scholarly journals A Discussion on the Unique Features of Electrochemical Promotion of Catalysis (EPOC): Are We in the Right Path Towards Commercial Implementation?

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1276
Author(s):  
Angel Caravaca ◽  
Jesús González-Cobos ◽  
Philippe Vernoux
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Promotion ◽  
H2 Production ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Commercial Application ◽  
Fixed Temperature ◽  
Catalytic Systems ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Electrochemical Promotion Of Catalysis ◽  
The Right

The phenomenon of “Non-Faradaic Electrochemical Modification of Catalytic Activity (NEMCA)” or “Electrochemical Promotion of Catalysis (EPOC)” has been extensively studied for the last decades. Its main strength, with respect to conventionally promoted catalytic systems, is its capability to modify in-situ the activity and/or selectivity of a catalyst by controlling the supply and removal of promoters upon electrical polarization. Previous reviews have summarized the main achievements in this field from both the scientific and technological points of view. However, to this date no commercial application of the EPOC phenomenon has been developed, although numerous advances have been made on the application of EPOC on catalyst nanostructures (closer to those employed in conventional catalytic systems), and on the development of scaled-up reactors suitable for EPOC application. The main bottleneck for EPOC commercialization is likely the choice of the right chemical process. Therefore, from our point of view, future efforts should focus on coupling the latest EPOC advances with the chemical processes where the EPOC phenomenon offers a competitive advantage, either from an environmental, a practical or an economic point of view. In this article, we discuss some of the most promising cases published to date and suggest future improvement strategies. The considered processes are: (i) ethylene epoxidation with environmentally friendly promoters, (ii) NOx storage and reduction under constant reaction atmosphere, (iii) CH4 steam reforming with in-situ catalyst regeneration, (iv) H2 production, storage and release under fixed temperature and pressure, and (v) EPOC-enhanced electrolysers.

scholarly journals Legal nature of the requirements of the banking legislation of Ukraine to ensure credit operations of banks

2021 ◽  
pp. 297-305
Author(s):  
Anatoliy Babaskin
Keyword(s):  
Credit Card ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Functional Method ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
The Right

Іintroduction. Despite the fact that a significant number of scientific publications by well-known Ukrainian authors are devoted to the issues of legal regulation of credit obligations, at the same time separate studies of banking legislation requirements on "acceptability of collateral" have not been conducted in Ukrainian civil science in recent years. This, taking into account the gradual alignment of banking legislation of Ukraine with the standards of Basel III, and Directive 2002/47 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 June 2002 on financial collateral mechanisms, necessitates such scientific research. The aim of the article. On the basis of the analysis of the legislation of Ukraine, the legislation of the European Union, scientific advances in the sphere of civil law and banking legislation, in the context of the analysis of the banking legislation of Ukraine, it is safe for creditors. In order to achieve this goal: 1. Conduct an analysis of civil and legal species for the protection of crops for the subject of іх possible delivery to “acceptable safety” and vrahuvannya banks when opening a credit card. 2. Significantly "quasi-security", as viewed by the banking legislation in the form of "acceptable security" for credit cards. 3. Zdіysniti analysis of the approaches to the legislation of the EU in the field of protection from credit denominations. Results. The methodological basis of the study is general scientific and special legal methods of scientific knowledge. In particular, the dialectical method, the method of analysis and synthesis, the comparative law method, the functional method, the modeling method, etc. Conclusions. First, the banking legislation does not consider as "acceptable collateral" such types of collateral as penalty, surety, deposit, retention. Secondly, the banking legislation considers as "acceptable collateral" not only those specified in Part 1 of Art. 546 of the Civil Code of Ukraine types of security for performance of obligations (pledge, right of trust ownership, guarantee), and other types of security for performance of obligations provided by law or contract (reserve letter of credit, performing the function of financial guarantee, guarantees of public entities, guarantee payment), but also contractual constructions which do not concern types of maintenance of performance of obligations (repo agreements). Thus, the banking legislation considers collateral in credit operations from the economic point of view, according to which "acceptable collateral" is only such liquid collateral that guarantees the rapid recovery of the property of the creditor bank, which suffered damage due to default or improper performance of the counterparty loan obligation, as well as "quasi-collateral", if such is referred by banking legislation to "acceptable collateral". Third, the existence of rules in the banking legislation on the acceptability of collateral in no way affects the right of banks to use any type of collateral provided by law or contract, if the application of such is possible in credit relations, taking into account the legal nature of the relevant types. software. Fourth, the set of regulations of the National Bank of Ukraine on the acceptability of collateral can be considered as an institution of banking law, which includes as rules of civil law governing the types of collateral, other rules of contract law governing other "quasi-collateral" contractual constructions, as well as public-law special norms of banking legislation, which establish additional regulatory requirements for banks to ensure credit operations and calculate credit risk.

Assessment of Citrus Key Lime Production Supply, Exports and Domestic Demand in Mexico before and through the Threat of Citrus Greening (HLB)

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-56
Author(s):  
Maria Elena Vera Villagran ◽  
L. Myriam Sagarnaga Villegas ◽  
Jose Salas Gonzalez ◽  
Juan Leos Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
General Structure ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Citrus Greening ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Key Variables ◽  
Key Lime ◽  
The Right ◽  
Lime Production ◽  
The Relationship

This project looks for the relationship among variables influencing Mexican key lime supply and demand in the domestic and US market under the scenario of using a higher quantity of fertilizers as a strategy for responding against the threat of citrus greening (HLB). With the help of domestic and international databases from 2000 to 2012, a simultaneous equations model was built capturing behavioral and technical variables influencing supply and demand. The most important relationships among variables were price of the product and disposable income for the demand and use of fertilizers and exchange rate for the supply. This work gives the insight, from the economic point of view, that building a model including the right key variables will give a sense of the general structure of a market and the changes in stability due to a sanitary threat

scholarly journals Casa din zori

2018 ◽  
pp. 143-159
Author(s):  
Lorin Niculae ◽  
◽  
Ana-Dora Matei ◽  
Alecsandru Vasiliu ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Integration ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Homeless People ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Urban Spaces ◽  
Essential Dimension ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Right

„House of Dawn” is the name of a project pertaining to the Arhipera trademark. It follows the same line of action of the group, namely the practice of social participatory architecture. The project concentrates on assuming the human capital that is in the limit situation of privation of shelter and tries to integrate it in a program that involves qualification and professional conversion in the construction field; the goal of the program is the „overnight” building of a minimal dwelling. The solutions for this category of persons in state of difficulty, situated at the extremity of the society, entails the configuration of varied typologies of minimal evolutive dwellings; as in the previous projects, the solutions aim at a democratic architecture obtained by using the „bottom‐up” model. In addition, the project proposes an ecological approach of the design, a durable development of the dwellings and puts a strong emphasis on the sustainability. From a topological point of view, the plots for building the dwellings for the homeless people will be connected with the existent urban tissue in order to achieve the social integration of the participants in the program; the choice of the plots focuses on unconventional spaces with regard to social habitation. A possibility that has been carefully considered from scratch is the reprocessing of unused urban spaces, including the recycling of the initial architectural function. Through the manifest of this program we propose the conversion of certain unfinished spaces of the totalitarian architecture of The People’s House/The Palace of Parliament into spaces for social dwellings destined for unsheltered people. In this particular case, the architectural recycling transforms the Totalitarianism into democracy and restores The People’s House to the people itself. The project is based on the norms of common law regarding the right to occupy the space meant for habitation. A family that is able to erect a house overnight on a plot on which it has no rights to is dignified to inhabit the respective space and proves to be useful from a social and economic point of view to the community that accepts it. The idea of the project is also sustained by a program of social integration of the beneficiaries and their inclusion in the labor market. The implementation of this type of social architecture is defined by efficiency, adaptability and flexibility and it’s centered both on the consolidation of the communitarian potential and on dwelling as an essential dimension of the humans. At the border of day and night, at the intersection of two spaces placed at the extremes, the Arhipera projects speak about opening the limit and abolishing it.

In situ monitoring of the phenomenon of electrochemical promotion of catalysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 358 ◽  
pp. 27-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.P. Espinós ◽  
V.J. Rico ◽  
J. González-Cobos ◽  
J.R. Sánchez-Valencia ◽  
V. Pérez-Dieste ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Promotion ◽  
In Situ Monitoring ◽  
Electrochemical Promotion Of Catalysis

scholarly journals Evaluation of Optimization-Based EV Charging Scheduling with Load Limit in a Realistic Scenario

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 4730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steffen Limmer
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Simulation Experiments ◽  
Total Load ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Electric Vehicle Charging ◽  
Load Limit ◽  
Simplifying Assumptions ◽  
The Right ◽  
Ev Charging

In the literature, optimization-based approaches are frequently proposed for the control of electric vehicle charging. However, they are usually evaluated under simplifying assumptions and are not compared to more simple approaches. The present work compares optimization-based approaches with rule-based ones in a simple but realistic scenario, in which a certain limit for the total load has to be satisfied. The scenario is based on the situation at an office building in Germany. In simulation experiments, different control approaches are evaluated not only in terms of pure performance but also from an economic perspective. The results indicate that, although the optimization-based approaches outperform the rule-based approaches, they are not always the right choice from an economic point of view.

scholarly journals Biosimilars: New guns for the treatment of rheumatologic patients?

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Marotto ◽  
Angela Ceribelli ◽  
Piercarlo Sarzi Puttini
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Medical Information ◽  
Reference Product ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Biological Therapies ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
The Right ◽  
Current Guidelines ◽  
Rheumatic Patients

The advent of biological therapies in 2000s has represented a real revolution in the treatment of patients affected by rheumatic diseases, but biosimilars represent nowadays a further revolution both from an economic point of view and for the accessibility to treatment for rheumatic patients. The main scientific rheumatologic societies have clearly expressed themselves on the biosimilars topic, by highlighting how they represent a great opportunity to contain costs and treat more patients, and these advantages should be accepted by rheumatologists. The use of biosimilars in different European countries varies widely; in fact, in some of them their use is mandatory (at least in naïve patients), while in other countries it is only recommended. The knowledge and consequently the acceptance of biosimilars are different among patients, and this also depends on the correct medical information on this topic. As more and more biosimilars receive regulatory approval and reach the market, it is essential for healthcare professionals to have the right knowledge about them, so that they are properly transferred to their patients. Biosimilars are not identical to the reference product, and clinicians are particularly interested in the safety and effectiveness of switching from the biooriginator to the bio-similar in experienced patients. We will develop these aspects on biosimilars in the present manuscript, for an update on current guidelines in their use in rheumatic patients.

Energetska politika kao faktor održivog razvoja

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 66-72
Author(s):  
Gojko Rikalović ◽  
◽  
Bojan Vračarević ◽  
Dejan Molnar ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Global Climate ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Market Imperfections ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Professional Literature ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Fuel Prices ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
The Right

The energy market is characterized by significant imperfections. Negative external effects and other market imperfections have, among other things, a serious consequence - they send the wrong price signals and mask the real costs that arise in the process of energy production and consumption. As a result, there is a serious degradation of the environment at the local and global level. Negative effects at the global level, such as the depletion of non-renewable resources and changes in the global climate, represent the most serious challenges facing humanity today. Public sector responses to market imperfections, in the form of various measures and instruments, are well known in economic theory and have proved effective in practice in many circumstances. However, the fact that giving priority to economic and social goals in public policies can have and often results in deterioration of the quality of the environment is mainly ignored in the professional literature even today. In addition, the failure of energy regulations leads to environmental degradation. The situation is especially critical in many developing countries. In the race to achieve goals in the field of industry, agriculture or energy, there are major environmental problems that lead to environmental unsustainability as collateral damage. From an economic point of view, both the effectiveness and efficiency of energy policy are important, in terms of its potential to contribute to improvements in the field of environmental protection and energy efficiency. One of the best strategies is to introduce important aspects of the environment into the market sphere. In this way, the limitations of natural resources would be reflected in their prices. Abolishing the practice of large subsidies and underestimation of fossil fuel prices is certainly a step in the right direction.

scholarly journals In-Situ Combination of Bio and Abio Remediation of Chlorinated Ethenes

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 463-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lenka Lacinová ◽  
Martina Černíková ◽  
Jaroslav Hrabal ◽  
Miroslav Černík
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Chemical Reduction ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Chlorinated Ethenes ◽  
Low Permeability ◽  
Contaminant Removal ◽  
Repeated Application ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
The Individual

Abstract This article deals with combined abio-bioreductive methods for in-situ removal of chlorinated ethenes. The method is based on the use of bioremediation supported by lactate and chemical reduction using nZVI. The method is compared with the use of the individual methods alone, mainly with nZVI. In an environment with very low permeability a poor contaminant removal efficiency was achieved during repeated application of nZVI (about 50% of the original content of contamination). Separate application of lactate resulted in conversion of PCE to 1,2-cis-DCE, whose degradation occurred very slowly. When using the combined abio-bioreductive method, based on consecutive application of lactates and nZVI, over 75% of the original content of contamination was removed. This article discusses not only the changes in concentrations of contaminants but also pH and ORP. Both methods are also compared from an economic point of view.

Presbyterian Attitudes Toward Slavery

1938 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-114
Author(s):  
Irving Stoddard Kull
Keyword(s):  
Early Period ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Benjamin Franklin ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Initial Cost ◽  
Benjamin Rush ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Right ◽  
Life Work

Although for two and a half centuries of our American history slavery was a legal institution and for much of that time a significant factor in our life and although throughout that long period there were opponents to it, moral and religious opposition was not strong until a late date. Much of the opposition in the colonial period was from an economic point of view: the returns would not justify the institution; the initial cost of the slaves was great; their labor was unwillingly given; the system promoted the idleness of the rich and robbed the poor of opportunity and prevented the immigration of industrious laborers. Benjamin Franklin thought that slavery retarded population and industry, and Dr. Benjamin Rush observed that small farms with free labor returned greater profits than slave economy. Here there was no question as to whether slavery was morally right or wrong, only “did it pay?” There was also, in this early period, opposition to slavery from a political point of view in that security was endangered. But in all the thirteen colonies slavery existed and everywhere respectable people owned slaves and clergymen of the major churches, if they had the price, owned them as well dressed clergymen today own automobiles. Here and there a lone voice was raised in opposition on moral or religious grounds, but only the Quakers, as a religious group, made slave-keeping a bar to fellowship. John Woolman, their anti-slavery apostle, made it his life work to go about the country and argue against slavery, because it was contrary to Christianity and because “liberty was the right of all men equally.”

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