scholarly journals An Effortful Approach to Social Affiliation in Schizophrenia: Preliminary Evidence of Increased Theta and Alpha Connectivity during a Live Social Interaction

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1346
Author(s):  
Lilian Y. Li ◽  
Jason Schiffman ◽  
Derek K. Hu ◽  
Beth A. Lopour ◽  
Elizabeth A. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Self Disclosure ◽  
Social Affiliation ◽  
Small Talk ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Global Increase ◽  
Eeg Functional Connectivity

People with schizophrenia often experience a profound lack of motivation for social affiliation—a facet of negative symptoms that detrimentally impairs functioning. However, the mechanisms underlying social affiliative deficits remain poorly understood, particularly under realistic social contexts. Here, we investigated subjective reports and electroencephalography (EEG) functional connectivity in schizophrenia during a live social interaction. Individuals with schizophrenia (n = 16) and healthy controls (n = 29) completed a face-to-face interaction with a confederate while having EEG recorded. Participants were randomly assigned to either a Closeness condition designed to elicit feelings of closeness through self-disclosure or a Small-Talk condition with minimal disclosure. Compared to controls, patients reported lower positive emotional experiences and feelings of closeness across conditions, but they showed comparably greater subjective affiliative responses for the Closeness (vs. Small-Talk) condition. Additionally, patients in the Closeness (vs. Small-Talk) condition displayed a global increase in connectivity in theta and alpha frequency bands that was not observed for controls. Importantly, greater theta and alpha connectivity was associated with greater subjective affiliative responding, greater negative symptoms, and lower disorganized symptoms in patients. Collectively, findings indicate that patients, because of pronounced negative symptoms, utilized a less efficient, top-down mediated strategy to process social affiliation.

scholarly journals The role of state feelings of loneliness in the situational regulation of social affiliative behavior: Exploring the regulatory relations within a multilevel framework

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0252775
Author(s):  
Andreas Reissmann ◽  
Ewelina Stollberg ◽  
Joachim Hauser ◽  
Ivo Kaunzinger ◽  
Klaus W. Lange
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Engagement ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Affiliative Behavior ◽  
Social Affiliation ◽  
Quadratic Effects

Previous empirical evidence suggests that the engagement in social interactions across different everyday contexts occurs in a manner highly responsive to a person’s social affiliation needs. As has been shown repeatedly, social engagement (as well as disengagement) can be predicted from earlier situational need states, implying that homeostatic principles underlie a person’s social affiliative behaviors. However, little is known about the role of emotion in these regulative processes. For this reason, the present exploratory study investigated the predictive role of state feelings of loneliness in subsequent engagement in social interaction. Since loneliness is conceptually associated with both the need to reaffiliate as well as self-protecting tendencies potentially hindering engagement in social contact, the study investigated the possibility of both increases and decreases in social contacts resulting from state feelings of loneliness. Adopting an experience sampling methodology (ESM), a sample of 65 participants was recruited from a local university and was followed for 14 days. Subjects were prompted several times a day to rate their feeling states and the quantity of social interactions, using a fixed interval assessment schedule. Statistical analyses using multilevel analysis indicated that state feelings of loneliness had complex quadratic effects upon subsequent social interaction, leading to both increases and decreases in subsequent social interaction. Moreover, these effects were contingent upon previous engagement in social interaction, implying spillover effects across social contexts that are conditionally mediated by feelings of loneliness. These findings clearly imply an important, albeit complex role of state feelings of loneliness in the regulation of social affiliation, both as a predictor and a consequence of social interaction. These exploratory findings are discussed against the background of methodological and conceptual limitations, and several recommendations for future studies are made.

Closeness and other affiliative outcomes generated from the Fast Friends procedure: A comparison with a small-talk task and unstructured self-disclosure and the moderating role of mode of communication

2021 ◽  
pp. 026540752199605
Author(s):  
Susan Sprecher
Keyword(s):  
Original Study ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Self Disclosure ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
Small Talk ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Interpersonal Closeness ◽  
First Time ◽  
Moderating Role

A Fast Friends procedure was created years ago as a method to generate closeness between people interacting for the first time and to provide an experimental procedure to test hypotheses about factors that may lead to initial closeness. In their original study, Aron et al. (1997) validated their closeness-generating task by comparing the degree of interpersonal closeness it generated versus that by a small-talk task. Few subsequent studies, however, have tested the validity of the closeness task by comparing the affiliative outcomes resulting from it with that from other activities. To further examine its validity, this study involved zero-history dyads randomly assigned to become acquainted through either Aron et al.’s closeness-inducing task, Aron et al.’s small-talk task, or an unstructured getting-acquainted task. The dyads were then compared on the closeness they experienced as well as on several other affiliative outcomes. In support of the validity of the closeness-inducing task, the task generated more closeness and other positive outcomes, relative especially to the small-talk task. A second manipulation in the study was the mode of communication (video-chat vs. face-to-face). No significant differences in outcomes (e.g., closeness, liking) were found based on mode of communication. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the closeness task (relative to the other tasks) for generating closeness and other affiliative outcomes was not moderated by the mode of communication.

scholarly journals Realistic Motion Avatars are the Future for Social Interaction in Virtual Reality

2022 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shane L. Rogers ◽  
Rebecca Broadbent ◽  
Jemma Brown ◽  
Alan Fraser ◽  
Craig P. Speelman
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Motion Capture ◽  
Eye Contact ◽  
Body Motion ◽  
Self Disclosure ◽  
Negative Experiences ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Conversational Partner ◽  
Full Face

This study evaluated participant self-reported appraisal of social interactions with another person in virtual reality (VR) where their conversational partner was represented by a realistic motion avatar. We use the term realistic motion avatar because: 1. The avatar was modelled to look like the conversational partner it represented, and 2. Full face and body motion capture was utilised so that the avatar mimicked the facial and body language of the conversational partner in real-time. We compared social interaction in VR with face-to-face interaction across two communicative contexts: 1. Getting acquainted conversation, and 2. A structured interview where the participant engaged in self-disclosure about positive and negative experiences. Overall, participants largely indicated they preferred face-to-face over VR communication. However, some participants did indicate a preference for VR communication. Additionally, an analysis of post-conversation ratings indicated no significant difference for rated enjoyment, understanding, self-disclosure, comfort, and awkwardness between communication modes. The only ratings where face-to-face was found to be superior was for perceived closeness across both types of communication, and for feeling understood specifically when disclosing negative experiences. Most participants perceived frequent eye contact in both face-to-face and VR interaction, but typically more eye contact when face-to-face. Eye contact was positively associated with rated enjoyment, closeness, and comfort. Overall, our findings suggest that harnessing full face and body motion capture can make social interaction in VR very similar to face-to-face interaction. We anticipate that VR social interaction is poised to become the next major technological evolution for human computer mediated communication and suggest avenues for further research.

Motion captured realistic avatars are the future for social interaction in virtual reality

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shane L. Rogers ◽  
Rebecca Broadbent ◽  
Jemma Brown ◽  
Alan Fraser ◽  
Craig Speelman
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Motion Capture ◽  
Eye Contact ◽  
Body Motion ◽  
Self Disclosure ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Conversational Partner ◽  
Full Face

This study evaluated participant self-reported appraisal of social interactions with another person in virtual reality (VR) where their conversational partner was represented by a realistic avatar. We term the avatar as realistic because: 1. It was modelled to look like the person it represented, and 2. Full face and body motion capture was utilised so that the avatar mimicked the facial and body language of the conversational partner in real-time. We compared social interaction in VR with face-to-face interaction across two communicative contexts: 1. Getting acquainted conversation, and 2. A structured interview where the participant engaged in self-disclosure about positive and negative experiences. Overall, participants largely indicated they preferred face-to-face over VR communication. However, some participants did indicate a preference for VR communication, and an analysis of post-conversation ratings indicated no significant difference for rated enjoyment, understanding, self-disclosure, comfort, and awkwardness. The one rating where face-to-face was found to be superior was for perceived closeness. Most participants perceived frequent eye contact in both face-to-face and VR interaction, but typically more eye contact when face-to-face. Eye contact was positively associated with rated enjoyment, closeness, and comfort. Overall, our findings suggest that harnessing full face and body motion capture can make social interaction in VR as very similar to face-to-face interaction. We anticipate that VR social interaction is poised to become the next major technological evolution for human communication and suggest avenues for further research.

Face to Face Social Interaction and Inferior Frontal Processing

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy I. Skipper ◽  
Howard C. Nusbaum ◽  
Steven L. Small
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Face To Face

Fast Foes: The affective consequences of interacting in a negative self-disclosure situation.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Gordils ◽  
Jeremy Jamieson
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Subjective Experiences ◽  
Self Disclosure ◽  
Negative Behaviors ◽  
Nuanced Understanding ◽  
Affective Consequences

Background and Objectives: Social interactions involving personal disclosures are ubiquitous in social life and have important relational implications. A large body of research has documented positive outcomes from fruitful social interactions with amicable individuals, but less is known about how self-disclosing interactions with inimical interaction partners impacts individuals. Design and Methods: Participants engaged in an immersive social interaction task with a confederate (thought to be another participant) trained to behave amicably (Fast Friends) or inimically (Fast Foes). Cardiovascular responses were measured during the interaction and behavioral displays coded. Participants also reported on their subjective experiences of the interaction. Results: Participants assigned to interact in the Fast Foes condition reported more negative affect and threat appraisals, displayed more negative behaviors (i.e., agitation and anxiety), and exhibited physiological threat responses (and lower cardiac output in particular) compared to participants assigned to the Fast Friends condition. Conclusions: The novel paradigm demonstrates differential stress and affective outcomes between positive and negative self-disclosure situations across multiple channels, providing a more nuanced understanding of the processes associated with disclosing information about the self in social contexts.

scholarly journals Resilient Research in the Field: Insights and Lessons From Adapting Qualitative Research Projects During the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 160940692110161
Author(s):  
Syahirah Abdul Rahman ◽  
Lauren Tuckerman ◽  
Tim Vorley ◽  
Cristian Gherhes
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Qualitative Research Methods ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Building Resilience ◽  
Digital Methods

The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic has seen the implementation of unprecedented social distancing measures, restricting social interaction and with it the possibility for conducting face-to-face qualitative research. This paper provides lessons from a series of qualitative research projects that were adapted during the COVID-19 pandemic to ensure their continuation and completion. By reflecting on our experiences and discussing the opportunities and challenges presented by crises to the use of a number of qualitative research methods, we provide a series of insights and lessons for proactively building resilience into the qualitative research process. We show that reflexivity, responsiveness, adaptability, and flexibility ensured continuity in the research projects and highlighted distinct advantages to using digital methods, providing lessons beyond the COVID-19 context. The paper concludes with reflections on research resilience and adaptation during crises.

Influence of self-disclosure of Internet celebrities on normative commitment: the mediating role of para-social interaction

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Shih-Tse Wang ◽  
Fang-Tzu Hu
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Private Life ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Normative Commitment ◽  
Self Disclosure ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Positive Effects

PurposeFor Internet celebrities, self-disclosure (SD) is a crucial step in building relationships with their followers who perceive this communication as para-social interaction (PSI), which facilitates socialization among followers. Normative commitment (NC) is critical for creating bonds among community members that are strengthened through socialization. However, research on the predictive relationships among SD, PSI and NC has been insufficient. This paper aims to investigate the effects of two facets of Internet celebrity SDs (i.e. private life and opinion) and two facets of PSI (i.e. companionship and following) on NC. The mediating role of PSI on the effects of SD on NC was also analyzed.Design/methodology/approachPeople who follow at least one Internet celebrity on a social networking site were recruited to participate in this study, and 494 valid questionnaires were collected for examination. The collected data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM).FindingsThe results revealed that both private-life and opinion SDs have positive effects on companionship and following PSI, which consequently influence NC. A mediation test revealed that companionship and following PSI mediate the effects of private-life and opinion SD on NC. This study's findings also revealed that NC is influenced more by following PSI than it is by companionship PSI. Furthermore, opinion SD was determined to be the more influential factor in following PSI, whereas private-life SD was the more influential factor in companionship PSI.Originality/valueThis paper is useful for understanding the influence mechanism of the SD of Internet celebrities on PSI and NC.

Development of the Preference for Online Social Interaction Scale for Chinese adolescents

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1005-1014
Author(s):  
Zhiqi You ◽  
Yuan Tian ◽  
Fanchang Kong ◽  
Zongkui Zhou ◽  
Youjie Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Construct Validity ◽  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Interaction Frequency ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Valid Instrument ◽  
Online Social Interaction

Our purpose in this study was to develop a scale to measure preference for online social interaction (POSI). The psychometric properties of the POSI Scale were tested with 2 separate samples of Chinese teenagers (age 13–18 years). The responses of the first group (n = 352) were used to explore the factor structure of the scale. The responses of the second group (n = 593) were used to test construct validity and consistency reliability of the POSI Scale. The results indicated that (a) the POSI Scale consists of three dimensions: online social interaction frequency, online social interaction propensity, and perception of superiority of online social interaction compared to face-to-face social interaction; and (b) the POSI Scale has good structural validity and internal consistency and reliability, and is a reliable and valid instrument for measurement of adolescents' preference for online social interaction, especially in the context of Chinese teenagers.

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