The Quest for Phenolic Compounds from Macroalgae: A Review of Extraction and Identification Methodologies

The current interest of the scientific community for the exploitation of high-value compounds from macroalgae is related to the increasing knowledge of their biological activities and health benefits. Macroalgae phenolic compounds, particularly phlorotannins, have gained particular attention due to their specific bioactivities, including antioxidant, antiproliferative, or antidiabetic. Notwithstanding, the characterization of macroalgae phenolic compounds is a multi-step task, with high challenges associated with their isolation and characterization, due to the highly complex and polysaccharide-rich matrix of macroalgae. Therefore, this fraction is far from being fully explored. In fact, a critical revision of the extraction and characterization methodologies already used in the analysis of phenolic compounds from macroalgae is lacking in the literature, and it is of uttermost importance to compile validated methodologies and discourage misleading practices. The aim of this review is to discuss the state-of-the-art of phenolic compounds already identified in green, red, and brown macroalgae, reviewing their structural classification, as well as critically discussing extraction methodologies, chromatographic separation techniques, and the analytical strategies for their characterization, including information about structural identification techniques and key spectroscopic profiles. For the first time, mass spectrometry data of phlorotannins, a chemical family quite exclusive of macroalgae, is compiled and discussed.

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Extraction, isolation and characterization of Bauhinia variegata flower

Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research ◽

10.31069/japsr.v3i2.2 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 9-12

Author(s):

Akanksha Gupta ◽

Abhishek K Tripathi ◽

Pushpraj S Gupta

Keyword(s):

Biological Activities ◽

Molecular Formula ◽

Native Plant ◽

Compound A ◽

Active Constituents ◽

Chromatographic Techniques ◽

Isolation And Characterization ◽

Soxhlet Apparatus ◽

Bauhinia Variegata

Background: Bauhinia variegata Linn. is a native plant of Asia and China. B. variegata is found in tropical regions of the world. It belongs to family Leguminosae. It is used for diarrhea, hemorrhoids, constipation, piles, edema, leprosy, wounds, tumors, etc. Objective: The objective of the present study was to perform extraction of B. variegata flower and isolation of active constituents from the extract. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extraction of B. variegata flower was performed using the Soxhlet apparatus. The isolation of active constituents from the extract was performed using chromatographic techniques. In column chromatographic studies, n-hexane- [dichloromethane (DCM)] (2:8) was used as an eluting system and further purified through thin layer chromatography (TLC). Compound A and B were isolated through chromatographic techniques, then the molecular formula and characterization of these compounds were carried out with mass and infrared (IR) spectral analysis. Results and Discussion: The percentage yield of B. variegata ethanolic extract (BVE) was found to be 20.8% w/w. The different fractions were F1 having 12.5 grams with n-hexane, F2 (17.1 grams) with CH2Cl2, F3 (21.2 grams) with EtOAc, and F4 (13.4 grams) with EtOH. Compound A and B were isolated from the solvent fractions of n-hexane-DCM (2:8) and EtOAc-DCM (1:9), respectively. The compound A was characterized as 3-hydroxy-6-methoxy-2-phenyl-4H-chromen-4-one. The compound B was characterized as 3-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-phenyl-4H-chromen-4-one. Conclusion: Thus, B. variegata flowers possess active components that need to identify their biological activities.

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Isolation and characterization of a new cold-active protease from psychrotrophic bacteria of Western Himalayan glacial soil

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-92197-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Saleem Farooq ◽

Ruqeya Nazir ◽

Shabir Ahmad Ganai ◽

Bashir Ahmad Ganai

Keyword(s):

Specific Activity ◽

Temperature Range ◽

Psychrotrophic Bacteria ◽

Isolation And Characterization ◽

Cold Active ◽

Active Protease ◽

Quantitative Screening ◽

First Time ◽

Low K

AbstractAs an approach to the exploration of cold-active enzymes, in this study, we isolated a cold-active protease produced by psychrotrophic bacteria from glacial soils of Thajwas Glacier, Himalayas. The isolated strain BO1, identified as Bacillus pumilus, grew well within a temperature range of 4–30 °C. After its qualitative and quantitative screening, the cold-active protease (Apr-BO1) was purified. The Apr-BO1 had a molecular mass of 38 kDa and showed maximum (37.02 U/mg) specific activity at 20 °C, with casein as substrate. It was stable and active between the temperature range of 5–35 °C and pH 6.0–12.0, with an optimum temperature of 20 °C at pH 9.0. The Apr-BO1 had low Km value of 1.0 mg/ml and Vmax 10.0 µmol/ml/min. Moreover, it displayed better tolerance to organic solvents, surfactants, metal ions and reducing agents than most alkaline proteases. The results exhibited that it effectively removed the stains even in a cold wash and could be considered a decent detergent additive. Furthermore, through protein modelling, the structure of this protease was generated from template, subtilisin E of Bacillus subtilis (PDB ID: 3WHI), and different methods checked its quality. For the first time, this study reported the protein sequence for psychrotrophic Apr-BO1 and brought forth its novelty among other cold-active proteases.

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Isolation and characterization of aristolactam alkaloids from the stem bark of Goniothalamus velutinus (Airy Shaw) and their biological activities

Journal of King Saud University - Science ◽

10.1016/j.jksus.2016.12.008 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 41-48 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Erum Iqbal ◽

Linda B.L. Lim ◽

Kamariah Abu Salim ◽

Shaheen Faizi ◽

Ayaz Ahmed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biological Activities ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Isolation And Characterization

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Characterization of a Novel Fructosyltransferase from Lactobacillus reuteri That Synthesizes High-Molecular-Weight Inulin and Inulin Oligosaccharides

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.68.9.4390-4398.2002 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 68 (9) ◽

pp. 4390-4398 ◽

Cited By ~ 104

Author(s):

S. A. F. T. van Hijum ◽

G. H. van Geel-Schutten ◽

H. Rahaoui ◽

M. J. E. C. van der Maarel ◽

L. Dijkhuizen

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

High Molecular Weight ◽

Lactobacillus Reuteri ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Potential Health ◽

Isolation And Characterization ◽

A Cell ◽

Encoding Gene ◽

First Time

ABSTRACT Fructosyltransferase (FTF) enzymes produce fructose polymers (fructans) from sucrose. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of an FTF-encoding gene from Lactobacillus reuteri strain 121. A C-terminally truncated version of the ftf gene was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli. When incubated with sucrose, the purified recombinant FTF enzyme produced large amounts of fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) with β-(2→1)-linked fructosyl units, plus a high-molecular-weight fructan polymer (>107) with β-(2→1) linkages (an inulin). FOS, but not inulin, was found in supernatants of L. reuteri strain 121 cultures grown on medium containing sucrose. Bacterial inulin production has been reported for only Streptococcus mutans strains. FOS production has been reported for a few bacterial strains. This paper reports the first-time isolation and molecular characterization of (i) a Lactobacillus ftf gene, (ii) an inulosucrase associated with a generally regarded as safe bacterium, (iii) an FTF enzyme synthesizing both a high molecular weight inulin and FOS, and (iv) an FTF protein containing a cell wall-anchoring LPXTG motif. The biological relevance and potential health benefits of an inulosucrase associated with an L. reuteri strain remain to be established.

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A review on phyto-pharmacology of Oxalis corniculata

Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening ◽

10.2174/1386207324666210813121431 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 24 ◽

Author(s):

Iqra Sarfraz ◽

Azhar Rasul ◽

Ghulam Hussain ◽

Muhammad Ajmal Shah ◽

Bushra Nageen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trials ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Current Effort ◽

Isolation And Characterization ◽

Anti Cancer ◽

Anti Oxidant ◽

Anti Fungal ◽

Warm Temperate

: Oxalis corniculata (Oxalidaceae) is a small decumbent and delicate appearing medicinal herb flourishing in warm temperate and tropical domains such as Pakistan and India. Main bioactive chemical constituents of Oxalis plant include several alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, phlobatannins along with steroids. Due to its polyphenolic, glycosides and flavonoid profile, it is proved to be protective in numerous ailments and exhibit various biological activities such as anti-fungal, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-diabetic, and cardioprotective. Moreover, bioactive phytochemicals from this plant possess significant wound healing potential. Our current effort intends to emphasize on the immense significance of this plant species, which have not been the subject matter of clinical trials and effective pharmacological studies, even though its favored usage has been stated. This review proposes that Oxalis corniculata possess potential for the cure of various diseases, however, further researches on isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds along with pre-clinical trials are compulsory to figure out its pharmacological applications.

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Isolation and Characterization of Crotosparsamide, a New Cyclic Nonapeptide from Croton sparsiflorus

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1000501209 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 5 (12) ◽

pp. 1934578X1000501 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rashad Mehmood ◽

Abdul Malik

Keyword(s):

Spectroscopic Data ◽

2D Nmr ◽

Spectral Studies ◽

Isolation And Characterization ◽

First Time

Crotosparsamide (1), a new cyclic nonapeptide, has been isolated from the n-butanol soluble sub-fraction of Croton sparsiflorus along with p-hydroxy methylcinnamate and kaempferol, which are reported for the first time from this species. Their structures were determined by chemical and spectral studies including ESIMS, and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data.

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Microbiological and Antioxidant Activity of Phenolic Compounds in Olive Leaf Extract

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25245946 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (24) ◽

pp. 5946

Author(s):

Dragana Borjan ◽

Maja Leitgeb ◽

Željko Knez ◽

Maša Knez Hrnčič

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Olive Leaf ◽

Olive Leaves ◽

Olive Leaf Extract ◽

Antimicrobial Potential ◽

Isolation And Characterization ◽

Wide Range

According to many reports, phenolic compounds isolated from olive leaves have very good biological activities, especially antimicrobial. Presently, the resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics is greater than ever. Therefore, there are numerous recent papers about alternative solutions for inhibiting their influence on human health. Olive leaf is studied as an important source of antimicrobials with low cost and used in medicine. Numerous publications on involving green technologies for isolation of active compounds from olive leaves have appeared over the past few decades. The present review reports on current knowledge of the most isolated phenolic compounds from olive leaf extract as well as methods for their isolation and characterization. This paper uses recent research findings with a wide range of study models to describe the antimicrobial potential of phenolic compounds. It also describes the vast range of information about methods for determination of antimicrobial potential focusing on effects on different microbes. Additionally, it serves to highlight the role of olive leaf extract as an antioxidants and presents methods for determination of antioxidant potential. Furthermore, it provides an overview of presence of enzymes. The significance of olive leaves as industrial and agricultural waste is emphasized by means of explaining their availability, therapeutic and nutritional effects, and research conducted on this field.

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Characterization of phenolic compounds from inner bark of Betula pendula

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf.2011.146 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 66 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Jaana Liimatainen ◽

Maarit Karonen ◽

Jari Sinkkonen ◽

Marjo Helander ◽

Juha-Pekka Salminen

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

High Performance ◽

Betula Pendula ◽

Silver Birch ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Array Detector ◽

Ionization Mass ◽

Inner Bark ◽

First Time

Abstract A method has been developed for the characterization of biologically active silver birch (Betula pendula) inner bark phenolics based on high-performance liquid chromatography/diode array detector (HPLC-DAD)/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). It was demonstrated that the inner bark contains high amounts of flavonoids, arylbutanoids, diarylheptanoids, simple phenolic compounds, phenolic acids, lignans, and procyanidins. Altogether, 30 individual compounds were characterized based on their ultraviolet (UV) and MS data. Structures of 22 compounds were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. In addition to previously reported phenolic compounds, 12 compounds were identified in silver birch inner bark for the first time; two of them are novel compounds: 3-β-glucopyranosyloxy-2-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-propan-1-one and 1,7-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-heptanol 3-O-β-ap-iofuranosyl-(1→2)-β-glucopyranoside.

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Isolation and Characterization of Cryptococcus neoformans Spores Reveal a Critical Role for Capsule Biosynthesis Genes in Spore Biogenesis

Eukaryotic Cell ◽

10.1128/ec.00352-08 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 595-605 ◽

Cited By ~ 60

Author(s):

Michael R. Botts ◽

Steven S. Giles ◽

Marcellene A. Gates ◽

Thomas R. Kozel ◽

Christina M. Hull

Keyword(s):

Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Critical Role ◽

Spore Formation ◽

Yeast Cells ◽

Isolation And Characterization ◽

Specific Configuration ◽

First Time

ABSTRACT Spores are essential particles for the survival of many organisms, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Among the eukaryotes, fungi have developed spores with superior resistance and dispersal properties. For the human fungal pathogens, however, relatively little is known about the role that spores play in dispersal and infection. Here we present the purification and characterization of spores from the environmental fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. For the first time, we purified spores to homogeneity and assessed their morphological, stress resistance, and surface properties. We found that spores are morphologically distinct from yeast cells and are covered with a thick spore coat. Spores are also more resistant to environmental stresses than yeast cells and display a spore-specific configuration of polysaccharides on their surfaces. Surprisingly, we found that the surface of the spore reacts with antibodies to the polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan, the most abundant component of the polysaccharide capsule required for C. neoformans virulence. We explored the role of capsule polysaccharide in spore development by assessing spore formation in a series of acapsular strains and determined that capsule biosynthesis genes are required for proper sexual development and normal spore formation. Our findings suggest that C. neoformans spores may have an adapted cell surface that facilitates persistence in harsh environments and ultimately allows them to infect mammalian hosts.

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