scholarly journals Essential Fatty Acids as Biomedicines in Cardiac Health

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1466
Author(s):  
Igori Balta ◽  
Lavinia Stef ◽  
Ioan Pet ◽  
Tiberiu Iancu ◽  
Ducu Stef ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
The Impact

The destructive impact of cardiovascular diseases on health, including heart failure, peripheral artery disease, atherosclerosis, stroke, and other cardiac pathological conditions, positions these health conditions as leading causes of increased global mortality rates, thereby impacting the human quality of life. The considerable changes in modern lifestyles, including the increase in food intake and the change in eating habits, will unavoidably lead to an unbalanced consumption of essential fatty acids, with a direct effect on cardiovascular health problems. In the last decade, essential fatty acids have become the main focus of scientific research in medical fields aiming to establish their impact for preventing cardiovascular diseases and the associated risk factors. Specifically, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), such as omega 3 fatty acids, and monounsaturated fatty acids from various sources are mentioned in the literature as having a cardio-protective role, due to various biological mechanisms that are still to be clarified. This review aims to describe the major biological mechanisms of how diets rich in essential fatty acids, or simply essential fatty acid administration, could have anti-inflammatory, vasodilatory, anti-arrhythmic, antithrombotic, antioxidant, and anti-atherogenic effects. This review describes findings originating from clinical studies in which dietary sources of FAs were tested for their role in mitigating the impact of heart disorders in human health.

scholarly journals Milk Fatty Acid Profiles in Different Animal Species: Focus on the Potential Effect of Selected PUFAs on Metabolism and Brain Functions

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1111
Author(s):  
Maria P. Mollica ◽  
Giovanna Trinchese ◽  
Fabiano Cimmino ◽  
Eduardo Penna ◽  
Gina Cavaliere ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Milk Fatty Acids ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
The Impact

Milk contains several important nutrients that are beneficial for human health. This review considers the nutritional qualities of essential fatty acids (FAs), especially omega-3 (ω-3) and omega-6 (ω-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) present in milk from ruminant and non-ruminant species. In particular, the impact of milk fatty acids on metabolism is discussed, including its effects on the central nervous system. In addition, we presented data indicating how animal feeding—the main way to modify milk fat composition—may have a potential impact on human health, and how rearing and feeding systems strongly affect milk quality within the same animal species. Finally, we have presented the results of in vivo studies aimed at supporting the beneficial effects of milk FA intake in animal models, and the factors limiting their transferability to humans were discussed.

scholarly journals METABOLITES ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH VERSUS LOW WALKING ABILITY AMONG COMMUNITY-DWELLING OLDER MEN AND WOMEN

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S641-S642
Author(s):  
Megan M Marron ◽  
Stacy G Wendell ◽  
George C Tseng ◽  
Robert M Boudreau ◽  
Adam J Santanasto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Dietary Lipids ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Cardiovascular Health Study ◽  
Walking Ability ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Age Related

Abstract Low walking ability is highly prevalent with advanced age and associated with a higher risk of major adverse health outcomes. Metabolomics may help better characterize differences among older adults with vastly different walking abilities and provide insight into altered metabolic processes underlying age-related declines in physical functioning. Here, we sought to identify metabolites associated with high versus low walking ability using a nested case-control study of 120 community-dwelling adults ages 79-95 (40% men, 10% black) from the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) All Stars study. Participants with high versus low walking ability were matched one-to-one on age, gender, race, and fasting time. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, 569 metabolites were identified in overnight-fasting plasma. High versus low walking ability was defined as the best versus worst tertile of gait speed (≥0.9 versus <0.7 meters/second) and Walking Ability Index scores (7-9 versus 0-1). Ninety-six metabolites were associated with walking ability extremes (p<0.05, false discovery rate<30%), where 24% were triacylglycerols. Triacylglycerols containing mostly polyunsaturated fatty acids (e.g., omega-3) were higher, whereas those containing mostly saturated/monounsaturated fatty acids were lower among those with high versus low walking ability. Arginine and proline metabolism was a top pathway identified. Body mass index partly explained the association between a subset of metabolites and walking ability extremes. These findings may partly reflect pathways implicating modifiable risk factors including excess dietary lipids and lack of physical activity, which contribute to obesity and cause further alterations in metabolic pathways, potentially leading to age-related declines in walking ability in this cohort.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Review of Chemistry, Sources and Bioavailability of Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mateusz Cholewski ◽  
Monika Tomczykowa ◽  
Michał Tomczyk
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Routes Of Administration ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Omega-3 fatty acids, one of the key building blocks of cell membranes, have been of particular interest to scientists for many years. However, only a small group of the most important omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are considered. This full-length review presents a broad and relatively complete cross-section of knowledge about omega-3 monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturates, and an outline of their modifications. This is important because all these subgroups undoubtedly play an important role in the function of organisms. Some monounsaturated omega-3s are pheromone precursors in insects. Polyunsaturates with a very long chain are commonly found in the central nervous system and mammalian testes, in sponge organisms, and are also immunomodulating agents. Numerous modifications of omega-3 acids are plant hormones. Their chemical structure, chemical binding (in triacylglycerols, phospholipids, and ethyl esters) and bioavailability have been widely discussed indicating a correlation between the last two. Particular attention is paid to the effective methods of supplementation, and a detailed list of sources of omega-3 acids is presented, with meticulous reference to the generally available food. Both the oral and parenteral routes of administration are taken into account, and the omega-3 transport through the blood-brain barrier is mentioned. Having different eating habits in mind, the interactions between food fatty acids intake are discussed. Omega-3 acids are very susceptible to oxidation, and storage conditions often lead to a dramatic increase in this exposure. Therefore, the effect of oxidation on their bioavailability is briefly outlined.

scholarly journals The Impact of a Walnut-Rich Breakfast on Cognitive Performance Throughout the Day in Healthy Young Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 895-895
Author(s):  
Lynne Bell ◽  
Georgina Dodd ◽  
Adrian Whyte ◽  
Barbara Shukitt-Hale ◽  
Claire Williams
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Memory Recall ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cognitive Data

Abstract Objectives A healthy diet is essential for optimal brain health. A number of food bioactives have been linked to cognitive benefits, including phytonutrients and essential fatty acids. Here we investigated the benefits of a walnut-rich breakfast, which contained flavonoids and omega-3s, to see whether consumption of these bioactives might lead to significant cognitive improvements throughout the day. Methods A double-blind, crossover intervention study compared the effects of a breakfast containing 50g walnuts, with a nut-free, macronutrient-matched control. Participants were 32 healthy, young adults aged 18 to 30. Cognition, mood, blood, and EEG measures were recorded at baseline and 2, 4, and 6 hours postprandially. Only the cognitive data are reported here. All cognitive data were analyzed using linear mixed modeling (LMM) with baseline performance included as a covariate. Bonferroni corrected pairwise comparisons were used to investigate significant treatment effects. Results Compared to the control breakfast, the walnuts elicited significantly faster reaction times throughout the day on tasks measuring inhibition and task switching aspects of executive function. Memory recall results were mixed; slightly worse performance was observed at 2 hours following the walnut breakfast, but this was later reversed with walnuts outperforming control at 6 hours. Conclusions The findings provide evidence for reaction time benefits following a walnut-rich breakfast, with effects lasting throughout the day. The results concur with previous literature that suggests executive function effects are commonly observed in young adults following flavonoid supplementation. The memory recall effect at the final time point is consistent with previously observed benefits for both omega-3 fatty acids and flavonoids and may indicate that walnuts offer neuroprotection following long periods of cognitive demand, or that memory benefits depend upon the slower absorption of omega-3s or the delayed appearance of flavonoid metabolites. Walnuts are therefore beneficial to cognitive function in young adults after only a single, acute intake, but further investigation of precise mechanisms is needed. Funding Sources The study was funded by the California Walnut Commission, USA and pre-registered at clinicaltrials.gov.

scholarly journals Importancia de los ácidos grasos omega 3 en la salud

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
María Susana Feliu ◽  
◽  
Inés Fernández ◽  
Nora Slobodianik
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Neural Development ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
The Impact

Omega 3 fatty acids are polyunsaturated fatty acids, essential since the human body does not produce them and they are obtained mainly from the diet. They confer flexibility, fluidity and selective permeability to the membranes, which favors cardiovascular health, reduces the risk of deficiencies in vision and neural development in infants and children, and dementia in older adults; some of them are precursors in the synthesis of prostaglandins. Some effects have also been seen in the prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, arthritis, inflammation, autoimmune disorders, and cancer. These effects can be explained through the specific actions of each of them. Dietary fat influences the modulation of immune functions and inflammatory processes; most of the impact is attributed to long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA). The EPA exerts: hypotriglyceridemic effect at LDL and VLDL level; hypocholesterolemic effect due to increase in bile efflux and reverse cholesterol transport; antithrombotic effect due to the formation of Series 3 eicosanoids. DHA: increases the fluidity of neuronal, glial, and cone and rod membranes; decreases neuronal apoptosis; facilitates the recycling of neurotransmitters; regulates the expression of enzymes involved in lipid metabolism as a ligand for PPARs; inhibits insulin resistance to muscle and fat tissues. The intake recommendations are: 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids: 2.5-9% of energy intake/daily, and ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: 0.6-2.0% of energy intake/daily. Key words: omega-3 fatty acids; food sources; immune system; pathologies.

scholarly journals Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Potential Therapeutic Role in Cardiovascular System Disorders—A Review

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Sokoła-Wysoczańska ◽  
Tomasz Wysoczański ◽  
Jolanta Wagner ◽  
Katarzyna Czyż ◽  
Robert Bodkowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Cardiac Effect ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Potential Therapeutic Role

Cardiovascular diseases are described as the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in modern societies. Therefore, the importance of cardiovascular diseases prevention is widely reflected in the increasing number of reports on the topic among the key scientific research efforts of the recent period. The importance of essential fatty acids (EFAs) has been recognized in the fields of cardiac science and cardiac medicine, with the significant effects of various fatty acids having been confirmed by experimental studies. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are considered to be important versatile mediators for improving and maintaining human health over the entire lifespan, however, only the cardiac effect has been extensively documented. Recently, it has been shown that omega-3 fatty acids may play a beneficial role in several human pathologies, such as obesity and diabetes mellitus type 2, and are also associated with a reduced incidence of stroke and atherosclerosis, and decreased incidence of cardiovascular diseases. A reasonable diet and wise supplementation of omega-3 EFAs are essential in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases prevention and treatment.

scholarly journals Differential Deleterious Impact of Highly Saturated Versus Monounsaturated Fat Intake on Vascular Function, Structure, and Mechanics in Mice

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1003
Author(s):  
Elena Vega-Martín ◽  
Marta Gil-Ortega ◽  
Raquel González-Blázquez ◽  
Sara Benedito ◽  
Jesús Fernández-Felipe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Arterial Stiffness ◽  
Thoracic Aorta ◽  
Vascular Function ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Vascular Wall ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Mesenteric Arteries ◽  
Monounsaturated Fat ◽  
The Impact

Vegetable oils such as palm oil (enriched in saturated fatty acids, SFA) and high-oleic-acid sunflower oil (HOSO, containing mainly monounsaturated fatty acids, MUFA) have emerged as the most common replacements for trans-fats in the food industry. The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of SFA and MUFA-enriched high-fat (HF) diets on endothelial function, vascular remodeling, and arterial stiffness compared to commercial HF diets. Five-week-old male C57BL6J mice were fed a standard (SD), a HF diet enriched with SFA (saturated oil-enriched Food, SOLF), a HF diet enriched with MUFA (unsaturated oil-enriched Food, UOLF), or a commercial HF diet for 8 weeks. Vascular function was analyzed in the thoracic aorta. Structural and mechanical parameters were assessed in mesenteric arteries by pressure myography. SOLF, UOLF, and HF diet reduced contractile responses to phenylephrine and induced endothelial dysfunction in the thoracic aorta. A significant increase in the β-index, and thus in arterial stiffness, was also detected in mesenteric arteries from the three HF groups, due to enhanced deposition of collagen in the vascular wall. SOLF also induced hypotrophic inward remodeling. In conclusion, these data demonstrate a deleterious effect of HF feeding on obesity-related vascular alterations that is exacerbated by SFA.

scholarly journals The Role of Micronutrients in Support of the Immune Response against Viral Infections

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 3198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Pecora ◽  
Federica Persico ◽  
Alberto Argentiero ◽  
Cosimo Neglia ◽  
Susanna Esposito
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Optimal Function ◽  
The Impact

Viral infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the importance of public health practices including handwashing and vaccinations in reducing their spread is well established. Furthermore, it is well known that proper nutrition can help support optimal immune function, reducing the impact of infections. Several vitamins and trace elements play an important role in supporting the cells of the immune system, thus increasing the resistance to infections. Other nutrients, such as omega-3 fatty acids, help sustain optimal function of the immune system. The main aim of this manuscript is to discuss of the potential role of micronutrients supplementation in supporting immunity, particularly against respiratory virus infections. Literature analysis showed that in vitro and observational studies, and clinical trials, highlight the important role of vitamins A, C, and D, omega-3 fatty acids, and zinc in modulating the immune response. Supplementation with vitamins, omega 3 fatty acids and zinc appears to be a safe and low-cost way to support optimal function of the immune system, with the potential to reduce the risk and consequences of infection, including viral respiratory infections. Supplementation should be in addition to a healthy diet and fall within recommended upper safety limits set by scientific expert bodies. Therefore, implementing an optimal nutrition, with micronutrients and omega-3 fatty acids supplementation, might be a cost-effective, underestimated strategy to help reduce the burden of infectious diseases worldwide, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

scholarly journals Cardioprotective Effects of Nutraceuticals: Focus on Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 3184
Author(s):  
Grazyna Sypniewska ◽  
Stefan Kruszewski
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Cardioprotective Effects

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality worldwide [...]

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