-SiO2 ternary system into Na2O-Al2O3-SiO2 ternary system, resulting in the formation of NaAlSiO4.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Performance of Functionalized α-Zirconium Phosphate Modified with Octadecyl Isocyanate

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lijuan Han ◽  
Qingyuan Chen ◽  
Hong Chen ◽  
Shang Yu ◽  
Lin Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zirconium Phosphate ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Injection Pressure ◽  
Water Flooding ◽  
Environmental Scanning ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Hydrophobically Modified ◽  
And Performance

The α-zirconium phosphate (α-ZrP) and hydrophobically modified α-zirconium phosphate (α-ZrP-I) were prepared. The grafting of octadecyl isocyanate was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The dispersion of α-ZrP-I was studied by environmental scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The wettability of α-ZrP-I was determined by Kruss DSA30. Then, the effects of decompression and augmented injection of α-ZrP-I have been studied. The results of water flooding experiments show that the appropriate concentration of α-ZrP-I has an effect on the decrease of the water injection pressure.

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