The Behavioral Ecology of the Family

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Ecology ◽  
The Family

scholarly journals Phonotactic Behavior of Female Sagebrush Crickets

1990 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 97-102
Author(s):  
Scott Sakaluk ◽  
W. Snedden
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Ecology ◽  
Population Biology ◽  
Far East ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Apparent Homogeneity ◽  
Western Us ◽  
The Family ◽  
Selective Forces ◽  
Fossil Records ◽  
Cyphoderris Strepitans

The Prophalangopsidae is an ancient insect family with fossil records dating back to the Jurassic period, approximately 180 million years ago (Vickery 1989). The family is believed to be ancestral to the ensiferan Orthoptera (crickets and katydids), a diverse and economically important group of insects (Morris & Gwynne 1978). Although fossil records indicate that the Prophalangopsidae was once a diverse, widely distributed and abundant group of insects, the family is now nearly extinct. It is represented in North America by a single relict genus (Cyphoderris) containing three species, by a single species in the Soviet Far East, and by a single species in India that is known only by a single specimen (Vickery 1989). By way of contrast, an allied family, the Gryllidae (true crickets), contains over 2600 species worldwide, distributed across 14 subfamilies (Walker 1989). The decline of the Prophalangopsidae is poorly understood, although climatic changes accompanying the Pleistocene glaciation are considered one possible factor (Vickery 1989). The three extant North American species occur only in the western US and Canada. One of these, the sagebrush cricket (Cyphoderris strepitans), is known only from a few mountainous areas in Wyoming and Colorado, including Grand Teton National Park (Morris & Gwynne 1978). Despite the prevalence and apparent homogeneity of the sagebrush-dominated habitat within which C. strepitans occurs, sagebrush crickets are patchily distributed within GTNP (pers. obs.), perhaps owing to their low vagility (sagebrush crickets are cumbersome walkers lacking flight ability) and/or to restrictive microhabitat requirements. Intensive studies concerning the natural history, population biology and behavioral ecology of sagebrush crickets have been ongoing in GTNP since 1978 when the species was first named (e.g., Morris & Gwynne 1978, Dodson et al. 1983, Sakaluk et al. 1987, Morris et al. 1989, Sakaluk & Snedden 1990). In recent work, we have attempted to identify the selective forces contribution to the evolution of the species' unique mating system and life history.

scholarly journals Behavioral Ecology of the Family: Harnessing Theory to Better Understand Variation in Human Families

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 275
Author(s):  
Paula Sheppard ◽  
Kristin Snopkowski
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Behavioral Ecology ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
Selection Of

Researchers across the social sciences have long been interested in families. How people make decisions such as who to marry, when to have a baby, how big or small a family to have, or whether to stay with a partner or stray are questions that continue to interest economists, sociologists, demographers, and anthropologists. Human families vary across the globe; different cultures have different marriage practices, different ideas about who raises children, and even different notions of what a family is. Human behavioral ecology is a branch of anthropology that is particularly interested in cultural variation of family systems and how these differences impact upon the people that inhabit them; the children, parents, grandparents. It draws on evolutionary theory to direct research and generate testable hypotheses to uncover how different ecologies, including social contexts, can explain diversity in families. In this Special Issue on the behavioral ecology of the family, we have collated a selection of papers that showcase just how useful this framework is for understanding cultural variation in families, which we hope will convince other social scientists interested in family research to draw upon evolutionary and ecological insight in their own work.

scholarly journals The Human Family—Its Evolutionary Context and Diversity

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 191
Author(s):  
Karen L. Kramer
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Ecology ◽  
Family Formation ◽  
Nuclear Family ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
Conventional View ◽  
The Family ◽  
Evolutionary Context ◽  
Human Family

The family defines many aspects of our daily lives, and expresses a wide array of forms across individuals, cultures, ecologies and time. While the nuclear family is the norm today in developed economies, it is the exception in most other historic and cultural contexts. Yet, many aspects of how humans form the economic and reproductive groups that we recognize as families are distinct to our species. This review pursues three goals: to overview the evolutionary context in which the human family developed, to expand the conventional view of the nuclear family as the ‘traditional family’, and to provide an alternative to patrifocal explanations for family formation. To do so, first those traits that distinguish the human family are reviewed with an emphasis on the key contributions that behavioral ecology has made toward understanding dynamics within and between families, including life history, kin selection, reciprocity and conflict theoretical frameworks. An overview is then given of several seminal debates about how the family took shape, with an eye toward a more nuanced view of male parental care as the basis for family formation, and what cooperative breeding has to offer as an alternative perspective.

Triassic sponges (Sphinctozoa) from Hells Canyon, Oregon

1988 ◽  
Vol 62 (03) ◽  
pp. 419-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baba Senowbari-Daryan ◽  
George D. Stanley
Keyword(s):  
Endemic Species ◽  
Upper Triassic ◽  
Island Arc ◽  
Tropical Island ◽  
The Family ◽  
Wallowa Terrane ◽  
Unique Condition ◽  
Hells Canyon

Two Upper Triassic sphinctozoan sponges of the family Sebargasiidae were recovered from silicified residues collected in Hells Canyon, Oregon. These sponges areAmblysiphonellacf.A. steinmanni(Haas), known from the Tethys region, andColospongia whalenin. sp., an endemic species. The latter sponge was placed in the superfamily Porata by Seilacher (1962). The presence of well-preserved cribrate plates in this sponge, in addition to pores of the chamber walls, is a unique condition never before reported in any porate sphinctozoans. Aporate counterparts known primarily from the Triassic Alps have similar cribrate plates but lack the pores in the chamber walls. The sponges from Hells Canyon are associated with abundant bivalves and corals of marked Tethyan affinities and come from a displaced terrane known as the Wallowa Terrane. It was a tropical island arc, suspected to have paleogeographic relationships with Wrangellia; however, these sponges have not yet been found in any other Cordilleran terrane.

Electron Microscopy of Mycoplasma Pneumoniae

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 258-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Boatman ◽  
G. E. Kenny
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Hela Cells ◽  
Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Morphological Aspects ◽  
The Family

Information concerning the morphology and replication of organism of the family Mycoplasmataceae remains, despite over 70 years of study, highly controversial. Due to their small size observations by light microscopy have not been rewarding. Furthermore, not only are these organisms extremely pleomorphic but their morphology also changes according to growth phase. This study deals with the morphological aspects of M. pneumoniae strain 3546 in relation to growth, interaction with HeLa cells and possible mechanisms of replication.The organisms were grown aerobically at 37°C in a soy peptone yeast dialysate medium supplemented with 12% gamma-globulin free horse serum. The medium was buffered at pH 7.3 with TES [N-tris (hyroxymethyl) methyl-2-aminoethane sulfonic acid] at 10mM concentration. The inoculum, an actively growing culture, was filtered through a 0.5 μm polycarbonate “nuclepore” filter to prevent transfer of all but the smallest aggregates. Growth was assessed at specific periods by colony counts and 800 ml samples of organisms were fixed in situ with 2.5% glutaraldehyde for 3 hrs. at 4°C. Washed cells for sectioning were post-fixed in 0.8% OSO4 in veronal-acetate buffer pH 6.1 for 1 hr. at 21°C. HeLa cells were infected with a filtered inoculum of M. pneumoniae and incubated for 9 days in Leighton tubes with coverslips. The cells were then removed and processed for electron microscopy.

Exposure of protein VP7 on the surface of bluetongue virus

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 600-601
Author(s):  
A.D. Hyatt
Keyword(s):  
Bluetongue Virus ◽  
Structural Proteins ◽  
Major Constituent ◽  
Outer Coat ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Antibody Recognition ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Family ◽  
Electron Microscopical ◽  
Physical Accessibility

Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the type species os the genus orbivirus in the family Reoviridae. The virus has a fibrillar outer coat containing two major structural proteins VP2 and VP5 which surround an icosahedral core. The core contains two major proteins VP3 and VP7 and three minor proteins VP1, VP4 and VP6. Recent evidence has indicated that the core comprises a neucleoprotein center which is surrounded by two protein layers; VP7, a major constituent of capsomeres comprises the outer and VP3 the inner layer of the core . Antibodies to VP7 are currently used in enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays and immuno-electron microscopical (JEM) tests for the detection of BTV. The tests involve the antibody recognition of VP7 on virus particles. In an attempt to understand how complete viruses can interact with antibodies to VP7 various antibody types and methodologies were utilized to determine the physical accessibility of the core to the external environment.

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