scholarly journals At the Core of the Workshop: Novel Aspects of the Use of Blue Smalt in Two Paintings by Cristóbal de Villalpando

Arts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Mirta Insaurralde Caballero ◽  
María Castañeda-Delgado
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
New Spain ◽  
Glass Production ◽  
Oil Painting ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Long Eighteenth Century ◽  
Material Study

During the seventeenth century, the use of smalt and indigo became increasingly common among painters’ workshops in New Spain. The unprecedented importance of these two blue pigments in oil painting may be explained by artistic and geopolitical circumstances. This article expands on the use of blue smalt—a byproduct of glass production and a material that lacks in-depth study in viceregal painting—by focusing on the technical analysis of El Triunfo de la Eucaristía and La Asunción painted by Cristóbal de Villalpando (ca. 1649–1714), which are part of the collection of the Museo Regional de Guadalajara (Mexico). The technological and material study of both paintings, situated within the trade and circulation of painting materials at the turn of the eighteenth century, shows how the painter deployed techniques rooted in his predecessors while incorporating particular technical adaptations. The authors examine cross-section samples of Villalpando’s paintings with optical microscopy, Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and were able to identify different qualities of smalt as well to suggest a possible provenance. These analyses evidence novel aspects in the painting tradition of workshops in New Spain that ultimately reverberated in practices of the long eighteenth century.

scholarly journals A barium germanium 1,2-ethanediolato complex as precursor for barium metagermanate

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Köferstein
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Powder Diffraction ◽  
Mixed Oxide ◽  
Phase Evolution ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Oxide Powders ◽  
Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Shrinkage Behaviour ◽  
Ft Ir

The thermal behaviour of [Ba(HOC2H4OH)2Ge(OC2H4O)3] (2) as a BaGeO3 precursor,and its phase evolution during thermal decomposition in different atmospheres are described herein.The precursor complex decomposes in air to a finely divided mixture of BaCO3 and GeO2, whichsubsequently reacts above 650 °C to orthorhombic BaGeO3, transforming above 800 °C tohexagonal BaGeO3. The shrinkage behaviour of BaGeO3 compacts made from the as-preparedpowders as well as from conventional mixed-oxide powders has been investigated. The sampleswere characterised by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray powder diffraction(XRD), dilatometric measurements and thermoanalytic investigations (TG/DTA).

scholarly journals Extraction of Hydroxyapatite from Caprine Bones and its Anti-Bacterial Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 867-873
Author(s):  
Mujeeb Ur Rehman Rehman ◽  
Ayatullah Qureshi ◽  
Muhammad Moazam Baloch
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Milling Process ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Zone Of Inhibition ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Bacterial Response ◽  
Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Inorganic Substances ◽  
Animal Bones ◽  
Ft Ir

Bones are mineralized connecting tissues consisting of 70% of Hydroxyapatite (HAP); it is the major component of the bone. Hydroxyapatite (HAP) is most important biomaterial possessing all distinguish features such as antibacterial activity, bioactive and non-inflammatory behavior. Hydroxyapatite is mainly synthesized by two routes i.e. i) using inorganic substances and ii) by exploiting natural sources. The aim of this study is to extract hydroxyapatite using solid waste (animal bones) and to investigate its antibacterial activity. The extraction consisted of alkaline technique and calcination methods. During alkaline process bones became very soft and were easily converted into powder using mortar and pestle without utilizing any milling process and anti-bacterial response was higher when compared to previous studies. The characterization techniques that were utilized are; X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) in order to reveal phase composition, functional groups and surface morphology of HAP. Antibacterial activity was checked by zone of inhibition

scholarly journals Valorization of glass and shell powders in the synthesis of Belitic clinker

2018 ◽  
Vol 149 ◽  
pp. 01021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bouregba ◽  
A. Diouri ◽  
F. Amor ◽  
H. Ez-zaki ◽  
O. Sassi
Keyword(s):  
Materials Science ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Waste Recycling ◽  
Hydration Products ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Mussel Shells

In recent years, waste recycling has become a key issue in construction materials science for achieve the goal of sources of raw materials. The aim of this study is to use waste glass as source of SiO2 oxide and mussel shells consisting essentially of calcium carbonate as starting materials to synthesize belite rich cement. The elaborated clinker is chemically and structurally related to β-Ca2SiO4, by heat solid state activation. After grinding, the raw materials are mixed and heated up to 1050°C. The samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transformed Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The mechanical strength of some sample was measured for 28 and 72 days. The results show the different mineralogical stapes of formation of clinker, the state reaction method allows the elaboration of a cementitious material by a simple heat treatment at relatively low temperature and low release of CO2. The hydration products are also identified by XR diffraction at 2, 7, 28 and 72 days.

Fabrication and Characterization of Bioactive Composite Scaffolds Based on β-TCP-BG-PLA for Bone Tissue Engineering

2007 ◽  
Vol 330-332 ◽  
pp. 919-922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Na Ru Zhao ◽  
Ying Jun Wang ◽  
Xiao Feng Chen ◽  
Cheng Yun Ning
Keyword(s):  
Body Fluid ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Plasma Spectroscopy ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Bioactive Composites

In this study, the bioactive composites based on β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), bioglass (BG) and poly lactic acid (PLA) were prepared. The microstructure, degradability and reaction products of the scaffold soaked in a simulated body fluid (SBF) at 36.5°C for different days were characterized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and induced coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICP). The weight loss and strength decrease with the time were tested. The results showed that at the same porosity, the degradability of the scaffold samples decreased as followed: β-TCP/BG/PLA>β－TCP/BG>β－TCP.The materials had highly bioactive response ability to the Simulate Body Fluid (SBF) and promptly induced a bone like HA layer on the surface of the scaffolds when immersed in the SBF.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the biomedical properties of hydroxyapatite obtained from bone waste

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Sobczak ◽  
Anna Kida ◽  
Zygmunt Kowalski ◽  
Zbigniew Wzorek
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Thermal Treatment ◽  
Ir Spectra ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Organic Substances ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Main Component

Evaluation of the biomedical properties of hydroxyapatite obtained from bone waste The method of obtaining hydroxyapatite by thermal treatment of deproteinised and defatted bone pulp called bone sludge was presented. The products of the calcining process were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The calcium content was determined with titration, whereas the contents of total phosphorus - with a spectrophotomertric method. X-ray investigations confirmed that hydroxyapatite was the main component of the calcining products in the calcining process. The FT-IR spectra confirmed that all organic substances were removed during the calcining process. On the basis of the research into physiological liquids the propensity to resorption of hydroxyapatite bioceramic was evaluated.

scholarly journals Pharmaceutical Hydrates Analysis—Overview of Methods and Recent Advances

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 959
Author(s):  
Ewa Jurczak ◽  
Anna Helena Mazurek ◽  
Łukasz Szeleszczuk ◽  
Dariusz Maciej Pisklak ◽  
Monika Zielińska-Pisklak
Keyword(s):  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Hydration Kinetics ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Degree Of Hydration ◽  
Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Analytical Approaches

This review discusses a set of instrumental and computational methods that are used to characterize hydrated forms of APIs (active pharmaceutical ingredients). The focus has been put on highlighting advantages as well as on presenting some limitations of the selected analytical approaches. This has been performed in order to facilitate the choice of an appropriate method depending on the type of the structural feature that is to be analyzed, that is, degree of hydration, crystal structure and dynamics, and (de)hydration kinetics. The presented techniques include X-ray diffraction (single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD)), spectroscopic (solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (ssNMR), Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy), thermal (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)), gravimetric (dynamic vapour sorption (DVS)), and computational (molecular mechanics (MM), Quantum Mechanics (QM), molecular dynamics (MD)) methods. Further, the successful applications of the presented methods in the studies of hydrated APIs as well as studies on the excipients’ influence on these processes have been described in many examples.

Synthesis, Characterization and Mechanism of Benzamide Intercalated Kaolinite by Replacement Method

2013 ◽  
Vol 420 ◽  
pp. 222-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Xia ◽  
Sheng Hui Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Displacement Reaction ◽  
Intercalation Complex ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Replacement Method ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Two Stages

Kaolinite/benzamide complex was prepared by displacement reaction of a kaolinite/dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) intercalation complex with melted benzamide. The whole process was recorded by powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD) and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Those PXRD and FT-IR indicated that there are two stages in the process of melted benzamide replacing intercalation. The first stage is the deintercalation of DMSO molecules in the kaolinite/dimethylsulphoxide intercalation complex. And the second stage is the melted benzamide intercalation.

Liberty, Property and Popular Politics

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Intellectual History ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
British History ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Thomas Paine ◽  
Parliamentary History ◽  
Long Eighteenth Century ◽  
Scottish History ◽  
The University

Few scholars can claim to have shaped the historical study of the long eighteenth century more profoundly than Professor H. T. Dickinson, who, until his retirement in 2006, held the Sir Richard Lodge Chair of British History at the University of Edinburgh. This volume, based on contributions from Dickinson's students, friends and colleagues from around the world, offers a range of perspectives on eighteenth-century Britain and provides a tribute to a remarkable scholarly career. Dickinson's work and career provides the ideal lens through which to take a detailed snapshot of current research in a number of areas. The book includes contributions from scholars working in intellectual history, political and parliamentary history, ecclesiastical and naval history; discussions of major themes such as Jacobitism, the French Revolution, popular radicalism and conservatism; and essays on prominent individuals in English and Scottish history, including Edmund Burke, Thomas Muir, Thomas Paine and Thomas Spence. The result is a uniquely rich and detailed collection with an impressive breadth of coverage.

Reframing the Sciences of the Long Eighteenth Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 58-66
Author(s):  
Giuliano Pancaldi
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Science Policy ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Half Century ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Long Eighteenth Century ◽  
Past Half

Here I survey a sample of the essays and reviews on the sciences of the long eighteenth century published in this journal since it was founded in 1969. The connecting thread is some historiographic reflections on the role that disciplines—in both the sciences we study and the fields we practice—have played in the development of the history of science over the past half century. I argue that, as far as disciplines are concerned, we now find ourselves a bit closer to a situation described in our studies of the long eighteenth century than we were fifty years ago. This should both favor our understanding of that period and, hopefully, make the historical studies that explore it more relevant to present-day developments and science policy. This essay is part of a special issue entitled “Looking Backward, Looking Forward: HSNS at 50,” edited by Erika Lorraine Milam.

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