Design and Optimization of Cooling Plate for Battery Module of an Electric Vehicle

With the development of electric vehicles, much attention has been paid to the thermal management of batteries. The liquid cooling has been increasingly used instead of other cooling methods, such as air cooling and phase change material cooling. In this article, a lithium iron phosphate battery was used to design a standard module including two cooling plates. A single battery numerical model was first created and verified as the basis of the module heat transfer model. Orthogonal experimental design method was adopted in the module thermal model to optimize the main parameters in the module: Battery gap, the cross-section size, and the number of coolant channels of the cooling plate. The Surrogate Model was then utilized to further optimize geometry of the cooling plate. Finally, the optimized geometry was rebuilt in the module thermal model for analysis. The comparison showed that the maximum and minimum temperature difference in the cooling plate was reduced by 9.5% and the pressure drop was reduced by 16.88%. It was found that the battery temperature difference and the pressure drop decreased with the increase of the cross-section and number of the coolant channel when the coolant flow rate was constant at the inlet.

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Experimental study on the thermal behaviour of fire exposed slim-floor beams

Proceedings 12th international conference on Advances in Steel-Concrete Composite Structures - ASCCS 2018 ◽

10.4995/asccs2018.2018.8288 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Vicente Albero ◽

Ana Espinós ◽

Enrique Serra ◽

Manuel L. Romero ◽

Antonio Hospitaler

Keyword(s):

Cross Section ◽

Thermal Behaviour ◽

Thermal Model ◽

Elevated Temperatures ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Composite Beams ◽

Technical Equipment ◽

Design Code ◽

Special Configuration ◽

The Cross

Steel-concrete composite beams embedded in floors (slim-floors) offer various advantages such as the floor thickness reduction or the ease of installation of under-floor technical equipment. However, this typology presents important differences in terms of thermal behaviour, as compared to other composite beams, when exposed to elevated temperatures. These differences are due to their special configuration, being totally contained within the concrete floor depth. Moreover, the current European fire design code for composite steel-concrete structures (EN 1994-1-2) does not provide any simplified thermal model to evaluate the temperature evolution of each slim-floor part during a fire. Additionally, only a few experimental studies can be found which may help understand the thermal behaviour of these composite beams. This paper presents an experimental investigation on the thermal behaviour of slim-floor beams. Electrical radiative panels were used in the test setup to produce the thermal heating. The thermal gap between the lower flange of the steel profile and the bottom steel plate was studied, being found to be one of the most influential elements over the cross-section temperature gradient. The experimental campaign was developed by varying the cross-section configuration in order to evaluate the influence of this parameter over the slim-floor thermal behavior. Finally, the experiments carried out were used to develop and calibrate a finite element thermal model which may help in further research on the thermal behaviour of slim-floor composite beams.

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Numerical Simulation on Temperature Field of CFST Member under Solar Radiation

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.354-355.1241 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 354-355 ◽

pp. 1241-1244

Author(s):

Yan He ◽

Man Ding ◽

Qian Zhang

Keyword(s):

Numerical Simulation ◽

Temperature Field ◽

Temperature Distribution ◽

Solar Radiation ◽

Cross Section ◽

Temperature Difference ◽

Steel Tube ◽

Concrete Filled Steel Tube ◽

Nonlinear Temperature ◽

The Cross

In this paper the temperature field of Concrete Filled Steel Tube (CFST) member under solar radiation is simulated. The results show that temperature distribution caused by solar radiation is nonlinear over the cross-section of CFST member, and it is significantly varied with time and sections, the largest nonlinear temperature difference is over 26.3°C.

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Shape Optimization of Power Plant Ducting Using CFD

Volume 5: Design, Analysis, Control and Diagnosis of Fluid Power Systems ◽

10.1115/imece2008-66772 ◽

2008 ◽

Author(s):

Ramesh Avvari ◽

Sreenivas Jayanti ◽

S. Gowrisankar

Keyword(s):

Power Plant ◽

Pressure Drop ◽

Cross Section ◽

High Velocity ◽

Flow Simulation ◽

Higher Power ◽

Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd ◽

Flow Through ◽

The Cross ◽

Flow Maldistribution

Power plant ducting generally designed with simple shapes has to undergo many changes of shape to accommodate interfacing equipment associated with plant operation leading to higher pressure drop, higher power consumption and flow maldistribution zones having higher or lower velocities. To redress this situation, baffles, guide vanes and other internals are used to streamline the flow through ducts, especially in bends. A basic disadvantage in coal fired plants of using baffles is that they get punctured / eroded due to impact of high velocity ash particles in flue gas ducting, and the effectiveness of baffles is lost in short duration. To overcome the above disadvantages, a new method is developed to change the shape of the duct in such a way that a more streamlined flow is maintained across any cross section. The velocity profile, obtained using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations, across the cross-section is examined at several locations along the duct. Wherever high velocity compared to average velocity is found, the cross-section is increased and where the velocity is low, the cross-section is reduced. A new grid is created through the revised cross-section and a fresh CFD analysis is made to identify zones of flow maldistribution. The flow simulation is done in an iterative manner, alternately calculating the flow domain and modifying the local cross-section based on the local velocity distribution. The method has been found to be more robust and led, after a few iterations, to a shape of the duct which resulted in a significant reduction in the pressure drop without using any baffles or inserts.

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An Experimental Study of Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop on the Bend Surface of a U-Duct

Volume 4: Heat Transfer, Parts A and B ◽

10.1115/gt2010-22139 ◽

2010 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Tareq Salameh ◽

Bengt Sunden

Keyword(s):

Heat Transfer ◽

Experimental Study ◽

Reynolds Number ◽

Pressure Drop ◽

Friction Factor ◽

Cross Section ◽

Outer Wall ◽

Cross Section Area ◽

Section Area ◽

The Cross

This work concerns an experimental study of pressure drop and heat transfer for turbulent flow inside a U-duct. Such duct geometries can be found in many engineering applications where cooling air extracts heat from hot internal walls of the duct, e.g., passage cooling inside gas turbine blades. Both friction factors and convective heat transfer coefficients were measured inside a U-duct for three different cases, namely (a) the smooth straight part, (b) the smooth bend (turn) part, and (c) a rough (ribbed) bend (turn) part. The details of the duct geometry were as follows: the cross section area of the straight part was 50×50 mm2, the inside length of the bend part 240 mm, the cross section area of the rib was 5×5 mm2 and the rib height-to-hydraulic diameter ratio, e/Dh, was 0.1. The Reynolds number was varied from 8,000 to 20,000. The test rig has been built in such a way that various experimental setups can be handled as the bend (turn) part of the U-duct can easily be removed and the rib configuration can be changed. Both the U-duct and the rib were made from plexiglass material to allow optical access for measuring the surface temperature by using a high-resolution measurement technique based on narrow band thermochromic liquid crystals (TLC R35C5W) and a CCD camera placed facing the bend (turn) part of the U-duct. The calibration of the TLC is based on the hue-based color decomposition system using an in-house designed calibration box. The rib was placed transversely to the direction of the main flow at the outer wall of the bend (turn) part where the wall was heated by an electrical heater. The friction factor ratio and the heat transfer enhancement ratio for case (c) at a Reynolds number of 20,000 were 48.75 and 2.66, respectively. It is found that the presence of the rib increases the heat transfer coefficient on the outer wall of the bend part (tip of side U-duct). The uncertainties were 3% and 6% for the Nusselt number and friction factor, respectively.

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A General Model for Predicting Low Reynolds Number Flow Pressure Drop in Non-Uniform Microchannels of Non-Circular Cross Section in Continuum and Slip-Flow Regimes

Journal of Fluids Engineering ◽

10.1115/1.4023785 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 135 (7) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

M. Akbari ◽

A. Tamayol ◽

M. Bahrami

Keyword(s):

Pressure Drop ◽

Cross Section ◽

General Model ◽

Circular Cross Section ◽

Numerical Data ◽

Creeping Flow ◽

Geometrical Parameters ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Flow Pressure ◽

The Cross

A general model that predicts single-phase creeping flow pressure drop in microchannels of a noncircular cross section under slip and no-slip regimes is proposed. The model accounts for gradual variations in the cross section and relates the pressure drop to geometrical parameters of the cross section, i.e., area, perimeter, and polar moment of inertia. The accuracy of the proposed model is assessed by comparing the results against experimental and numerical data collected from various studies in the literature for a wide variety of cross-sectional shapes. The suggested model can be used for the design and optimization of microsystems that contain networks of microchannels with noncircular cross sections resulting from different fabrication techniques.

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A heat-transfer model for the rotary kiln: Part II. Development of the cross-section model

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B ◽

10.1007/bf02696992 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 403-419 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

P. V. Barr ◽

J. K. Brimacombe ◽

A. P. Watkinson

Keyword(s):

Heat Transfer ◽

Cross Section ◽

Rotary Kiln ◽

Heat Transfer Model ◽

Transfer Model ◽

Section Model ◽

The Cross

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Numerical Analysis of the Process of Heating of a Bed of Steel Bars / Numeryczna Analiza Procesu Nagrzewania Złoza Pretów Stalowych

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials ◽

10.2478/v10172-012-0151-z ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 58 (1) ◽

pp. 63-66 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

D. Musiał

Keyword(s):

Cross Section ◽

Temperature Difference ◽

Hot Forging ◽

Medium Temperature ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Parabolic Distribution ◽

Steel Bars ◽

The Cross ◽

Constant Heating ◽

Thermal Conductivity Λ

The article describes the computation of the time of heating of a bed of bars in the heat treatment process. The charge was subjected to under-annealing, which is used in industry, e.g., to facilitate sawing of bars or billets into a sections intended for hot forging. The beds under examination were regarded as solid elements, which was possible thanks to the knowledge of the effective thermal conductivity, λ. The value of this quantity for the temperature range under consideration was determined based on the author’s original investigation. During heating of a bundle of bars at a constant heating medium temperature, a temperature difference occurs on the charge cross-section, which is significantly greater than that provided for by the technology. It is therefore essential to carry out a second soaking stage in order to achieve the cross-sectional temperature difference at a level of 20°C. The computation of soaking was conducted for the assumed conditions of a constant temperature on the charge surface and the parabolic distribution of temperature on the cross-section.

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A New Approach to the Demonstration of Oxidase-Localization Using Tannic Acid Or Catechin

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100073933 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 31 ◽

pp. 698-699

Author(s):

V. Mizuhira ◽

Y. Futaesaku

Keyword(s):

Cross Section ◽

Tannic Acid ◽

Elastic Fiber ◽

The Other ◽

New Approach ◽

Tissue Block ◽

Active Reaction ◽

The Cross

Previously we reported that tannic acid is a very effective fixative for proteins including polypeptides. Especially, in the cross section of microtubules, thirteen submits in A-tubule and eleven in B-tubule could be observed very clearly. An elastic fiber could be demonstrated very clearly, as an electron opaque, homogeneous fiber. However, tannic acid did not penetrate into the deep portion of the tissue-block. So we tried Catechin. This shows almost the same chemical natures as that of proteins, as tannic acid. Moreover, we thought that catechin should have two active-reaction sites, one is phenol,and the other is catechole. Catechole site should react with osmium, to make Os- black. Phenol-site should react with peroxidase existing perhydroxide.

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Energy Distribution in Electron Beams

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100096096 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 30 ◽

pp. 568-569

Author(s):

Tamotsu Ohno

Keyword(s):

Electron Beam ◽

Energy Distribution ◽

Cross Section ◽

Integral Curve ◽

Electron Beams ◽

Electron Gun ◽

Angular Divergence ◽

Apparent Increase ◽

Integral Width ◽

The Cross

The energy distribution in an electron; beam from an electron gun provided with a biased Wehnelt cylinder was measured by a retarding potential analyser. All the measurements were carried out with a beam of small angular divergence (<3xl0-4 rad) to eliminate the apparent increase of energy width as pointed out by Ichinokawa.The cross section of the beam from a gun with a tungsten hairpin cathode varies as shown in Fig.1a with the bias voltage Vg. The central part of the beam was analysed. An example of the integral curve as well as the energy spectrum is shown in Fig.2. The integral width of the spectrum ΔEi varies with Vg as shown in Fig.1b The width ΔEi is smaller than the Maxwellian width near the cut-off. As |Vg| is decreased, ΔEi increases beyond the Maxwellian width, reaches a maximum and then decreases. Note that the cross section of the beam enlarges with decreasing |Vg|.

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