scholarly journals Milk Fatty Acid Profiles in Different Animal Species: Focus on the Potential Effect of Selected PUFAs on Metabolism and Brain Functions

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1111
Author(s):  
Maria P. Mollica ◽  
Giovanna Trinchese ◽  
Fabiano Cimmino ◽  
Eduardo Penna ◽  
Gina Cavaliere ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Milk Fatty Acids ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
The Impact

Milk contains several important nutrients that are beneficial for human health. This review considers the nutritional qualities of essential fatty acids (FAs), especially omega-3 (ω-3) and omega-6 (ω-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) present in milk from ruminant and non-ruminant species. In particular, the impact of milk fatty acids on metabolism is discussed, including its effects on the central nervous system. In addition, we presented data indicating how animal feeding—the main way to modify milk fat composition—may have a potential impact on human health, and how rearing and feeding systems strongly affect milk quality within the same animal species. Finally, we have presented the results of in vivo studies aimed at supporting the beneficial effects of milk FA intake in animal models, and the factors limiting their transferability to humans were discussed.

scholarly journals Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Inhibit the Function of Human URAT1, a Renal Urate Re-Absorber

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroki Saito ◽  
Yu Toyoda ◽  
Tappei Takada ◽  
Hiroshi Hirata ◽  
Ami Ota-Kontani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Serum Urate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Uricosuric Agents ◽  
Transport Assay ◽  
The Impact

The beneficial effects of fatty acids (FAs) on human health have attracted widespread interest. However, little is known about the impact of FAs on the handling of urate, the end-product of human purine metabolism, in the body. Increased serum urate levels occur in hyperuricemia, a disease that can lead to gout. In humans, urate filtered by the glomerulus of the kidney is majorly re-absorbed from primary urine into the blood via the urate transporter 1 (URAT1)-mediated pathway. URAT1 inhibition, thus, contributes to decreasing serum urate concentration by increasing net renal urate excretion. Here, we investigated the URAT1-inhibitory effects of 25 FAs that are commonly contained in foods or produced in the body. For this purpose, we conducted an in vitro transport assay using cells transiently expressing URAT1. Our results showed that unsaturated FAs, especially long-chain unsaturated FAs, inhibited URAT1 more strongly than saturated FAs. Among the tested unsaturated FAs, eicosapentaenoic acid, α-linolenic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid exhibited substantial URAT1-inhibitory activities, with half maximal inhibitory concentration values of 6.0, 14.2, and 15.2 μM, respectively. Although further studies are required to investigate whether the ω-3 polyunsaturated FAs can be employed as uricosuric agents, our findings further confirm FAs as nutritionally important substances influencing human health.

scholarly journals The Impact of the Essential Fatty Acids (EFA) in Human Health

2015 ◽  
Vol 05 (07) ◽  
pp. 98-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Krayyem Arbex ◽  
Vagner Rosa Bizarro ◽  
Julio Cesar Salles Santos ◽  
Lis Marina Mesquita Araújo ◽  
Ana Luísa Conceição de Jesus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Enhancing Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Content of Dairy-Derived Foods for Human Consumption

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quang V. Nguyen ◽  
Bunmi Malau-Aduli ◽  
John Cavalieri ◽  
Aduli E.O. Malau-Aduli ◽  
Peter Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Pufa Content ◽  
Knowledge Gaps ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Long Chain

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) are termed essential fatty acids because they cannot be synthesized de novo by humans due to the lack of delta-12 and delta-15 desaturase enzymes and must therefore be acquired from the diet. n-3 PUFA include α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3), eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5n-3), docosahexaenoic (DHA, 22:6n-3), and the less recognized docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5n-3). The three long-chain (≥C20) n-3 PUFA (n-3 LC-PUFA), EPA, DHA, and DPA play an important role in human health by reducing the risk of chronic diseases. Up to the present time, seafood, and in particular, fish oil-derived products, have been the richest sources of n-3 LC-PUFA. The human diet generally contains insufficient amounts of these essential FA due largely to the low consumption of seafood. This issue provides opportunities to enrich the content of n-3 PUFA in other common food groups. Milk and milk products have traditionally been a major component of human diets, but are also among some of the poorest sources of n-3 PUFA. Consideration of the high consumption of milk and its processed products worldwide and the human health benefits has led to a large number of studies targeting the enhancement of n-3 PUFA content in dairy products. The main objective of this review was to evaluate the major strategies that have been employed to enhance n-3 PUFA content in dairy products and to unravel potential knowledge gaps for further research on this topic. Nutritional manipulation to date has been the main approach for altering milk fatty acids (FA) in ruminants. However, the main challenge is ruminal biohydrogenation in which dietary PUFA are hydrogenated into monounsaturated FA and/or ultimately, saturated FA, due to rumen microbial activities. The inclusion of oil seed and vegetable oil in dairy animal diets significantly elevates ALA content, while the addition of rumen-protected marine-derived supplements is the most effective way to increase the concentration of EPA, DHA, and DPA in dairy products. In our view, the mechanisms of n-3 LC-PUFA biosynthesis pathway from ALA and the biohydrogenation of individual n-3 LC-PUFA in ruminants need to be better elucidated. Identified knowledge gaps regarding the activities of candidate genes regulating the concentrations of n-3 PUFA and the responses of ruminants to specific lipid supplementation regimes are also critical to a greater understanding of nutrition-genetics interactions driving lipid metabolism.

Targets for milk fat research: nutrient, nuisance or nutraceutical?

2005 ◽  
Vol 143 (5) ◽  
pp. 359-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. DEWHURST
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Milk Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Profiles ◽  
Milk Fatty Acids ◽  
Research Areas

Demand for milk has waxed and waned over the last 100 years in response to changing perceptions of its health effects. Milk consumption was promoted for health benefits in the first half of the twentieth century, whilst milk fat has increasingly been regarded as something to avoid over the last 30 years. Emerging research is showing that milk fat provides a number of important components, almost uniquely, within a balanced human diet. Understanding of the role of animal diets in controlling milk fat content and milk fatty acid profiles has grown over this period. The multiple correlated changes associated with milk fat depression have led to a number of mechanistic theories which have not been resolved completely. The detailed mechanisms at the molecular level remain to be elucidated. Interestingly, the two research areas of milk fat content and milk fatty acid profiles have merged as it became clear that some of the intermediates of rumen biohydrogenation are involved in regulating milk fat content. The multivariate nature of milk fatty acid profiles means that future studies must make use of multivariate statistical techniques. These approaches will also be of great value in assessing the consequences of fatty acids for human health, where studies of the effects of single nutrients can be misleading. Issues about the sustainability of the marine harvests mean that attention needs to focus on alternative sources to meet the growing demand for n-3 fatty acids, notably from forages. Whilst attention has focused on milk fatty acids for their effects on human health, future work should also address effects on health and reproductive function of cows offered diets designed to alter milk fatty acid profiles.

scholarly journals The Impact of a Walnut-Rich Breakfast on Cognitive Performance Throughout the Day in Healthy Young Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 895-895
Author(s):  
Lynne Bell ◽  
Georgina Dodd ◽  
Adrian Whyte ◽  
Barbara Shukitt-Hale ◽  
Claire Williams
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Memory Recall ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cognitive Data

Abstract Objectives A healthy diet is essential for optimal brain health. A number of food bioactives have been linked to cognitive benefits, including phytonutrients and essential fatty acids. Here we investigated the benefits of a walnut-rich breakfast, which contained flavonoids and omega-3s, to see whether consumption of these bioactives might lead to significant cognitive improvements throughout the day. Methods A double-blind, crossover intervention study compared the effects of a breakfast containing 50g walnuts, with a nut-free, macronutrient-matched control. Participants were 32 healthy, young adults aged 18 to 30. Cognition, mood, blood, and EEG measures were recorded at baseline and 2, 4, and 6 hours postprandially. Only the cognitive data are reported here. All cognitive data were analyzed using linear mixed modeling (LMM) with baseline performance included as a covariate. Bonferroni corrected pairwise comparisons were used to investigate significant treatment effects. Results Compared to the control breakfast, the walnuts elicited significantly faster reaction times throughout the day on tasks measuring inhibition and task switching aspects of executive function. Memory recall results were mixed; slightly worse performance was observed at 2 hours following the walnut breakfast, but this was later reversed with walnuts outperforming control at 6 hours. Conclusions The findings provide evidence for reaction time benefits following a walnut-rich breakfast, with effects lasting throughout the day. The results concur with previous literature that suggests executive function effects are commonly observed in young adults following flavonoid supplementation. The memory recall effect at the final time point is consistent with previously observed benefits for both omega-3 fatty acids and flavonoids and may indicate that walnuts offer neuroprotection following long periods of cognitive demand, or that memory benefits depend upon the slower absorption of omega-3s or the delayed appearance of flavonoid metabolites. Walnuts are therefore beneficial to cognitive function in young adults after only a single, acute intake, but further investigation of precise mechanisms is needed. Funding Sources The study was funded by the California Walnut Commission, USA and pre-registered at clinicaltrials.gov.

A note on the effect of use of bovine somatotropin on the fatty acid composition of the milk fat in dairy cows

1993 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Polidori ◽  
G. L. Maggi ◽  
V. M. Moretti ◽  
F. Valfrè ◽  
P. Navarotto
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Considerable Increase ◽  
Bovine Somatotropin ◽  
Trans Isomers ◽  
Milk Fatty Acids ◽  
Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin ◽  
Cis And Trans Isomers ◽  
Cis And Trans ◽  
The Impact

Commencing on day 100 ± 10 of lactation, 10 Italian Friesian cows averaging 32·6 kg milk per day were injected biweekly with recombinant bovine somatotropin (BST), while 10 other cows averaging 33-4 kg milk per day were injected with a placebo. Cows were offered ad libitum a total mixed diet throughout the lactation. The experiment lasted 16 weeks; milk samples were taken before and 16, 62 and 91 days after the commencement of BST injection. The objective was to determine the impact of biweekly injections of BST on the synthesis and proportion of milk fatty acids, particularly on cis and trans isomers and on fatty acids with an odd number of carbon atoms (C15 and C17). A decrease in the proportion of shortchain (C4 to C14) fatty acids (P < 0·001) and an increase in the proportion of long-chain (C16 to C20) fatty acids (P < 0·001) were observed in the first period of the treatment. With regard to cis and trans isomers, a considerable increase of the cis isomers (P < 0·001), particularly C18.1cis9 (oleic acid) was observed, while differences in trans isomers were not statistically significant. Concentrations of C15 (pentadecanoic acid) were not affected but heptadecanoic acid (C17) concentration showed a considerable increase (P < 0·01) but only in the sample taken after 16 days.

Effect of grazing fresh legumes or feeding silage on fatty acids and enzymes involved in the synthesis of milk fat in dairy cows

2010 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Wiking ◽  
Peter K Theil ◽  
Jacob H Nielsen ◽  
Martin T Sørensen
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthase ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Milk Fatty Acids ◽  
Milk Fat Globule ◽  
Fermentation Pattern ◽  
The Impact

The impact of fresh legume types or silage on the composition of milk fatty acids and transcription of enzymes involved in the synthesis of milk fat in cows was studied. Three groups of cows grazed high proportions of white clover, red clover and lucerne, respectively. A fourth group of cows was fed maize/grass silage. The cows grazing high proportions of legumes produced significantly more 18:1 trans-11, 18:2 cis9-trans11, 18:2 trans10-cis12 and 18:3 fatty acids than cows fed silage. White clover and lucerne grazing resulted in significantly lower output of 18:1 trans9 in milk than red clover grazing and maize/grass silages. Transcription of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) in mammary tissue was significantly increased by grazing high proportions of legume whereas fatty acid synthase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase were not affected by type of feeding. Furthermore, average milk fat globule diameter was correlated to daily milk fat yield but was not affected by feeding. Although the fresh forage affected the transcription of SCD in mammary tissue, the largest effects were on the trans11-based fatty acids. It is concluded that type of forage, i.e. fresh or silage, had a greater impact on rumen fermentation pattern than on transcription of enzymes involved in the synthesis of milk fat.

scholarly journals Essential Fatty Acids as Biomedicines in Cardiac Health

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1466
Author(s):  
Igori Balta ◽  
Lavinia Stef ◽  
Ioan Pet ◽  
Tiberiu Iancu ◽  
Ducu Stef ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
The Impact

The destructive impact of cardiovascular diseases on health, including heart failure, peripheral artery disease, atherosclerosis, stroke, and other cardiac pathological conditions, positions these health conditions as leading causes of increased global mortality rates, thereby impacting the human quality of life. The considerable changes in modern lifestyles, including the increase in food intake and the change in eating habits, will unavoidably lead to an unbalanced consumption of essential fatty acids, with a direct effect on cardiovascular health problems. In the last decade, essential fatty acids have become the main focus of scientific research in medical fields aiming to establish their impact for preventing cardiovascular diseases and the associated risk factors. Specifically, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), such as omega 3 fatty acids, and monounsaturated fatty acids from various sources are mentioned in the literature as having a cardio-protective role, due to various biological mechanisms that are still to be clarified. This review aims to describe the major biological mechanisms of how diets rich in essential fatty acids, or simply essential fatty acid administration, could have anti-inflammatory, vasodilatory, anti-arrhythmic, antithrombotic, antioxidant, and anti-atherogenic effects. This review describes findings originating from clinical studies in which dietary sources of FAs were tested for their role in mitigating the impact of heart disorders in human health.

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