scholarly journals Use of Electronic Noses for Diagnosis of Digestive and Respiratory Diseases through the Breath

Biosensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Sánchez ◽  
J. Santos ◽  
Jesús Lozano
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Nose ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Electronic Noses ◽  
Medical Sector ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Electronic Nose Technology

The increased occurrence of chronic diseases related to lifestyle or environmental conditions may have a detrimental effect on long-term health if not diagnosed and controlled in time. For this reason, it is important to develop new noninvasive early diagnosis equipment that allows improvement of the current diagnostic methods. This, in turn, has led to an exponential development of technology applied to the medical sector, such as the electronic nose. In addition, the appearance of this type of technology has allowed the possibility of studying diseases from another point of view, such as through breath analysis. This paper presents a bibliographic review of past and recent studies, selecting those investigations in which a patient population was studied with electronic nose technology, in order to identify potential applications of this technology in the detection of respiratory and digestive diseases through the analysis of volatile organic compounds present in the breath.

The need for electronic noses for environmental odour exposure assessment

2013 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Capelli ◽  
Licinia Dentoni ◽  
Selena Sironi ◽  
Renato Del Rosso
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Assessment ◽  
Electronic Nose ◽  
Landfill Gas ◽  
Monitoring Site ◽  
Electronic Noses ◽  
Odour Source ◽  
Detection Frequency ◽  
Odour Emissions ◽  
Electronic Nose Technology

This paper focuses on the opportunities for using electronic noses for odour exposure assessment purposes, especially in cases where dispersion modelling is not applicable. Such cases include, for instance, those sources where a detailed characterisation and quantification of the odour emissions for every hour of the simulation time domain is particularly difficult, due to the nature of the source or to the variability of the emissions over time. In such situations, it is useful to determine odour exposure directly at receptors instead. This paper critically discusses the state of the art of electronic nose technology as far as its application to the determination of odour exposure at receptors is concerned. One example of electronic nose application to the monitoring of odours from an Italian municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill is reported, in order to discuss the instrument's potential and limits. The monitoring results are represented by the number of measures that are classified in a specific olfactory class; this information allows the odour exposure at each monitoring site in terms of odour detection frequency to be determined. Besides a quantification of the odour episodes, electronic noses allowed the identification of the landfill gas as the monitored landfill major odour source.

scholarly journals Electronic nose – an instrument for odour nuisances monitoring

2019 ◽  
Vol 100 ◽  
pp. 00079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bartosz Szulczyński ◽  
Jacek Gębicki
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Nose ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Masking Effect ◽  
Component Mixture ◽  
Electronic Noses ◽  
On Line ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Mixture Samples ◽  
Human Sense

An increasingly frequent problem of people living in urban agglomerations is the occurrence of odour nuisance. Although the source of these nuisances is different, their common feature is that they are a complex mixture of odour compounds with different odour thresholds. However, from a practical point of view, the most valuable would be a direct link between the odour intensity and the results of on-line analytical air monitoring. Such a possibility is created by the use of electronic noses (devices that are supposed to imitate the human sense of smell) to measure odours. The paper presents the use of an electronic nose combined with multiple liear regression model (MLR) to determine the odour intensity of the two-component mixture samples of commonly known odour compounds: trimethylamine (TMA) and triethylamine (TEA) in concentration range 50–200 ppm v/v. The obtained results were compared with the theoretical values determined using Zwaardemaker and euclidean additivity (EA) models. For high concentrations of substances in the mixtures (> 150 ppm v/v), the masking effect was observed.

Electronic Noses in Medical Diagnostics

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wojciech Wojnowski ◽  
Tomasz Dymerski ◽  
Jacek Gębicki ◽  
Jacek Namieśnik
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Nose ◽  
Medical Diagnostics ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Bibliographic Databases ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Electronic Noses ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Current Trends

Background:Electronic nose technology is being developed in order to analyse complex mixtures of volatiles in a way parallel to biologic olfaction. When applied in the field of medicine, the use of such devices should enable the identification and discrimination between different diseases. In this review, a comprehensive summary of research in medical diagnostics using electronic noses is presented. A special attention has been paid to the application of these devices and sensor technologies, in response to current trends in medicine.Methods:Peer-reviewed research literature pertaining to the subject matter was identified based on a search of bibliographic databases. The quality and relevance of retrieved papers was assessed using standard tools. Their content was critically reviewed and certain information contained therein was compiled in tabularized form.Results:The majority of reviewed studies show promising results, often surpassing the accuracy and sensitivity of established diagnostic methods. However, only a relatively small number of devices have been field tested. The methods used for sample collection and data processing in various studies were listed in a table, together with electronic nose models used in these investigations.Conclusion:Despite the fact that devices equipped with arrays of chemical sensors are not routinely used in everyday medical practice, their prospective use would solve some established issues in medical diagnostics, as well as lead to developments in prophylactics by facilitating a widespread use of non-invasive screening tests.

scholarly journals Assessing milk quality using the electronic nose

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Samantha Govender
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Evaluation ◽  
Electronic Nose ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Milk Quality ◽  
Specific Chemical ◽  
Novel Technology ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Microbiological Testing ◽  
Electronic Nose Technology ◽  
Milk And Dairy Products

There are many ways for milk and dairy products to develop flavour defects. Sensory evaluation, has been the traditional approach to characterize off flavours. The need for odour sensing devices becomes greater when volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds are present in the product in parts per billion or even in the parts per trillion concentration range that cause off flavours. Today, sophisticated, sensitive instrumental tests such as electronic nose technology coupled with gas chromatography are capable of detecting, identifying and quantifying the specific chemical agents responsible for off flavours. This study focused on the use of the electronic nose as a novel technology for the detection and monitoring of milk quality by testing the effects of heat treatment at 63˚C and shelf life. Microbiological testing, sensory evaluation and gas chromatographic analysis were carried out together with aroma profiling using the electronic nose to determine milk quality.

scholarly journals Ionogels Based on a Single Ionic Liquid for Electronic Nose Application

Chemosensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 201
Author(s):  
Wellington B. Gonçalves ◽  
Evelyn P. Cervantes ◽  
Ana C. C. S. Pádua ◽  
Gonçalo Santos ◽  
Susana I. C. J. Palma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Electronic Nose ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Solid Matrix ◽  
Imidazolium Ionic Liquid ◽  
Electronic Noses ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Supervised Classification Methods

Ionogel are versatile materials, as they present the electrical properties of ionic liquids and also dimensional stability, since they are trapped in a solid matrix, allowing application in electronic devices such as gas sensors and electronic noses. In this work, ionogels were designed to act as a sensitive layer for the detection of volatiles in a custom-made electronic nose. Ionogels composed of gelatin and a single imidazolium ionic liquid were doped with bare and functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles, producing ionogels with adjustable target selectivity. After exposing an array of four ionogels to 12 distinct volatile organic compounds, the collected signals were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) and by several supervised classification methods, in order to assess the ability of the electronic nose to distinguish different volatiles, which showed accuracy above 98%.

scholarly journals Reproductivity Study of Metal Oxide Gas Sensors Using Two Different Temperature Setups

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Giulia Zambotti ◽  
Andrea Ponzoni
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Nose ◽  
Temperature Modulation ◽  
Electronic Noses ◽  
Modulation Mode ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Microbiological Techniques ◽  
Metal Oxide Gas Sensors ◽  
Screening Device ◽  
Mox Sensors ◽  
Isothermal Mode

The use of the electronic nose as a screening device is of great interest in various types of applications, including food quality control and environmental monitoring. It is an easy-to-use device and produces a much faster response than that obtained by classical chemical and microbiological techniques. The reproductivity of nominally identical electronic noses and sensors is critical. Four identical MOX sensors were compared using two different working methods, namely, the temperature modulation mode and isothermal mode. Each sensor was tested with two standard compounds, water and lactic acid, often identified in food matrices, which are potential applications of the electronic nose.

Sniffing out cancer from real breath samples by means of nanomaterial-based electronic nose device

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e17552-e17552
Author(s):  
R. V. Abdah-Bortnyak ◽  
H. Haick ◽  
S. Billan ◽  
G. Peng ◽  
E. Trock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Detection ◽  
Electronic Nose ◽  
Au Nanoparticles ◽  
Similar Type ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Technique ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
Spectrometry Technique ◽  
Electronic Nose Technology

e17552 Background: Several studies have shown that characteristic patterns of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) appear to be elevated in the alveolar breath of cancer patients, as compared to healthy controls. It has been shown, that VOCs’ composition acts as a fingerprint for the distinction of a certain cancer from other cancers, including the cases where various cancers have similar type of biomarkers. The goal of the current study is to establish a background to ultimately achieve a simple-to-use device that can detect such patterns of cancer when exhaling into it. Methods: Breath samples were collected from 40 healthy volunteers and 75 patients having known conditions in six main categories: (I) 40 healthy controls; (II) 30 patients with lung cancer; (III) 15 patients with breast cancer; (IV) 20 patients with colon cancer; (V) 5 patients with prostate cancer; and (VI) 5 patients with head and neck cancer. The breath of the volunteers was examined by means of gas chromatography linked with mass spectrometry technique (GC-MS) as well as by an electronic nose device that is based on molecularly modified Au nanoparticles to check the feasibility of the electronic nose in cancer detection via breath samples Results: GC-MS results showed that each category of cancer has a unique pattern (or mixture) of VOCs. In parallel to these findings, results indicate the ability of nanomaterial-based electronic nose devices to differentiate between “healthy” and “cancerous” breath, and, furthermore, between the breath of patients with different cancer types, with >92% sensitivity. Conclusions: The electronic nose technology has a high potential for assessing various types of cancer via simple exhalation procedure. The results provide a launching pad towards obtaining an inexpensive, compact tool that is amenable to widespread screening and that has a potential for direct and real-time monitoring (2–3 minutes only). No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Differentiation of aspirated nasal air from room air using analysis with a differential mobility spectrometry-based electronic nose: a proof-of-concept study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jussi Virtanen ◽  
Anna Anttalainen ◽  
Jaakko Ormiskangas ◽  
Markus Karjalainen ◽  
Anton Kontunen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Nose ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Differential Mobility Spectrometry ◽  
Differential Mobility ◽  
Electronic Noses ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Differential Mobility Spectrometer ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
Electronic Nose Technology

Abstract Over the last few decades, breath analysis using electronic nose technology has become a topic of intense research, as it is both non-invasive and painless, and is suitable for point-of-care use. To date, however, only a few studies have examined nasal air. As the air in the oral cavity and the lungs differs from the air in the nasal cavity, it is unknown whether aspirated nasal air could be exploited with electronic nose technology. Compared to traditional electronic noses, differential mobility spectrometry uses an alternating electrical field to discriminate the different molecules of gas mixtures, providing analogous information. This study reports the collection of nasal air by aspiration and the subsequent analysis of the collected air using a differential mobility spectrometer. We collected nasal air from ten volunteers into breath collecting bags and compared them to bags of room air and the air aspirated through the device. Distance and dissimilarity metrics between the sample types were calculated and statistical significance evaluated with Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. After leave-one-day-out cross-validation, a shrinkage linear discriminant classifier was able to correctly classify 100% of the samples. The nasal air differed (p < 0.05) from the other sample types. The results show the feasibility of collecting nasal air by aspiration and subsequent analysis using differential mobility spectrometry, and thus increases the potential of the method to be used in disease detection studies.

Medical Applications of Electronic Nose Technology: Review of Current Status

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 291-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica R. Thaler ◽  
David W. Kennedy ◽  
C. William Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Nose ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Medical Applications ◽  
Electronic Noses ◽  
Potential Applicability ◽  
Technology Review ◽  
Electronic Nose Technology

Electronic noses, or artificial sensors of odorants, have been developed over the last ten years to perform a variety of identification tasks in various industries. This powerful technology is only beginning to be introduced in the field of medicine, but is promising in its potential to assist in diagnosis. This article reviews electronic nose technology and some initial investigations of potential applicability of the technology in the field of medicine.

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