Antidepressant effect of methanol extract of smokeless tobacco and identification of its bioactive components

Purpose: To investigate the antidepressant effect of methanol extract of smokeless tobacco and identify its bioactive compounds. Methods: Adult Wistar rats were randomly assigned to five groups of five rats each: normal control group, standard (reference) control group as well as 100, 200 and 500 mg/kg extract group. The extract, standard drug (imipramine) and normal saline were administered via the intraperitoneal (i.p.) route. The rats were subjected to forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) to assess the antidepressant effect of methanol extract of smokeless tobacco. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify the bioactive compounds of the extract. Results: The oral LD50 of the extract was > 2000 mg/kg. Significant decrease in immobility time was observed after single administration of imipramine (p < 0.05). The extract significantly and dosedependently decreased the immobility time, but increased climbing and swimming times, when compared with normal control group (p < 0.05). The immobility time of stressed rats regardless of sex was significantly and dose-dependently lowered, relative to normal control group (p < 0.05). Four major compounds were identified in the extract: nicotine (45.88 %); 1,5-dimethyl-2-pyrrolidinone (23.00 %), nhexadecanoic acid (11.31 %) and vitamin A aldehyde (9.38 %). Conclusion: These results demonstrate that the methanol extract of smokeless tobacco possesses antidepressant and mood-elevating effects in rats. However, its use should be discouraged since it contains a number of hazardous and carcinogenic components such as N-nitroso compounds and benzo(a)pyrene which are categorized as Class-I carcinogens.

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Pharmacological Evaluation of Antidepressant-Like Effect of Genistein and Its Combination with Amitriptyline: An Acute and Chronic Study

Advances in Pharmacological Sciences ◽

10.1155/2015/164943 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Gaurav Gupta ◽

Tay Jia Jia ◽

Lim Yee Woon ◽

Dinesh Kumar Chellappan ◽

Mayuren Candasamy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Synergistic Effects ◽

Standard Dose ◽

Forced Swim Test ◽

Tail Suspension Test ◽

Antidepressant Effect ◽

Control Group ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Swim Test ◽

Immobility Time ◽

Chronic Study

The present study was designed to evaluate the acute and chronic antidepressant effect of genistein in combination with amitriptyline in mice. Animals were divided into six groups (n=6) for treatment with water, genistein, or amitriptyline, either alone or in combination for ten days. Animals were subjected to locomotor activity testing; tail suspension test (TST); and forced swim test (FST) and immobility time was recorded on day one and day ten. Acute treatment of all treatment groups did not significantly reduce the immobility time (p>0.05). Chronic treatment of combination of genistein (10 mg/kg) and amitriptyline (5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) significantly reduced the immobility time as compared to control group (p<0.001) and was comparable to amitriptyline alone (10 mg/kg). However, no changes in anti-immobility activity in combination of subeffective doses of genistein (5 mg/kg) and amitriptyline (5 mg/kg) were observed. Genistein at its standard dose (10 mg/kg) rendered synergistic effects in combination with subeffective dose of amitriptyline (5 mg/kg) and additive effects in combination with therapeutic dose of amitriptyline (10 mg/kg).

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Evaluation of antidepressant effect of angiotensin receptor blocker telmisartan in albino mice

International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology ◽

10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20200719 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 446

Author(s):

Keerthana Brattiya ◽

Malar Sivaraman

Keyword(s):

Angiotensin Receptor Blocker ◽

Antidepressant Drugs ◽

Receptor Blocker ◽

Gamma Activity ◽

Antidepressant Effect ◽

Control Group ◽

Angiotensin Receptor ◽

Standard Drug ◽

Immobility Time ◽

Albino Mice

Background: Depression and hypertension are common morbidities which are seen in elderly and also one leads to the other. Present antidepressant drugs are known for its side effects and there is a necessary for newer drugs with lesser adverse effects. Telmisartan being a widely used antihypertensive drug and with multiple additional properties like peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activity along with blunting of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system can be a potential drug for depression. Hence this study is aimed to evaluate the antidepressant activity of angiotensin receptor blocker telmisartan in animal models.Methods: As per protocol submitted to ethics committee, 24 male albino mice weighing between 20-30grams of either sex were selected and divided into 4 groups consisting of 6 each. They were housed in cages with food and water ad libitum. Animals were kept in ambient temperature and humidity, with a 12-hour light and 12-hour dark cycle. Group 1 and group 2 were administered distilled water and fluoxetine 10 mg/kg respectively only on day 15, whereas group 3 and group 4 received telmisartan per orally 1 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg respectively for 15 days once daily. All animals were tested on day 15 using tail suspension test for antidepressant effect.Results: There was significant reduction in the immobility time in telmisartan group when compared to the control group and this time was comparable with the immobility time of standard drug fluoxetine. Decrease in immobility time was found to statistically significant by using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc test.Conclusions: As evident from our study, telmisartan can be a newer target for antidepressant effect.

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Methanol extract of Aruncus dioicus exerts antidiabetic effect via PCSK9/LDLR pathway

Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research ◽

10.4314/tjpr.v18i3.18 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 571-577

Author(s):

Li Gong ◽

Qing Yang ◽

Yinluan Huang ◽

Shaoyan Xie ◽

Chao Zeng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Normal Control ◽

Methanol Extract ◽

Fasting Blood Glucose ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Diabetic Control ◽

Normal Control Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Antidiabetic Effect ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Diabetic Control Group

Purpose: To investigate the antidiabetic effect of methanol extract of Aruncus dioicus, and the underlying mechanism(s). Methods: Twenty-four adult female albino mice were randomly assigned to four groups of six mice each: normal control group, diabetic control group and two treatment groups. With the exception of normal control group, the diabetic control and treatment groups consisted of leptin receptor-deficient (db/db) type 2 diabetic mice. The diabetic control group was not treated, while the treatment groups received 200 or 400 mg/kg extract/day orally for 4 weeks. The effect of the extract on fasting blood glucose (FBG), proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), glycogen and lipid profiles were determined. The expressions of PCSK9, low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) and glucokinase (GCK) were determined in liver tissues using western blotting and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Results: Fasting blood glucose (FBG) was significantly and dose-dependently reduced in the treatment groups, relative to diabetic control group at different time-points (p < 0.05). Total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were significantly higher in the diabetic control group than in normal control group (p < 0.05). However, treatment with methanol extract of A. dioicus significantly and dose-dependently reversed the changes in the levels of these parameters (p < 0.05). The expressions of LDLR and GCK were significantly down-regulated in diabetic control group, when compared with normal control group, but their expressions were significantly dose-dependently upregulated in the treatment groups (p < 0.05). Treatment with the extract significantly and dose-dependently down-regulated PCSK9 expression (p < 0.05). Liver injury characterized by large distended lipid droplets and fat accumulation was seen in diabetic mice, but treatment with methanol extract of A. dioicus significantly reversed the histopathological changes induced by DM. Conclusion: These results indicate that the antidiabetic effect of methanol extract of A. dioicus is exerted via a mechanism involving PCSK9/LDLR pathway.

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Effect of Tamarindus indica juice intake on some oxidative stress markers in carbon tetrachloride induced rats

Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences ◽

10.4314/bajopas.v14i1.5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 31-37

Author(s):

N.S. Sadi ◽

S.M. Abubakar ◽

A. Ibrahim ◽

A.M. Umar ◽

A.M. Gadanya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Normal Control ◽

Colorimetric Assay ◽

Normal Control Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Albino Rats ◽

High Dose ◽

Oxidative Stress Markers ◽

Standard Drug ◽

Stress Markers

Tamarind tree is a multipurpose tree of which almost every part finds at least some use, either nutritional or medicinal. Due to its pleasant acidic taste and rich aroma, the pulp is widely used for domestic and industrial purpose. A study was carried out to evaluate the effect of Tamarind juice intake in CCl4 induced oxidative stress albino rats. The Proximate, antinutrient, and Phytochemical contents of tamarind juice were analyzed using standard AOAC methods while mineral contents were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry. Oxidative stress markers were also analyzed using colorimetric assay kit. The serum levels of oxidative stress markers were compared between the normal and test groups. Experimental rats were divided into five groups: Normal control group, negative control (CCl4) group, standard drug (Vitamin C) group, tamarind low and high dose group. At the end of the experiment, significant increase in malondialdehyde level and decrease in superoxide dismutase, catalase, reduced glutathione and glutathione Peroxidase activities were recorded in CCl4-exposed rats as compared to normal control group. In the tamarind supplemented groups, the level of MDA along with the activities of SOD, CAT, GSH and GPx were comparable with the normal control rats (p>0.05). Thus, it appears that tamarind juice ameliorate the effect of CCl4; suggesting that consumption of natural compounds with an antioxidant profile may be a preventive alternative to those diseases associated with oxidative stress.

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Pharmacological In vivo test to evaluate the antidepressant activity of polyherbal formulation

Nepal Journal of Biotechnology ◽

10.3126/njb.v7i1.26952 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 63-73

Author(s):

Rinki Kumar ◽

K. Ilango ◽

G.P.I. Singh ◽

G.P. Dubey

Keyword(s):

Forced Swim Test ◽

Antidepressant Activity ◽

Control Group ◽

Potential Candidate ◽

Standard Drug ◽

In Vivo Test ◽

Polyherbal Formulation ◽

Immobility Time ◽

Model Control

The antidepressant effects of the polyherbal formulation (PF) (contain four extracts of medicinal plants namely: Nyctanthes arbortristis, Hippophae salcifolia, Ocimum tenuiflorum and Withania somnifera ) was examined by evaluating the extent of reduction of behavioural alterations and neurotransmitter in the rats stressed by forced swim test (FST). In the present study, compared with the model control group (FST), the altered behavioural parameters were attenuated significantly (P < 0.05) in the group treated with the PF (100, 200 and 400 mg•kg−1), comparable with the standard drug treated group, Sertraline (10mg•kg−1). The PF and Sertraline significantly (P < 0.05) increased the level of the neurotransmitter such as serotonin, dopamine, acetylcholine and noradrenalin whereas decreased the level of monoamine oxidase along with oxidant in the brain of the stressed rats. PF and Sertraline were also involved in the reduced oxidant and generated antioxidant in the stressed rats. The results indicated that polyherbal formulation exhibited significant antidepressant activity, as indicated by its ability to decrease force swim stress, induced immobility time in rats as well as restoring the biogenic amines to normal level that were altered by the swim induced stress in whole rat brain. Therefore, PF can be a potential candidate for treatment of depression as well as a potent antidepressant. However, further studies are required to substantiate the same.

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Antidepressant and skeletal muscle relaxant effects of the aqueous extract of the Prosopis cineraria

Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.1590/s1984-82502012000300025 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 577-581 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mathew George ◽

Lincy Joseph ◽

Abishika Sharma

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Aqueous Extract ◽

Muscle Relaxant ◽

Forced Swim Test ◽

Antidepressant Effect ◽

Control Group ◽

Skeletal Muscle Relaxant ◽

Prosopis Cineraria ◽

Immobility Time ◽

And Control

The aqueous leaves extract of Prosopis cineraria (AEPC) is used traditionally for the treatment of various CNS disorder. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the extract for antidepressant and skeletal muscle relaxant activity. The antidepressant effect of the extract was evaluated using Forced swim test (FST). The immobility periods of control and treated mice were recorded. The antidepressant-like effect of tested compound was compared to that of imipramine (15 mg/kg. p.o). Muscle relaxant property was studied using rotarod apparatus and total fall off time for standard and control group was recorded. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins and phenolic compounds. The leaf extract at doses of 200 mg/kg significantly decreased the duration of immobility time in FST. The efficacy of tested extract was found to be comparable to that of imipramine. Our results suggested that the aqueous extract of Prosopis cineraria leaves exerts antidepressant-like effect.

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Anxiolytic and antidepressant effect of zinc on rats and its impact on general behavioural parameters

Vojnosanitetski pregled ◽

10.2298/vsp111129036s ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 70 (4) ◽

pp. 391-395 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Janko Samardzic ◽

Kristina Savic ◽

Nemanja Stefanovic ◽

Radomir Matunovic ◽

Dragana Baltezarevic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Locomotor Activity ◽

Forced Swim Test ◽

Essential Element ◽

Repeated Administration ◽

Antidepressant Effect ◽

Control Group ◽

Single Application ◽

Antidepressant Effects ◽

Immobility Time ◽

Significant Difference

Background/Aim. Zinc is an essential element which has considerable interaction with gamma-aminobutyric acid A type receptors (GABAA) and glutamate receptors in the central nervous system (CNS). It is believed that zinc acts as a potent inhibitor of glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, and binding to structurally specific site on the GABAA receptor leads to inhibition of GABA dependent Cl-pass. The aim of our research was to test the anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of zinc after single application and its influence on general behavioural parameters after repeated administration. Methods. Male Wistar rats were treated with increasing doses of zinc histidine dehydrate (10, 20, 30 mg/kg, i.p.). To determine anxiolytic and antidepressant properties of zinc two models were used: elevated plus maze (EPM) and forced swim test (FST). Behavioural parameters (stillness and mobility) were, also, recorded after single and repeated administration of active substance. Results. Testing animals in the EPM showed a statistically significant difference as follows: dose of 20 mg/kg significantly increased the time animals spent in open arms, indicating an acute anxiolytic effect, while doses of 30 mg/kg significantly reduced the time in the open arms, indicating a potentially anxiogenic effect. Testing the animals by FST showed a statistically significant difference in immobility time of animals treated with the lowest applied (10 mg/kg) and highest applied (30 mg/kg) doses of zinc, compared to the control group. The first day of testing behavioral parameters showed the tendency to increase locomotor activity of the animals with the lowest dose of zinc (10 mg/kg), while the following day revealed a reduced activity with the highest dose applied (30 mg/kg). Conclusion. Zinc has important effects on the CNS: After single application, in all doses zinc showed antidepressant effects. The effects of zinc on anxiety and locomotor activity showed dose-dependent bidirectional effects.

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Histopathological Evaluation of the Methanol Extract of Napoleonae imperialis Leaves against Methotrexate-Induced Renal Damage in Albino Rats

Asian Journal of Research in Biochemistry ◽

10.9734/ajrb/2020/v7i330141 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 27-33

Author(s):

O. J. Mba ◽

C. E. Odo ◽

P. C. Chikezie ◽

U. I. Edward

Keyword(s):

Normal Control ◽

Renal Damage ◽

Methanol Extract ◽

Normal Control Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Renal Histology ◽

Significant Pathology ◽

Group A ◽

Group B

Aim: This study was aimed at investigating the effect of methanol extract of Napoleonae imperialis leaves against methotrexate renal histology in albino rats. Methodology: Thirty (30) male albino rats of mean weight 130 g were used for this study. The animals for the study were grouped into five (5) of six (6) rats each. Group A received feed and water only and Group B was induced with methotrexate without treatment. Groups (C and D) were orally given 250 mg and 500 mg/kg b.wt of leaves extract, and group E was orally given the extract only (500 mg/kg b.wt) respectively for 28 days. All the rats used in this study were initially subjected to renal damage using 0.5 ml/kg of methotrexate except the normal control group. The rats were sacrificed after 28 days, and the kidney were carefully dissected from the abdominal region. They were fixed in normal saline for 72 hours and sliced into a thickness of 2.1mm samples of and processed for histopathological examination. Results: The photomicrographs result showed that in group A, (normal control group) evenly distributed glomeruli of smaller size, with normal mesangial cellularity. In group B, (positive control group) there is a significant pathology and mild interstitial inflammation. In groups (C and D) (tests group that received 250 and 500 mg/kg b.wt of the extract) there is no significant pathology, in group E, there is no significant pathology. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the leaves extract may have exerted nephroprotective effects in albino rats, and may also be used pharmacologically in the management of organ toxicity.

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Study on potential differentially expressed genes in stroke by bioinformatics analysis

Neurological Sciences ◽

10.1007/s10072-021-05470-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Xitong Yang ◽

Pengyu Wang ◽

Shanquan Yan ◽

Guangming Wang

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Differentially Expressed Genes ◽

Normal Control ◽

Enrichment Analysis ◽

Normal Control Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Ppi Network ◽

Hub Genes ◽

Pathway Enrichment ◽

Key Genes

AbstractStroke is a sudden cerebrovascular circulatory disorder with high morbidity, disability, mortality, and recurrence rate, but its pathogenesis and key genes are still unclear. In this study, bioinformatics was used to deeply analyze the pathogenesis of stroke and related key genes, so as to study the potential pathogenesis of stroke and provide guidance for clinical treatment. Gene Expression profiles of GSE58294 and GSE16561 were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between IS and normal control group. The different expression genes (DEGs) between IS and normal control group were screened with the GEO2R online tool. The Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses of the DEGs were performed. Using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), the function and pathway enrichment analysis of DEGS were performed. Then, a protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed via the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING) database. Cytoscape with CytoHubba were used to identify the hub genes. Finally, NetworkAnalyst was used to construct the targeted microRNAs (miRNAs) of the hub genes. A total of 85 DEGs were screened out in this study, including 65 upward genes and 20 downward genes. In addition, 3 KEGG pathways, cytokine − cytokine receptor interaction, hematopoietic cell lineage, B cell receptor signaling pathway, were significantly enriched using a database for labeling, visualization, and synthetic discovery. In combination with the results of the PPI network and CytoHubba, 10 hub genes including CEACAM8, CD19, MMP9, ARG1, CKAP4, CCR7, MGAM, CD79A, CD79B, and CLEC4D were selected. Combined with DEG-miRNAs visualization, 5 miRNAs, including hsa-mir-146a-5p, hsa-mir-7-5p, hsa-mir-335-5p, and hsa-mir-27a- 3p, were predicted as possibly the key miRNAs. Our findings will contribute to identification of potential biomarkers and novel strategies for the treatment of ischemic stroke, and provide a new strategy for clinical therapy.

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Effect of GDM on the Expression of MT1-MMP and u-PA in Glioma Cells

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1033-1034.220 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1033-1034 ◽

pp. 220-223

Author(s):

Xue Mei Han ◽

Li Bo Wang ◽

Ni Ni Li ◽

Song Yan Liu

Keyword(s):

Normal Control ◽

Glioma Cell ◽

Fetal Bovine Serum ◽

Glioma Cells ◽

Normal Control Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Glioma Cell Lines ◽

Fetal Bovine ◽

Identify Gene Expression

To examine the effect of GDM on the expression of MT1-MMP and u-PA genes in glioma cells. Glioma cell lines U251 and U87 were cultured in DMEM medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. RT-PCR was used to identify gene expression level. The level of u-PA mRNA was up-regulated significantly in the HGF group compared with the normal control group (P<0.05). The expression of MT1-MMP and u-PA was significantly lower in the GDM group than in the normal control and HGF groups (P<0.05). The expression of u-PA in the HGF+GDM group was down-regulated significantly compared with the normal control and HGF groups (P<0.05).GDM can inhibit expression of both MT1-MMP and u-PA in glioma cells.

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