Fire-Induced Changes in Soil and Implications on Soil Sorption Capacity and Remediation Methods

Vegetation changes caused by fire events are visible instantly but changes in soils are less apparent, and could be short-term, long-term or permanent in nature. Research has shown that soils undergo changes in their mineralogical, geochemical, physico-chemical and biological properties after a fire event that may vary depending on the intensity and duration of the fire, and the properties of the soil. Some of these properties make significant contributions towards soil’s ability to sorb contaminants. Changes in these properties could affect soil sorption complex and the effectiveness of remediation methods used to clean these soils when contaminated. This review synthesizes available information on fire-induced changes in soil properties affecting soil sorption and the factors which dictate these changes. The implications of changes in these properties on the soil’s natural attenuation capacity and choice of remediation method to clean up fire-affected contaminated soils are also discussed.

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Observations of rapid-fire event tremor at Lascar volcano, Chile

Annals of Geophysics ◽

10.4401/ag-3972 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 39 (2) ◽

Author(s):

G. Asch ◽

K. Wylegalla ◽

M. Hellweg ◽

D. Seidl ◽

H. Rademacher

Keyword(s):

Fractal Structure ◽

Seismic Station ◽

Active Volcano ◽

Short Term ◽

Fire Event ◽

Local Seismicity ◽

Short Period ◽

Wide Range ◽

Lascar Volcano

During the Proyecto de Investigaciòn Sismològica de la Cordillera Occidental (PISCO '94) in the Atacama desert of Northern Chile, a continuously recording broadband seismic station was installed to the NW of the currently active volcano, Lascar. For the month of April, 1994, an additional network of three, short period, three-component stations was deployed around the volcano to help discriminate its seismic signals from other local seismicity. During the deployment, the volcanic activity at Lascar appeared to be limited mainly to the emission of steam and SO2. Tremor from Lascar is a random, «rapid-fire» series of events with a wide range of amplitudes and a quasi-fractal structure. The tremor is generated by an ensemble of independent elementary sources clustered in the volcanic edifice. In the short-term, the excitation of the sources fluctuates strongly, while the long-term power spectrum is very stationary.

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Impact of a Long-Term Fire Retardant (Fire Trol 931) on the Physico-chemical Properties of Leachates from a Mediterranean Forest Soil: a Short-Term, Lab-Scale Study

Water Air & Soil Pollution ◽

10.1007/s11270-015-2425-3 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 226 (5) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sofia Koufopoulou ◽

Charalampos Michalopoulos ◽

Athina Pappa ◽

Nikolaos Tzamtzis

Keyword(s):

Forest Soil ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Fire Retardant ◽

Mediterranean Forest ◽

Short Term ◽

Physico Chemical

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Trastuzumab in the Treatment of Pregnant Breast Cancer Patients – an Overview of the Literature

Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde ◽

10.1055/a-0880-9295 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 79 (06) ◽

pp. 618-625 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sophia S. Goller ◽

Udo R. Markert ◽

Karolin Fröhlich

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Breast Cancers ◽

Breast Cancer Patients ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

The Future ◽

Systemic Adjuvant Therapy ◽

Induced Changes ◽

Available Information ◽

Target Agent

AbstractBreast cancer is one of the most common malignancies which appear during pregnancy. Since women are increasingly not giving birth until they are at a more advanced age, it can be assumed that the incidence of pregnancy-related breast cancers will continue to increase in the future. Because of pregnancy-induced changes and conservative diagnosis, these carcinomas are frequently not detected until they are at an advanced stage and thus generally require systemic adjuvant therapy. The available data on optimal chemotherapeutic management are limited. Particularly for the use of the target agent trastuzumab which could crucially contribute to improving the prognosis in the therapy of HER2-overexpressing breast cancer in non-pregnant women, there is a lack of definitive information regarding the profile of action and safety in pregnancy as well as with regard to any long-term effects on the child. Thirty-eight pregnancies on trastuzumab for the treatment of breast cancer were able to be analysed in the literature currently available. Information can be gained from this and conclusions can be drawn which can individualise and decisively improve therapeutic options in the future for the pregnant breast cancer patient.

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Ecogenotoxicology in earthworms: A review

Current Zoology ◽

10.1093/czoolo/60.2.255 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 60 (2) ◽

pp. 255-272 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Paule Vasseur ◽

Marc Bonnard

Keyword(s):

Contaminated Soils ◽

Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽

Soil Invertebrates ◽

Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽

Genomic Changes ◽

Genome Expression ◽

Ecological Importance ◽

Induced Changes ◽

The Impact

Abstract Pollutant dynamics and bioavailability greatly differ in soil and aquatic systems. Therefore, specific approaches and models are needed to assess the impact of soil contamination to terrestrial ecosystems. Earthworms among other soil invertebrates have received more attention because of their ecological importance. They represent a dominant part of the soil biomass and are soil engineers regulating important soil processes, notably fertilization. The release in soils of pollutants known for their persistence and/or their toxicity is a concern. Exposure of terrestrial species to pollutants that may alter genomic function has become an increasing topic of research in the last decade. Indeed, genome disturbances due to genetic and epigenetic mechanisms may impair growth, as well as reproduction and population dynamics in the long term. Despite their importance in gene expression, epigenetic mechanisms are not yet understood in soil invertebrates. Until now, pollutant-induced changes in genome expression in natural biota are still being studied through structural alteration of DNA. The first biomarker relating to genotoxicant exposure in earthworms from multi-contaminated soils reported is DNA adducts measurements. It has been replaced by DNA breakage measured by the Comet assay, now more commonly used. Functional genomic changes are now being explored owing to molecular “omic” technologies. Approaches, objectives and results are overviewed herein. The focus is on studies dealing with genotoxicity and populational effects established from environmentally-relevant experiments and in situ studies.

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371 CYTOKINE-INDUCED CHANGES IN GENE EXPRESSION IN SHORT-TERM CULTURES DO NOT FULLY MIMIC ABERRANT EXPRESSION IN OSTEOARTHRITIS: ADVANTAGES OF LONG-TERM CULTURES

Osteoarthritis and Cartilage ◽

10.1016/s1063-4584(09)60393-9 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 17 ◽

pp. S196

Author(s):

K. Hashimoto ◽

M.B. Goldring ◽

H.I. Roach

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Short Term ◽

Aberrant Expression ◽

Induced Changes

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Drug-Induced Changes in Risk/Biomarkers and Their Relationship with Renal and Cardiovascular Long-Term Outcome in Patients with Diabetes

Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.1373/clinchem.2010.148395 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 57 (2) ◽

pp. 186-195 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yan Miao ◽

Paul A Smink ◽

Dick de Zeeuw ◽

Hiddo J Lambers Heerspink

Keyword(s):

Risk Management ◽

Short Term ◽

Drug Induced ◽

Term Outcome ◽

Long Term Outcome ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

Changes In Risk ◽

Risk Biomarkers ◽

Induced Changes

BACKGROUND Optimal renal and cardiovascular risk management in diabetic patients includes optimal maintenance of blood pressure and control of glucose and lipids. Although the optimal control of these risk factors or “risk/biomarkers” has proven to be effective, it often is difficult to achieve. Consequently, the risk for renal and cardiovascular complications remains devastatingly high. Many risk/biomarkers have been discovered that accurately predict long-term renal and cardiovascular outcome. However, the aim of measuring risk/biomarkers may not be only to determine an individual's risk, but also to use the risk/biomarker level to guide therapy and thereby improve long-term clinical outcome. CONTENT This review describes the effects of various drugs on novel risk/biomarkers and the relationship between (drug induced) short-term changes in risk/biomarkers and long-term renal and cardiovascular outcome in patients with diabetes. SUMMARY In post hoc analyses of large trials, the short-term reductions in albuminuria, transforming growth factor-β, and N-terminal pro-B–type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) induced by inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system were associated with a decreased likelihood of long-term adverse renal and cardiovascular outcomes. However, the few studies that systematically investigated the utility of prospectively targeting novel risk/biomarkers such as hemoglobin or NT-proBNP failed to demonstrate long-term cardiovascular protection. The latter examples suggest that although a risk/biomarker may have superior prognostic ability, therapeutically changing such a risk/biomarker does not necessarily improve long-term outcome. Thus, to establish the clinical utility of other novel risk/biomarkers, clinical trials must be performed to prospectively examine the effects of therapeutically-induced changes in single or multiple risk/biomarkers on long-term risk management of patients with diabetes.

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Long-term dysbiosis promotes insulin resistance during obesity despite rapid diet-induced changes in the gut microbiome of mice

10.1101/116095 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Kevin P. Foley ◽

Emmanuel Denou ◽

Brittany M. Duggan ◽

Rebecca Chan ◽

Jennifer C. Stearns ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Glucose Tolerance ◽

Glucose Intolerance ◽

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

Fecal Microbiota ◽

Taxonomic Composition ◽

Short Term ◽

Fecal Microbiome ◽

Induced Changes

AbstractThe intestinal microbiota and insulin sensitivity are rapidly altered in response to a high fat diet (HFD). It is unclear if gut dysbiosis precedes insulin resistance or vice versa. The initial triggers of diet-induced insulin resistance can differ from mechanisms underlying chronic dysglycemia during prolonged obesity. It is not clear if intestinal dysbiosis contributes to insulin resistance during short-term or long-term HFD-feeding. We found that diet-induced changes in the composition of the fecal microbiome preceded changes in glucose and insulin tolerance at both the onset and removal of a HFD in mice. Dysbiosis occurred after 1-3 days of HFD-feeding, whereas insulin and glucose intolerance manifested by 3-4 days. Antibiotic treatment did not alter glucose tolerance during this short-term HFD period. Conversely, antibiotics improved glucose tolerance in mice with protracted obesity caused by long-term HFD feeding for over 2 months. We also found that microbiota transmissible glucose intolerance only occurred after prolonged diet-induced dysbiosis. Germ-free mice had impaired glucose tolerance when reconstituted with the microbiota from long-term, but not short-term HFD-fed animals. Our results are consistent with intestinal microbiota contributing to chronic insulin resistance and dysglycemia during prolonged obesity, despite rapid diet-induced changes in the taxonomic composition of the fecal microbiota.

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Effects of dietary fat and carbohydrate on appetite vary depending upon site and structure

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn20041137 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 92 (S1) ◽

pp. S23-S26 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Stephen French

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Food Intake ◽

Dietary Fat ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Present Review ◽

Dietary Composition ◽

Levels Of Processing ◽

Short Term ◽

Physico Chemical

The present review summarises the effects of different carbohydrate and fat structures on food intake and appetite and the differences in response at various levels of processing of macronutrients. Several physico-chemical properties of carbohydrate and fat molecules appear to influence the short-term satiating properties. However, long-term substantiation of these findings expressed in terms of food intake or body weight is not currently available. Such studies will be required to make clear recommendations regarding dietary composition to aid satiety.

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Internationalization, institutions, and political change

International Organization ◽

10.1017/s0020818300028460 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 49 (4) ◽

pp. 627-655 ◽

Cited By ~ 88

Author(s):

Geoffrey Garrett ◽

Peter Lange

Keyword(s):

Labor Unions ◽

Political Institutions ◽

Domestic Politics ◽

National Policy ◽

Domestic Institutions ◽

Short Term ◽

Political Outcomes ◽

The One ◽

Induced Changes

Many analysts associate internationalization of markets with wide-ranging changes in domestic politics. An “open polity” approach shows how extant domestic institutions mediate in this relationship between internationally induced changes in domestic actors' policy preferences, on the one hand, and national policy and institutional outcomes on the other. The nature of labor unions and formal political institutions often results in political outcomes that differ significantly from those that would ensue if outcomes simply mirrored preference changes. In addition, while existing institutions may sometimes constrain governments from pursuing policies that would improve long-term economic performance, governments will often fail to change these institutions because of short-term political considerations.

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