scholarly journals Color of Pan Trap Influences Sampling of Bees in Livestock Pasture Ecosystem

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 445
Author(s):  
Roshani S. Acharya ◽  
Timothy Leslie ◽  
Emily Fitting ◽  
Joan Burke ◽  
Kelly Loftin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abundant Species ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
Blue Color ◽  
Green Color ◽  
Community Assemblage ◽  
Light Reflectance ◽  
Insect Pollinators ◽  
Unique Species ◽  
Pan Traps ◽  
Over Time

The decline in insect pollinators has increased the importance of accurately monitoring pollinator diversity and abundance over time. Sampling techniques include the use of passive insect traps such as pan traps, yet there is still discussion over their utility and effectiveness in different ecosystems. The objective was to examine four different colors of pan traps (blue, green, yellow, and purple) for their utility in sampling bees in native forages rotationally grazed by sheep and to compare the relative abundance, richness, similarity, and community assemblage patterns among the four trap colors. Most bees were from the Halictidae family (89%). The most abundant species were Lasioglossum imitatum (42.2%), Augochlorella aurata (8.3%), L. subviridatum (6.8), Agapostemon texanus (6.4), and L. birkmani (4.1%). Blue color traps exhibited the highest rates of bee capture and species accumulation. Purple and yellow colored traps were moderately effective in capturing bees, while the green color pan traps were least effective. Similarly, observed and extrapolated species richness was highest in blue trap, followed by purple, yellow, and green. Notably, the blue trap captured the highest number of unique species, followed by purple, yellow and green traps. Considering the total number of insects collected (including bees and other insects), yellow and green traps captured a significantly higher number of insects than other colored traps. The light reflectance from blue, purple, green and yellow pan traps had peaks at ~450, 400, 550, and 600 nm, respectively. Since different insects respond to different light intensities, wavelengths, and reflectivity, these results could be used to guide future trapping protocols targeting certain insect groups in livestock pasture and similar ecosystems.

scholarly journals Floral Resources Sustaining African Meliponine Bee Species (Hymenoptera: Meliponini) in a Fragile Habitat of Kenya

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bridget O. Bobadoye ◽  
Paul N. Ndegwa ◽  
Lucy Irungu ◽  
Fombong Ayuka ◽  
Robert Kajobe
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Floral Resources ◽  
Habitat Gradients ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Taita Hills ◽  
Insect Pollinators ◽  
Diverse Habitat

A vast majority of insects visit flowers for food, generally termed as floral rewards. Detailed insights on flowering phenology of plants could give a hint of habitat status and the extent to which such landscapes could support insect pollinators to render both direct and indirect ecosystem services. This study monitored flowering plants which could potentially provide both pollen and nectar sources to four African meliponine bee species (Apidae: Meliponini) naturally occurring in six diverse habitat gradients of the eastern arc mountains (Taita hills) of Kenya. Blooming sequences of identified flowering plants overlapped across seasons with approximately 80 different plant species belonging to 34 families recorded, with the highest proportions from Fabaceae and Asteraceae families dominating flowering plants that were visited (67% of the visits).  A flowering calendar is presented to indicate the phenological pattern of all identified floral resources.  Hypotrigona gribodoi being the most abundant species had the highest visitation rates on plants belonging to Fabaceae and Asteraceae families, followed by Meliponula ferruginea (black), Plebeina hildebrandti and Hypotrigona ruspolii. This indicates that such fragile habitat could invariably sustain nutritional requirements essential for the survival of insect pollinators such as native meliponine bee species, though bee abundance at flowers did not significantly correlate to food availability (expressed by flowering plant richness).

scholarly journals Bee fauna potential visitors of coriander flowers Coriandrum sativum L. (Apiaceae) in the Mitidja area (Algeria)

2013 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Bendifallah ◽  
Kamel Louadi ◽  
Salaheddin Doumandji
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Coriandrum Sativum ◽  
Insect Fauna ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
Insect Pollinators ◽  
Mediterranean Plant

Abstract Coriander Coriandrum sativum L. (Apiaceae) is a year-round condiment and aromatic Mediterranean plant. It is cultivated in several countries in North Africa, in Europe, and Western Asia. In the El Harrach area of Algiers, the insect fauna visiting crop flowers includes Diptera (Syrphidae), Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera such as Chrysididae, Vespoidea, and Apoidea (Bees). The latter super-family comprises the majority of insect pollinators. Visiting bees belong to four families: Apidae, Andrenidae, Halictidae, and Colletidae. The main visitors are honeybees and six species of Andrenidae: Andrena flavipes, Andrena thoracica, Andrena lagopus, Andrena bimaculata, Andrena discors, and Andrena cinerea elliptica. The three species Andrena lagopus, Andrena bimaculata, and Andrena cinerea elliptica have 100% pollinating visits while Apis mellifera has only 63%. Andrena cinerea elliptica is the most frequent and the most abundant species.

Ecology of Dolichopodidae (Diptera) in a wetland habitat and their potential role as bioindicators

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Gelbič ◽  
Jiří Olejníček
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Seasonal Activity ◽  
Wet Meadow ◽  
Emergence Traps ◽  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
Pan Traps ◽  
Malaise Traps

AbstractEcological investigations of long-legged flies (Dolichopodidae) were carried out in wet meadow wetlands near České Budějovice, Czech Republic. Sampling was performed during the adult flies’ seasonal activity (March–October) in 2002, 2003 and 2004 using yellow pan traps, Malaise traps, emergence traps, and by sweeping. Altogether 5,697 specimens of 78 species of Dolichopodidae were collected, identified and analysed. The study examined community structure, species abundance, and diversity (Shannon-Weaver’s index - H’; Sheldon’s equitability index - E). Chrysotus cilipes, C. gramineus and Dolichopus ungulatus were the most abundant species in all three years. Species richness and diversity seem strongly affected by soil moisture.

Seasonal variation in population and community structure of shrews in a tropical forest of Gabon

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Violaine Nicolas ◽  
Patrick Barrière ◽  
Marc Colyn
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Reproductive Phenology ◽  
Ecological Constraints ◽  
Species Dominance ◽  
Composition Structure ◽  
Over Time

The composition, structure and reproductive phenology of a shrew community were investigated for 1 y at two neighbouring sites in an undisturbed African forest of south-western Gabon. We captured 717 shrews, belonging to four genera and 10 species. The data were analysed to answer three main questions: (1) to what extent does the shrew abundance vary seasonally? (2) is there a shift in species dominance over time? and (3) does the intensity of breeding activity vary seasonally? The number of species captured varied seasonally and tended to be least during the period of minimal trap success. Trap success for the four most abundant species (Sylvisorex johnstoni, Crocidura batesi, Paracrocidura schoutedeni and Sylvisorex ollula) varied seasonally with a minimum around the long dry season. Sylvisorex johnstoni remained the dominant species throughout the year. Seasonal variation in trap success of shrews might be related, at least partly, to their reproductive characteristics. Litter size, based on embryo counts, ranged from 1–4 among the species. Breeding occurred throughout the year, but its intensity was lower during the long dry season corresponding with the period of higher ecological constraints for shrews.

scholarly journals ROLE OF COLOR IN ILLUSTRATED JAIN MANUSCRIPTS (WITH REFERENCE TO ADIPURAN)

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (3SE) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Srishti Jain
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Blue Color ◽  
Special Relationship ◽  
Green Color ◽  
Yellow Color ◽  
Red Color ◽  
History Of ◽  
Black Color

Color is of great importance in our India, without color, there is no basis for any object, person, color really tells us the nature of each other. The color or color refers to the color of the substance, red, yellow, blue. Depending on the combination of these, several distinctions of varna can be made. India is a religious country with different beliefs. Manuscripts have a special relationship with religion. Manuscripts are the best means of salvation for our teachers. One of them is the illustrated Jain manuscript Adipuran. The manuscript, which has been composed by Acharya Pushpadanta, depicts the life history of Lord Rishabhdev (the first Tirthankara) through paintings. The presented manuscript is stored in the scripture store of Terapanthiyan, the Digambar Jain big temple of Jaipur. Its clerical 1597 (AD 1540) is Falgun Shukla 13. Its writing work was done by a Brahmin man named Vishnudas and the paintings are made by Harinath Kayastha and his family. This 687-page manuscript has 541 colored illustrations corresponding to the biography of Tirthankara Rishabhdev. Mainly in the picture, the mineral color (made from a mixture of vegetable juices, ie the color made from the bark of clay stone trees, etc.) is the most used. Mainly ocher (red) Hironji (green) Ramaraj (yellow) ink (black) color is mainly used. The four colors used in the manuscript are symbols of Jainism, such as the red color (ocher) represents our inner vision, that is, the Siddha Parmeshti used in Jainism. Those who have attained salvation. Yellow color activates our mind. Green color gives peace. It helps in self-realization. Blue color is absorbent and does not allow the outside effect to go inside. Black color was used for writing in manuscripts. The ink for writing work was made with three methods. हमारे भारतवर्ष में रंग का बहुत महत्व है रंग के बिना किसी भी वस्तु, व्यक्ति का कोई आधार नहीं है सही मायने में रंग ही हमको एक दूसरे के स्वरूप को बताते हैं। वर्ण या रंग का अर्थ पदार्थ की रंगत से है लाल, पीला, नीला। इनके मिश्रण के आधार पर वर्ण के अनेक भेद किये जा सकते हैं। भारतदेश एक धर्म प्रधान देश है जिसमें विभिन्न मान्यतायें हैं। धर्म के साथ पाण्डुलिपियों का विशेष सम्बन्ध है पाण्डुलिपियाँ हमारे गुरूओं की मोक्ष साधना का उत्तम साधन है उनमें से एक है सचित्र जैन पाण्डुलिपि आदिपुराण। जिसकी रचना आचार्य पुष्पदंत ने की है पाण्डुलिपि में भगवान ऋषभदेव (प्रथम तीर्थंकर) के जीवन चरित को चित्रों के माध्यम से दर्शाया गया है। प्रस्तुत पाण्डुलिपि जयपुर के दिगम्बर जैन बड़ा मन्दिर तेरापंथियान के शास्त्र भण्डार में संग्रहित है। इसका लिपिकाल 1597 (ई. सन् 1540) फाल्गुन शुक्ल 13 है। इसका लेखन कार्य विश्नुदास नाम के ब्राह्मण व्यक्ति के द्वारा किया गया और चित्र हरिनाथ कायस्थ और उनके परिवार द्वारा बनाये गये हैं। 687 पृष्ठों की इस पाण्डुलिपि में तीर्थंकर ऋषभदेव के जीवनचरित के अनुरूप 541 रंगीन चित्र हैं। मुख्य रूप से चित्र में खनिज रंग (वनस्पति रसों के मिश्रण से निर्मित अर्थात् मिट्टी पत्थर वृक्षों की छाल आदि से बने रंग) का प्रयोग सर्वाधिक किया गया है। मुख्यतः गेरू (लाल) हिरोंजी (हरा) रामरज (पीला) स्याही (काला) रंग प्रमुख रूप से प्रयोग हुआ है। पाण्डुलिपि में प्रयुक्त चारों रंग जैन धर्म के प्रतीक हैं जैसे कि लाल रंग (गेरू) हमारी आंतरिक दृष्टि यानि कि जैन धर्म में प्रयुक्त सिद्ध परमेष्टी को दर्शाता है। जिन्होंने मोक्ष को प्राप्त कर लिया है। पीला रंग हमारे मन को सक्रिय करता है। हरा रंग शांति देता है। आत्मसाक्षात्कार में सहायक होता है। नीला रंग अवशोषक होता है वह बाहर के प्रभाव को अंदर नहीं जाने देता। काला रंग पाण्डुलिपियों में लेखनकार्य के लिये प्रयोग में लाया जाता था। लेखन कार्य के लिये स्याही तीन विधियों से बनायी जाती थी।

scholarly journals Insect pollinators' diversity of rapeseed (Brassica campestris var. toria) in Chitwan, Nepal

2018 ◽  
pp. 73-78
Author(s):  
R. Pudasaini ◽  
R. B. Thapa ◽  
N. K. Chaudhary ◽  
S. Tiwari
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Campestris ◽  
Apis Cerana ◽  
Apis Dorsata ◽  
Dominant Group ◽  
Animal Science ◽  
Insect Pollinators ◽  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
Pollinator Fauna ◽  
Conservation And Management ◽  
Pan Traps

The abundance and diversity of rapeseed insect flower visitors were assessed by using insect pan traps, sweep net and visual observations at different blooming stage of rapeseed at Jutpani VDC, Chitwan district, Nepal during 2012-013. The pollinator fauna of rapeseed included twenty one species from six different insect orders. Hymenopteran (77.95%) species were the most abundant insects visiting rapeseed followed by Diptera (12.23%) and Lepidoptera (3.49%). Honeybees were the dominant group of pollinators and among honeybees, Apis mellifera L. was the most dominant one (36.34%) followed by Apis florea F. (12.45%), Apis cerana F. (11.14%) and Apis dorsata F. (5.68%). The higher abundance and diversity of pollinators were observed at 12:00 to 1:00 pm and the diversity was related to the crop blooming stage. Therefore, pollinator's friendly cultivation practices should be followed for conservation and management of insect pollinators for higher production and productivity of rapeseed crop under Chitwan condition. Journal of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science. Vol. 33-34, 2015, 73-78

scholarly journals Evaluation of iris color stability in ocular prosthesis

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 370-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo César dos Reis ◽  
Reinaldo Brito e Dias ◽  
Jose Carlos Mesquita Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Color Change ◽  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Color Stability ◽  
Acrylic Resin ◽  
Blue Color ◽  
Ocular Prosthesis ◽  
Green Color ◽  
Iris Color ◽  
Yellow Color ◽  
Ocular Prostheses

Accurate iris reproduction in the fabrication of ocular prosthesis in order to match the remaining eye is a key factor to mask the loss and achieve an esthetic outcome for anophthalmic patients. This study evaluated the stability of acrylic paints used for replicating iris color in ocular prostheses by the analysis of two factors: the temperature of the acrylic resin polymerization cycle during prosthesis fabrication and the incidence of sun light, which is the main photodegrading agent undermining the longevity of ocular prostheses. An accelerated aging assay was used for both analyses. Specimens simulating the prosthetic iris in the colors blue, yellow, black, brown and green were fabricated, and were submitted to a colorimetric reading before and after undergoing the thermal conditions of acrylic resin polymerization. Next, the specimens were submitted to an artificial accelerated aging assay with ultraviolet radiation A and weekly colorimetric readings during a 3-week period. The color change (??*) values for the four specimens painted with the same color paint were averaged and the resulting values were considered for statistical analysis. Levine's test and Student's t-test were used to analyze the influence of the temperature of the polymerization cycle during prosthesis fabrication on the color stability of each acrylic resin paint. Friedman's test for three dependent samples was used for analysis of color photodegradation as function of time. Significance level was set at 0.05 for all analyses. It was observed that, after the action of the temperature of the polymerization cycle, alteration above clinically acceptable level of ??*> 3.3 was observed only for the yellow color. After the accelerated aging assay, there were statistically significant differences (p<0.05) as a function of time in the green, brown, black and blue colors. Changes were clinically acceptable for the brown and black colors; slightly above the clinically acceptable limit for the green color; and significantly high and impracticable from a clinical standpoint for the blue color. There was no statistically significant differences (p>0.05) for the yellow color, which presented color change only a little above the clinically acceptable limit. In conclusion: 1. Only the yellow color presented alterations above the clinically acceptable levels after the polymerization cycle; 2. After accelerated aging, there was no changes in the yellow color above the clinically acceptable levels; 3. For the green color, degradation was significant and slightly above the clinically acceptable levels; 4. The black, brown and blue colors presented significant alterations as function of time; the alterations of the brown and black colors were within acceptable clinical levels, while the blue color presented a more accentuated degradation over time.

OPTIMIZATION OF HEAT TREATMENTS OF AFRICAN GREEN SAPPHIRES

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (20) ◽  
pp. 873-882 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. WINOTAI ◽  
S. SAISENG ◽  
T. SUDYOADSUK
Keyword(s):  
Emission Spectra ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Hexagonal Structure ◽  
Blue Color ◽  
Green Color ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Bluish Green ◽  
Spin Resonance ◽  
Maximum Decrease ◽  
Golden Color

Under suitable heating conditions designed for a particular sapphire it is possible to change the color in order to increase its value. It was found that heating African green sapphires in an oxygen atmosphere could improve their quality and thus increase their prices. The color of green sapphires is due to the presence of trace amounts of Fe 3+, Ni 3+, Fe 2+ and Ti 4+ ions. It is known that Fe 3+ yields pale yellow and Ni 3+ a golden color while the charge transfer mechanism between Fe 2+ and Ti 4+ gives sapphire its blue color. It is obvious that the green color is due to a high ratio of Fe 2+ to Ti 4+. By using an X-ray diffractometer, the maximum decrease of the c/a ratio of the hexagonal structure is found to occur after heat treatment at 1200°C. These results are also confirmed by the shift of emission spectra toward shorter wavelengths. Furthermore, the number of Fe 2+ ions converted to Fe 3+ was detected by electron spin resonance spectrometry and found to increase with temperature. The sapphire with trace Ti 4+ ions, appeared slightly bluish green after heating at 1500°C. The optimal temperature is therefore at 1300°C, where we can achieve yellowish green sapphires instead.

scholarly journals Cytotoxicity of separation orthodontic elastics

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 110-114
Author(s):  
Rogério Lacerda dos Santos ◽  
Matheus Melo Pithon ◽  
Fernanda Otaviano Martins ◽  
Maria Teresa Villela Romanos
Keyword(s):  
Culture Medium ◽  
Blue Color ◽  
Dye Uptake ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Cytotoxic Effects ◽  
Green Color ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Uptake Test ◽  
Human Laryngeal Carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that there is no difference in cytotoxicity between separating elastics of different manufacturers. METHODS: The present article compared latex elastics (4.0 mm, 4.4 mm and 4.8 mm) of four different manufacturers. The sample was allocated to seven groups of 9 elastics: Group A (American Orthodontics, green color, modules), Groups M1 and M2 (Morelli, blue color, modules and free in pack respectively), Groups M3 and M4 (Morelli, green color, modules and free in pack respectively), Group U (Uniden, blue color, free in pack) and Group T (Tecnident, blue color, free in pack) regarding their possible cytotoxic effects on oral tissues. Cytotoxicity assays were performed using cell culture medium containing epithelioid-type cells (Hep-2 line) derived from human laryngeal carcinoma and submitted to the methods for evaluating the cytotoxicity by the "dye-uptake" test, at time intervals 24, 48, 72 and 168 h. Data were compared by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Results showed statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between group U and all the other Groups (A, M1, M2, M3, M 4 and T) at 24 and 48 hours. CONCLUSIONS: Uniden elastics evoked more cell lysis at 24 and 48 h, although, all brands showed biocompatibility from 72 h onwards.

scholarly journals Optimization of a Sustainable Protocol for the Extraction of Anthocyanins as Textile Dyes from Plant Materials

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (22) ◽  
pp. 6775
Author(s):  
Elisa Gecchele ◽  
Stefano Negri ◽  
Anna Cauzzi ◽  
Anna Cuccurullo ◽  
Mauro Commisso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Color Change ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Environmentally Benign ◽  
Synthetic Dyes ◽  
Fashion Industry ◽  
Waste Streams ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Green Color ◽  
Textile Dyeing ◽  
Over Time

Anthocyanins are the largest group of polyphenolic pigments in the plant kingdom. These non-toxic, water-soluble compounds are responsible for the pink, red, purple, violet, and blue colors of fruits, vegetables, and flowers. Anthocyanins are widely used in the production of food, cosmetic and textile products, in the latter case to replace synthetic dyes with natural and sustainable alternatives. Here, we describe an environmentally benign method for the extraction of anthocyanins from red chicory and their characterization by HPLC-DAD and UPLC-MS. The protocol does not require hazardous solvents or chemicals and relies on a simple and scalable procedure that can be applied to red chicory waste streams for anthocyanin extraction. The extracted anthocyanins were characterized for stability over time and for their textile dyeing properties, achieving good values for washing fastness and, as expected, a pink-to-green color change that is reversible and can therefore be exploited in the fashion industry.

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