scholarly journals Warming Decreases Bioconversion of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Chironomid Larvae Maintained on Cyanobacterium Microcystis

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1326
Author(s):  
Ursula Strandberg ◽  
Timo Ilo ◽  
Jarkko Akkanen ◽  
Paula Kankaala
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Dietary Pufa ◽  
Chironomid Larvae ◽  
Cascading Effects ◽  
Physiological Adaptations ◽  
Diet Manipulation ◽  
Aquatic Food

Cyanobacteria dominance and warming have been suggested to decrease the production of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in freshwater ecosystems. Physiological adaptations of poikilothermic animals to higher temperatures may further decrease PUFA levels in aquatic food webs. We conducted diet manipulation experiments to investigate the combined effects of dietary PUFA and warming on the proportions of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) in Chironomus riparius. The experimental diet consisted of a nontoxic cyanobacterium Microcystis, which contained C20 PUFA: 20:3n-3, 20:4n-3, and 20:3n-6, but no EPA or ARA. Additionally, we used TetraMin® fish flakes as a control treatment. A temperature increase from 20 °C to 25 °C decreased the proportion of n-3 C20 PUFA and the n-3/n-6 ratio in Microcystis. Diet manipulation experiments indicated that Chironomus desaturated dietary C20 precursors to EPA and ARA, but warming decreased this bioconversion and resulted in lower levels of EPA and ARA in Chironomus. Warming did not alter the proportions of EPA and ARA in Chironomus larvae if these PUFA were readily available in the diet (TetraMin® control treatment). In conclusion, warming and cyanobacteria dominance may decrease the production and trophic transfer of physiologically important PUFA in freshwaters by (1) decreasing the n-3/n-6 ratio and the abundance of n-3 C20 precursors in Microcystis, and (2) decreasing the bioconversion of n-3 and n-6 C20 precursors to EPA and ARA in chironomids. These changes may have cascading effects throughout the food web and decrease the content of EPA in fish, potentially affecting its availability to humans.

scholarly journals Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus W. Lange ◽  
Joachim Hauser ◽  
Shigehiko Kanaya ◽  
Ivo Kaunzinger ◽  
Katharina M Lange ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Dietary Pufa ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Pufa Supplementation ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder

Background: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common behavioral disorders in children. Insufficient dietary intake of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) has been suggested to have an impact on the development of symptoms of ADHD in children. Individuals with ADHD have been demonstrated to have significantly reduced blood concentrations of PUFAs and, in particular, reduced levels of omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs. These findings suggest that PUFA supplementation may reduce the attention and behavior problems associated with ADHD.Objective: To provide an overview of the efficacy of dietary LC-PUFA supplementation in the treatment of ADHD. Methods: Literature published up until December 2013 on the effects of n-3 PUFA supplementation on ADHD symptoms was obtained using a PubMed search and critically reviewed.Results: Dietary PUFA supplementation appears to have beneficial effects on ADHD symptoms although these effects are small. The clinical relevance of these observations remains to be determined.Conclusion: There is only limited support for the efficacy of PUFA supplementation for the core symptoms of ADHD. Given the small effect sizes regarding PUFA supplementation, it may not be a sufficient therapy for a majority of patients with ADHD.Keywords: diet, nutrition, polyunsaturated fatty acid, PUFA, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ADHD

scholarly journals Variation in ω-3 and ω-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Produced by Different Phytoplankton Taxa at Early and Late Growth Phase

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sami Taipale ◽  
Elina Peltomaa ◽  
Pauliina Salmi
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stationary Growth Phase ◽  
Epa And Dha ◽  
Average Proportion ◽  
Aquatic Food

Phytoplankton synthesizes essential ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for consumers in the aquatic food webs. Only certain phytoplankton taxa can synthesize eicosapentaenoic (EPA; 20:5ω3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6ω3), whereas all phytoplankton taxa can synthesize shorter-chain ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA. Here, we experimentally studied how the proportion, concentration (per DW and cell-specific), and production (µg FA L−1 day−1) of ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA varied among six different phytoplankton main groups (16 freshwater strains) and between exponential and stationary growth phase. EPA and DHA concentrations, as dry weight, were similar among cryptophytes and diatoms. However, Cryptomonas erosa had two–27 times higher EPA and DHA content per cell than the other tested cryptophytes, diatoms, or golden algae. The growth was fastest with diatoms, green algae, and cyanobacteria, resulting in high production of medium chain ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA. Even though the dinoflagellate Peridinium cinctum grew slowly, the content of EPA and DHA per cell was high, resulting in a three- and 40-times higher production rate of EPA and DHA than in cryptophytes or diatoms. However, the production of EPA and DHA was 40 and three times higher in cryptophytes and diatoms than in golden algae (chrysophytes and synyrophytes), respectively. Our results show that phytoplankton taxon explains 56–84% and growth phase explains ~1% of variation in the cell-specific concentration and production of ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA, supporting understanding that certain phytoplankton taxa play major roles in the synthesis of essential fatty acids. Based on the average proportion of PUFA of dry weight during growth, we extrapolated the seasonal availability of PUFA during phytoplankton succession in a clear water lake. This extrapolation demonstrated notable seasonal and interannual variation, the availability of EPA and DHA being prominent in early and late summer, when dinoflagellates or diatoms increased.

scholarly journals The Efficacy of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids as Protectors against Calcium Oxalate Renal Stone Formation: A Review

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1069
Author(s):  
Allen L. Rodgers ◽  
Roswitha Siener
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Renal Stone ◽  
Stone Formation ◽  
Membrane Phospholipids ◽  
Dietary Pufa ◽  
Evening Primrose ◽  
Different Types

In the pathogenesis of hypercalciuria and hyperoxaluria, n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been implicated by virtue of their metabolic links with arachidonic acid (AA) and prostaglandin PGE2. Studies have also shown that n-3 PUFAs, particularly those in fish oil—eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)—can serve as competitive substrates for AA in the n-6 series and can be incorporated into cell membrane phospholipids in the latter’s place, thereby reducing urinary excretions of calcium and oxalate. The present review interrogates several different types of study which address the question of the potential roles played by dietary PUFAs in modulating stone formation. Included among these are human trials that have investigated the effects of dietary PUFA interventions. We identified 16 such trials. Besides fish oil (EPA+DHA), other supplements such as evening primrose oil containing n-6 FAs linoleic acid (LA) and γ-linolenic acid (GLA) were tested. Urinary excretion of calcium or oxalate or both decreased in most trials. However, these decreases were most prominent in the fish oil trials. We recommend the administration of fish oil containing EPA and DHA in the management of calcium oxalate urolithiasis.

scholarly journals Diversity of caecal bacteria is altered in interleukin-10 gene-deficient mice before and after colitis onset and when fed polyunsaturated fatty acids

Microbiology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 156 (11) ◽  
pp. 3306-3316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bianca Knoch ◽  
Katia Nones ◽  
Matthew P. G. Barnett ◽  
Warren C. McNabb ◽  
Nicole C. Roy
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
Dietary Pufa ◽  
Pufa Supplementation

Interleukin-10 gene-deficient (Il10 –/–) mice show a hyper-reaction to normal intestinal bacteria and develop spontaneous colitis similar to that of human Crohn's disease when raised under conventional (but not germ-free) conditions. The lack of IL10 protein in these mice leads to changes in intestinal metabolic and signalling processes. The first aim of this study was to identify changes in the bacterial community of the caeca at 7 weeks of age (preclinical colitis) and at 12 weeks of age (when clinical signs of colitis are present), and establish if there were any changes that could be associated with the mouse genotype. We have previously shown that dietary n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have anti-inflammatory effects and affect colonic gene expression profiles in Il10 –/– mice; therefore, we also aimed to test the effect of the n-3 PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and the n-6 PUFA arachidonic acid (AA) on the bacterial community of caeca in both Il10 –/– and C57 mice fed these diets. The lower number of caecal bacteria observed before colitis (7 weeks of age) in Il10 –/– compared to C57 mice suggests differences in the intestinal bacteria that might be associated with the genotype, and this could contribute to the development of colitis in this mouse model. The number and diversity of caecal bacteria increased after the onset of colitis (12 weeks of age). The increase in caecal Escherichia coli numbers in both inflamed Il10 –/– and healthy C57 mice might be attributed to the dietary PUFA (especially dietary AA), and thus not be a cause of colitis development. A possible protective effect of E. coli mediated by PUFA supplementation and associated changes in the bacterial environment could be a subject for further investigation to define the mode of action of PUFA in colitis.

The Effect of N-6 and N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Hemostasis, Blood Lipids and Blood Pressure

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (02) ◽  
pp. 543-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Z Mortensen ◽  
E B Schmidt ◽  
A H Nielsen ◽  
J Dyerberg
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Blood Lipids ◽  
Bleeding Time ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Dietary Pufa ◽  
At Iii ◽  
Blind Crossover Study ◽  
Double Blind Crossover Study

SummaryDiverging results from studies of marine oil supplementation to western diets initiated the undertaking of a double-blind crossover study, with administration to healthy volunteers for 4 weeks of either 10 g of fish oil or 10 g of vegetable oil. Each oil containing approx. 40% of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) respectively. During the n-3 PUFA period, systolic blood pressure, plasma total lipids, triglycerides and VLDL concentrations fell significantly whereas plasma antithrombin-III (AT-III) rose. Cutaneous bleeding time increased significantly. In contrast only AT-III rose during the n-6 PUFA feeding, however, more marked than during the n-3 oil period. It is concluded that a n-3 PUFA oil supplement to the western diet exerts an effect that generally is considered as beneficial in terms of the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. It is in this respect superior to that of n-6 PUFA, stressing the necessity of a more differentiated approach to advices on dietary PUFA enrichment than presently is exerted.

scholarly journals Polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish tissues more closely resemble algal than terrestrial diet sources

Hydrobiologia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 848 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-383
Author(s):  
Nadine Ebm ◽  
Fen Guo ◽  
Michael T. Brett ◽  
Stuart E. Bunn ◽  
Martin J. Kainz
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Neural Development ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
River Continuum ◽  
Dietary Pufa ◽  
Storage Lipids ◽  
Pufa Composition ◽  
Continuum Concept

AbstractThe River Continuum Concept implies that consumers in headwater streams have greater dietary access to terrestrial basal resources, but recent studies have highlighted the dietary importance of high-quality algae. Algae provide consumers with physiologically important omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). However, terrestrial plants and most benthic stream algae lack the long-chain (LC) n-3 PUFA docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), which is essential for neural development in fish and other vertebrates. We sampled subalpine streams to investigate how the PUFA composition of neural (brain and eyes), muscle, and liver tissues of freshwater fish is related to their potential diets (macroinvertebrates, epilithon, fresh and conditioned terrestrial leaves). The PUFA composition of consumers was more similar to epilithon than to terrestrial leaves. Storage lipids of eyes most closely resembled dietary PUFA (aquatic invertebrates and algae). However, DHA and arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) were not directly available in the diet but abundant in organs. This implies that algal PUFA were selectively retained or were produced internally via enzymatic PUFA conversion by aquatic consumers. This field study demonstrates the nutritional importance of algal PUFA for neural organs in aquatic consumers of headwater regions.

Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on hibernation and torpor: a review and hypothesis

2008 ◽  
Vol 294 (3) ◽  
pp. R1044-R1052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Ruf ◽  
Walter Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Cardiac Myocyte ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Limited Resource ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Body Temperatures ◽  
Membrane Phospholipids ◽  
Dietary Pufa

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can have strong effects on hibernation and daily torpor in mammals. High dietary PUFA contents were found to increase proneness for torpor, decrease body temperatures, prolong torpor bout duration, and attenuate hibernation mass loss. The mechanism by which PUFAs enhance torpor and hibernation is unknown, however. On the basis of a review of the literature, and on reexamining our own data on alpine marmots, we propose that effects on hibernation are not due to PUFAs in general, but to shifts in the ratio of n-6 PUFAs to n-3 PUFAs in membrane phospholipids. Specifically, high ratios of n-6 to n-3 PUFAs increase the activity of the Ca2+-Mg2+ pump in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the heart (SERCA) and counteract Q10 effects on SERCA activity at low tissue temperatures. Therefore, high n-6 to n-3 PUFA ratios in cardiac myocyte membranes appear to protect the hibernating heart from arrhythmia, which in hypothermic nonhibernators is caused by massive increases in cytosolic Ca2+. The resulting reduced risk of cardiac arrest during hypothermia may explain why increased dietary uptake of n-6 PUFAs, but not of n-3 PUFAs, can strongly enhance the propensity for hibernation, and allows heterotherms to reach lower body temperatures, with associated increased energy savings. Therefore, at least for herbivorous hibernators, such as marmots, linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6)—the dietary source of all n-6 PUFAs—appears to represent a crucial and limited resource in natural environments.

scholarly journals Production, distribution, and abundance of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: a fundamental dichotomy between freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 414-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie M. Hixson ◽  
Bhanu Sharma ◽  
Martin J. Kainz ◽  
Alexander Wacker ◽  
Michael T. Arts
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Trophic Level ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Total N ◽  
Production Distribution ◽  
Long Chain

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) are critical for the health of aquatic and terrestrial organisms; therefore, understanding the production, distribution, and abundance of these compounds is imperative. Although the dynamics of LC-PUFA production and distribution in aquatic environments has been well documented, a systematic and comprehensive comparison to LC-PUFA in terrestrial environments has not been rigorously investigated. Here we use a data synthesis approach to compare and contrast fatty acid profiles of 369 aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Habitat and trophic level were interacting factors that determined the proportion of individual omega-3 (n-3) or omega-6 (n-6) PUFA in aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Higher total n-3 content compared with n-6 PUFA and a strong prevalence of the n-3 PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) characterized aquatic versus terrestrial organisms. Conversely, terrestrial organisms had higher linoleic acid (LNA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) contents than aquatic organisms; however, the ratio of ALA:LNA was higher in aquatic organisms. The EPA + DHA content was higher in aquatic animals than terrestrial organisms, and increased from algae to invertebrates to vertebrates in the aquatic environment. An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) revealed that fatty acid composition was highly dependent on the interaction between habitat and trophic level. We conclude that freshwater ecosystems provide an essential service through the production of n-3 LC-PUFA that are required to maintain the health of terrestrial organisms including humans.

scholarly journals Associations of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids with dyslipidemia among the U.S. adults: the findings from NHANES 2009-2016

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Jiawei Zhou ◽  
Lixin Cai ◽  
Senmiao Ni ◽  
Zihang Zhong ◽  
Min Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Dietary Pufa ◽  
Pufa Intake

Abstract Dyslipidemia, a significant risk factor of cardiovascular disease, is threatening human health worldwide with a high economic burden. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are crucial long-chain fatty acids for triglyceride synthesis and removal, potentially decreasing dyslipidemia risk. We examined dyslipidemia prevalence among 15,244 adults aged ≥20 years from NHANES 2009-2016. The dyslipidemia was defined as total cholesterol ≥240 mg/dL, or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol <40 mg/dL/50 mg/dL for males/females respectively, or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥160 mg/dL, or triglyceride ≥200 mg/dL, or taking lipid-modifying medications. We measured the daily PUFA intake using a 24-h dietary recall. Demographics, social-economics, and lifestyle factors were collected using questionnaires/interviews. Additionally, we measured selenium and mercury levels in the whole blood. Logistic regression models were used to examine the association between PUFAs and dyslipidemia. The unweighted and weighted dyslipidemia prevalences were 72.4% and 71.0%, respectively. When grouped into tertiles, PUFA intake above 19.524 g/day was associated with an independent 19% decrease in dyslipidemia risk [O.R.=0.81(95%C.I.: 0.71-0.94)] compared with the lowest tertile (PUFA intake ≤12.349 g/day). A threshold inverse association was further determined by the restricted cubic spline analysis. When PUFA intake was increased to its turning point, i.e., 19 g/day, the lower nadir risk for dyslipidemia was obtained [O.R.=0.72(95% C.I.: 0.56-0.89)]. When the exposure was the sum of α-linolenic acid and octadecatetraenoic acid, the inverse linear association remained. Dietary PUFA intake is a beneficial factor for dyslipidemia among American adults, independent of many potential confounders, including mercury and selenium. Future prospective studies are warranted.

Differential effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on sterol synthesis rates in adult and fetal tissues of the hamster: consequence of altered sterol balance

2003 ◽  
Vol 285 (5) ◽  
pp. G796-G803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kara E. Schmid ◽  
Laura A. Woollett
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Sterol Synthesis ◽  
Dietary Pufa ◽  
Fetal Tissues ◽  
The Impact

Cholesterol is necessary for the proper growth and development of the fetus. Consequently, disruptions in cholesterol biosynthesis lead to abnormal fetal development. It has been shown that in cells exposed to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), the expressions of genes and activities of enzymes involved in cholesterol synthesis are reduced. Similarly, we found that adult male hamsters fed PUFA-enriched diets had an ≈60% reduction in in vivo hepatic sterol synthesis rates. If fetal tissues respond to PUFA in the same manner as do adult livers, then maternal dietary PUFA could lead to a reduction in fetal sterol synthesis rates and possibly abnormal development. To investigate the impact of maternal dietary fatty acids on fetal sterol synthesis rates, female hamsters were fed diets enriched in various fatty acids before and throughout gestation. In vivo sterol synthesis rates were measured in fetuses at mid- and late gestation. At both gestational stages, dietary PUFA had no effect on fetal sterol synthesis rates. This lack of effect was not a consequence of a lack of PUFA enrichment in fetal fatty acids or the lack of PUFA receptor expression in the fetus. We hypothesize that the fetus may experience a dysregulation of sterol synthesis as the result of the fetus being in a negative sterol balance; the PUFA-induced suppression of sterol synthesis in the adult male hamster liver was ablated by creating a net negative sterol balance across the adult hepatocyte.

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