scholarly journals Greenhouse Gas Sensors Fabricated with New Materials for Climatic Usage: A Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalathur Santhanam ◽  
Nuzhet Ahamed
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Gas Sensors ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Dissolved Carbon ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Gas ◽  
Walled Carbon Nanotubes

With the increasing utilization of fossil fuels in today’s technological world, the atmosphere’s concentration of greenhouse gases is increasing and needs to be controlled. In order to achieve this goal, it is imperative to have sensors that can provide data on the greenhouse gases in the environment. The recent literature contains a few publications that detail the use of new methods and materials for sensing these gases. The first part of this review is focused on the possible effects of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and the second part surveys the developments of sensors for greenhouse gases with coverage on carbon nano-materials and composites directed towards sensing gases like CO2, CH4, and NOx. With carbon dioxide measurements, due consideration is given to the dissolved carbon dioxide gas in water (moisture). The density functional calculations project that Pd-doped single-walled carbon nanotubes are ideal for the development of NOx sensors. The current trend is to make sensors using 3D printing or inkjet printing in order to allow for the achievement of ppb levels of sensitivity that have not been realized before. This review is to elaborate on the need for the development of greenhouse gas sensors for climatic usage by using selected examples.

Soil and Climate Change

Earth Matters ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Bardgett
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Intensive Farming ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Carbon Store

The world’s climate is changing. Not only is it getting warmer, but also there are more extreme weather events, such as droughts, storms, and catastrophic floods. Humans are undoubtedly the cause of this change in climate, through the burning of fossil fuels, intensive farming, deforestation, and many other aspects of our industrious lives that increase the emission of greenhouse gases—carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide—to the atmosphere. In fact, over the past fifty years or so there has been an unprecedented increase in the release of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, and, unless measures are put in place to cap emissions, this trend is likely to continue. So what have soils got to do with climate change? Put simply, soils play a pivotal role because they act as both a source and sink for greenhouse gases, and any disruption of this balance will affect the concentration of these gases in the atmosphere and hence the global climate, potentially making the situation either better or worse. Perhaps the most powerful illustration of this concerns the carbon cycle. Soil is the Earth’s third largest carbon store, next to the oceans and deep deposits of fossil fuels, and together with vegetation it contains at least three times more carbon than the atmosphere. Many worry that climate change will destabilize these carbon stores by stimulating the soil organisms that break down soil organic matter, releasing vast quantities of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. This could shift soils from being sinks to sources of this greenhouse gas, thereby accelerating climate change. Scientists call this carbon-cycle feedback, and we will revisit it later. Let’s begin with the main actors of climate change, the greenhouse gases. The most abundant and well-known greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide. This gas is taken up from the atmosphere by plants through the process of photosynthesis, which occurs in the presence of light. Plants retain most of the carbon they take up and use it to grow and sustain their metabolism, but they also release a portion back to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide through respiration from both their shoots and roots.

scholarly journals ANTHROPOGENIC COMPONENT OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM THE TERRITORY OF THE KALININGRAD REGION

2020 ◽  
pp. 94-110
Author(s):  
N.V. Dvoeglazova ◽  
B.V. Chubarenko ◽  
Y.A. Kozlova
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Absorption ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Technology Improvement ◽  
Kaliningrad Region

The increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is influenced to a greater extent by a degree of development of industry, a growth of electrification, deforestation, and the burning of fuel for the production of heating and electricity. The contribution of emissions of each of these factors and the ratio of greenhouse gases in them should be taken into account when developing the measures to prevent climate change. According to calculations of emissions from the territory of the Kaliningrad region the burning of fuel and energy resources are supposed to be playing the main role in the greenhouse gas emission from the territory of the Kaliningrad region. In statistical reference books this activity is described as the “activities for the production and distribution of electricity, gas and water.” The usage of this fuel in the energy sector is increasing: from 1742.4 thousand tons of standard fuel in 1991 up to 2193.9 in 2016. Such little increase in total emissions is due to the general technology improvement in the country. Carbon dioxide makes up the bulk of greenhouse gas emissions from the territory of the Kaliningrad region. The percentage of the gases in the total volume is as follows: CO2 - 96.7%, CH4 - 1%, N2 O - 2.3%. Its emissions for the period from 2013 to 2016 varied from 3,757.4 in 2014 to 4,091.7 in 2015 thousand tons of standard fuel, reaching its maximum value in 2015. The estimate presented in this paper is a lower estimate, since it does not take into account emissions from industrial processes, leaks, land use, waste, etc., as well as from some categories of emission sources due to the lack of data on the use of fuel in the Kaliningrad region. Among other things, the calculations of emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide from the use of fuel by vehicles in 2016, which have shown to be 1.86 times less than from burning of fossil fuels for the same year (2032.87 Gg CO2 eq. and 3914.79 Gg CO2 eq., respectively) and to account for 34.5% of the total emissions, have been made. Moreover, according to the methodology for calculating emissions the factor of carbon dioxide absorption by the region’s forests has been taken into account. The amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by forests has shown to be only 11.9% of the emissions of this gas during the combustion of boiler and furnace fuel.

6. Planetary climate and habitability

2021 ◽  
pp. 96-121
Author(s):  
Raymond T. Pierrehumbert
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Temperature Profile ◽  
Greenhouse Effect ◽  
Infrared Radiation ◽  
The Way

‘Planetary climate and habitability’ studies planetary climate, particularly the way an atmosphere affects temperature and a planet's habitability. The entire temperature profile, from the planet's centre to the tenuous outer reaches of its atmosphere (if it has one), is of importance. Real atmospheres are never completely transparent to the infrared radiation which seeks to escape to space. Gases which are good absorbers of infrared radiation act as planetary insulation. This is the greenhouse effect, and gases that are good infrared absorbers are called greenhouse gases; carbon dioxide is an important greenhouse gas for Earth.

scholarly journals Meta-Analysis of Strategies to Reduce NH3 Emissions from Slurries in European Agriculture and Consequences for Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1633
Author(s):  
Christoph Emmerling ◽  
Andreas Krein ◽  
Jürgen Junk
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Ammonia Emission ◽  
Ammonia Emissions ◽  
The Impact

The intensification of livestock production, to accommodate rising human population, has led to a higher emission of ammonia into the environment. For the reduction of ammonia emissions, different management steps have been reported in most EU countries. Some authors, however, have criticized such individual measures, because attempts to abate the emission of ammonia may lead to significant increases in either methane, nitrous oxide, or carbon dioxide. In this study, we carried out a meta-analysis of experimental European data published in peer-reviewed journals to evaluate the impact of major agricultural management practices on ammonia emissions, including the pollution swapping effect. The result of our meta-analysis showed that for the treatment, storage, and application stages, only slurry acidification was effective for the reduction of ammonia emissions (−69%), and had no pollution swapping effect with other greenhouse gases, like nitrous oxide (−21%), methane (−86%), and carbon dioxide (−15%). All other management strategies, like biological treatment, separation strategies, different storage types, the concealing of the liquid slurry with different materials, and variable field applications were effective to varying degrees for the abatement of ammonia emission, but also resulted in the increased emission of at least one other greenhouse gas. The strategies focusing on the decrease of ammonia emissions neglected the consequences of the emissions of other greenhouse gases. We recommend a combination of treatment technologies, like acidification and soil incorporation, and/or embracing emerging technologies, such as microbial inhibitors and slow release fertilizers.

scholarly journals Silica-Related Catalysts for CO2 Transformation into Methanol and Dimethyl Ether

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1282
Author(s):  
Isabel Barroso-Martín ◽  
Antonia Infantes-Molina ◽  
Fatemeh Jafarian Fini ◽  
Daniel Ballesteros-Plata ◽  
Enrique Rodríguez-Castellón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Dimethyl Ether ◽  
Catalytic Reactions ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Emission Of Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Co2 Transformation

The climate situation that the planet is experiencing, mainly due to the emission of greenhouse gases, poses great challenges to mitigate it. Since CO2 is the most abundant greenhouse gas, it is essential to reduce its emissions or, failing that, to use it to obtain chemicals of industrial interest. In recent years, much research have focused on the use of CO2 to obtain methanol, which is a raw material for the synthesis of several important chemicals, and dimethyl ether, which is advertised as the cleanest and highest efficiency diesel substitute fuel. Given that the bibliography on these catalytic reactions is already beginning to be extensive, and due to the great variety of catalysts studied by the different research groups, this review aims to expose the most important catalytic characteristics to take into account in the design of silica-based catalysts for the conversion of carbon dioxide to methanol and dimethyl ether.

The case for long-term studies of greenhouse gas emissions

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 166-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
TIM NEWCOMB
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Long Term Studies

Many nations have recognized the need to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). The scientific assessments of climate change of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) support the need to reduce GHG emissions. The 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the 1992 Convention on Climate Change (UNTS 30822) has now been signed by more than 65 countries, although that Protocol has not yet entered into force. Some 14 of the industrialized countries listed in the Protocol face reductions in carbon dioxide emissions of more than 10% compared to projected 1997 carbon dioxide emissions (Najam & Page 1998).

scholarly journals Mixing the Message: Do Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Affect Dung-Generated Greenhouse Gas Emissions?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fallon Fowler ◽  
Christopher J. Gillespie ◽  
Steve Denning ◽  
Shuijin Hu ◽  
Wes Watson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Dung Beetle ◽  
Dung Beetles ◽  
Literature Analysis ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Equivalent

AbstractBy mixing and potentially aerating dung, dung beetles may affect the microbes producing the greenhouse gases (GHGs): carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). Here, their sum-total global warming effect is described as the carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e). Our literature analysis of reported GHG emissions and statistics suggests that most dung beetles do not, however, reduce CO2e even if they do affect individual GHGs. Here, we compare the GHG signature of homogenized (“premixed”) and unhomogenized (“unmixed”) dung with and without dung beetles to test whether mixing and burial influence GHGs. Mixing by hand or by dung beetles did not reduce any GHG – in fact, tunneling dung beetles increased N2O medians by ≥1.8x compared with dung-only. This suggests that either: 1) dung beetles do not meaningfully mitigate GHGs as a whole; 2) dung beetle burial activity affects GHGs more than mixing alone; or 3) greater dung beetle abundance and activity is required to produce an effect.

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