scholarly journals Vapor Compounds Released from Nicotine-Free Inhalators as a Smoking-Cessation Aid

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 2232
Author(s):  
Ho-Seok Kwak ◽  
Jung-Yeol Han ◽  
Gideon Koren ◽  
Sang-Hee Jo ◽  
Ki-Hyun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Sensory Irritation ◽  
Health Administration ◽  
Exposure Limit ◽  
Effect Level

The health risks of cigarette smoking have been reported to increase continuously, while it is estimated to be responsible for the death toll of more than seven million people globally each year. In an effort to reduce the risk involved in cigarette smoking, nicotine-free inhalators have been developed as smoking-cessation aids. To evaluate the feasibility of nicotine-free inhalators in such respect, we investigated the composition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from the consumption of nicotine-free inhalators of which major components include natural essential oils and traditional Chinese medicinal herbs. Vapor samples from nicotine-free inhalators were generated and collected for analysis using an e-cigarette auto-sampler. The vapor samples were captured onto a multi-bed sorbent tube sampler and a 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) cartridge for the quantitative analysis with the aid of thermal desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. A total of 29 VOCs were determined in vapor samples at concentrations below 0.2 ppm. Concentrations of (+)-isomenthone and acrolein slightly exceeded the derived no-effect level (DNEL) or sensory irritation level. However, VOCs were below the concentration exposure limit, according to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). According to our study, most of the aroma compounds and VOCs released from nicotine-free inhalator were lower than the DNEL or sensory irritation level. Consequently, it is found that nicotine-free inhalators could be safe to use in reference to toxic guidelines for inhalation exposure. However, if the use of nicotine-free inhalators is over prolonged period, it can also increase the risk of exposure to potentially toxic compounds.

scholarly journals Thermal Condition and Air Quality Investigation in Commercial Airliner Cabins

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7047
Author(s):  
Nu Yu ◽  
Yao Zhang ◽  
Mengya Zhang ◽  
Haifeng Li
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Pressure Change ◽  
Health Administration ◽  
Exposure Limit ◽  
Safety And Health ◽  
The Us ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Cabin air quality and thermal conditions have a direct impact on passenger and flight crew’s health and comfort. In this study, in-cabin thermal environment and particulate matter (PM) exposures were investigated in four China domestic flights. The mean and standard deviation of the in-cabin carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in two tested flights are 1440 ± 111 ppm. The measured maximum in-cabin carbon monoxide (CO) concentration is 1.2 ppm, which is under the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) permissible exposure limit of 10 ppm. The tested relative humidity ranges from 13.8% to 67.0% with an average of 31.7%. The cabin pressure change rates at the end of the climbing stages and the beginning of the descending stages are close to 10 hPa·min−1, which might induce the uncomfortable feeling of passengers and crew members. PM mass concentrations were measured on four flights. The results show that PM concentrations decreased after the aircraft cabin door closed and were affected by severe turbulences. The highest in-cabin PM concentrations were observed in the oldest aircraft with an age of 13.2 years, and the waiting phase in this aircraft generated the highest exposures.

Evaluation of the Risk Reduction Effectiveness in OSHA’s Workplace Atmosphere Sampling Activities

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy M. Gernand
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
The United States ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Occupational Safety And Health ◽  
Worker Safety ◽  
Health Administration ◽  
Exposure Limit ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Safety And Health

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the United States is responsible for the promulgation and enforcement of rules to protect and enhance worker safety in most medium and large commercial enterprises. To that end, the agency has collected and processed more than 240,000 atmospheric samples of chemicals and aerosols in a variety of workplaces in the past 30 years. Though the agency spends more than $500 million per year even in the face of increasing overall employment, there exist only targeted evaluations of OSHA sampling activity for specific issues like formaldehyde or silica in the published literature. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of this effort including assessment of the hazard potential distribution of sampled workplace atmospheres for all recorded pollutants over the time period from 1984 to 2011, the budgetary requirements of this activity over time in comparison to the assessed risk, and an evaluation of the probable effectiveness of such activity given changes in US industrial employment over that time period. The effectiveness of the sampling program is assessed according to specific criteria including the probability of detecting exceedances of the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommended exposure limit (REL) for individual pollutants, the trend in the overall hazard level of detected atmospheres, the coverage of industries by worker population, and the cost-efficiency of the program in identifying hazardous atmospheres. Special attention is given to lead, toluene, and various mineral- and metal-based particulate matter, which have all seen new rules implemented in the recent past. Findings show that the number of samples per employed person has decreased markedly since the beginning of the study period and become less aligned with the changes in population distribution among US regions, however the probability of detecting a hazardous level of a chemical or aerosol pollutant has increased. Extrapolations of this information and the associated changes in industrial sector employment indicate that US workplace atmospheres are marginally less hazardous at the end of the study period than they were at the beginning.

Cigarette Smoking Cessation

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (23) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
GERALD G. BRIGGS
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Cigarette Smoking

Survey on an acute occupational poisoning event caused by simple asphyxiating gas

2020 ◽  
pp. 30-33
Author(s):  
L. Huang ◽  
Ya. Lai ◽  
Yi. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Safety Training ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Conflict Of Interests ◽  
Exposure Limit ◽  
Gas Poisoning ◽  
Injured Patients

Objective. To provide a basis for the effective prevention of the same type of poisoning events through analyzing the causes of an occupational acute simple asphyxiating gas poisoning incident.Method. Descriptive epidemiological method was used to investigate the related personnel of the poisoning incident, detect poisonous and harmful gases in the air of the scene, and collect and analyze the clinical data of patients.Result. The poisoning incident led to 1 death and 2 poisoning. All of them were male. The dead patient was 38 years old, and two injured patients were 37 and 31 years old, respectively. The day after the accident, the contents of phenol, toluene, hydrochloric acid and oxygen were determined in the reactor where the accident occurred. The results showed that the maximum concentration of phenol, toluene and hydrochloric acid (CM) was 0/m3 , which did not exceed the occupational exposure limit of harmful factors in the workplace stipulated by GBZ2.1–2007. Also, the oxygen content was 10.0%, which was lower than the oxygen content in normal air.Conclusion. This is an acute simple asphyxiating gas poisoning incident caused by the employing unit managers and operators’ weak awareness of occupational hygiene and safe operation. The employing unit managers and operators should strengthen occupational safety training, strictly implement the occupational health management system, and prevent such incidents.Funding. Th e study had no funding.Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.

Effects of Cigarette Smoking in Adults

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lana Lan Chan
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Health And Wellbeing ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
The Many ◽  
Physical Consequences ◽  
Health Canada

First-hand cigarette smoking is known to result in adverse health effects in adults, influencing wellbeing physically and mentally. The most prevalent physical consequences are cardiovascular diseases, cancer of the throat and oral cavities, diseases of the bowel, eye, respiratory system, and reproductive system. Arguably, direct effects of tobacco smoking have been said to affect mental aspects of wellbeing such as depression, mood, and anxiety disorders. Undoubtedly smoking comes with many negative effects, but with implementation of smoking cessation strategies, it is possible to strengthen the overall health and wellbeing of smokers. As such, Health Canada recognizes the many health benefits associated with smoking cessation, by delivering health-promoting campaigns that strongly urge, it is not too late to quit.  

Application of a fractionation technique for better understanding of the removal of natural organic matter by alum coagulation

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 427-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. van Leeuwen ◽  
C. Chow ◽  
R. Fabris ◽  
N. Withers ◽  
D. Page ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Pyrolysis Gas ◽  
Alum Treatment ◽  
Hydrophobic Acids

To gain an improved understanding of the types of organic compounds that are recalcitrant to water treatment, natural organic matter (NOM) isolates from two drinking water sources (Mt. Zero and Moorabool reservoirs, Victoria, Australia) were separated into fractions of distinct chemical behaviour using resins. Four fractions were obtained from each water source and were organics absorbed to: (1) XAD-8 (very hydrophobic acids, VHA); (2) DAX-4 (slightly hydrophobic acids, SHA); (3) bound to an anion exchange resin (charged organics, CHAR); and (4) not absorbed or bound to resins (neutrals, NEUT). These fractions were then tested to determine the capacity of alum to remove them from water and to correlate this with the character of each isolate. The fractions were characterised by the application of high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC), bacterial regrowth potential (BRP), trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP), pyrolysis gas-chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) and thermochemolysis. The highest removals of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by alum treatment were in waters spiked with the CHAR fractions while the NEUT fractions were the most recalcitrant. The number average molecular weights (Mn) of DOC of the CHAR fractions before treatment were the highest, whilst those of the NEUT fractions were the lowest. After alum treatment, the Mn of the NEUT fractions were only slightly reduced. Results from Py-GC-MS and thermochemolysis indicate that the NEUT fractions had the highest relative proportion of saccharide derived organic material. Nonetheless, the BRP of waters spiked with the NEUT fractions differed markedly, indicating that organics recalcitrant to alum treatment can vary substantially in their chemical composition and capacity to support microbial growth.

The Roles of Government in Protecting and Promoting Occupational and Environmental Health

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory R. Wagner ◽  
Emily A. Spieler
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Health ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Occupational Safety ◽  
Mine Safety ◽  
Health Administration ◽  
Safety And Health ◽  
Standards And Regulations ◽  
Regulatory Interventions ◽  
The Government ◽  
The U.S

This chapter discusses the roles of government in promoting occupational and environmental health, with a focus on the U.S. federal government. Governmental interventions, as described here, can range from non-regulatory interventions, such as dissemination of information or generation and communication of information, to establishing regulatory requirements through the promulgation and enforcement of standards and regulations. The chapter describes the U.S. laws and roles of the administrative agencies responsible for occupational and environmental health, including the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, the Mine Safety and Health Administration, and the Environmental Protection Agency. Noting the budgetary and political constraints on these federal agencies, the chapter goes on to discuss briefly the role of the public and the states. The government also plays a role when preventive efforts fail, and the chapter provides a brief summary of programs designed to provide compensation to injured workers.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document