scholarly journals Trait Interindividual Differences in the Magnitude of Subjective Sleepiness from Sleep Inertia

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 298-311
Author(s):  
Kirsie R. Lundholm ◽  
Kimberly A. Honn ◽  
Lillian Skeiky ◽  
Rachael A. Muck ◽  
Hans P. A. Van Dongen
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Interindividual Differences ◽  
Sleep Period ◽  
Work Settings ◽  
Sleep Inertia ◽  
Recovery Sleep ◽  
Subjective Sleepiness ◽  
Karolinska Sleepiness Scale ◽  
Using Data

In shift work settings and on-call operations, workers may be at risk of sleep inertia when called to action immediately after awakening from sleep. However, individuals may differ substantially in their susceptibility to sleep inertia. We investigated this using data from a laboratory study in which 20 healthy young adults were each exposed to 36 h of total sleep deprivation, preceded by a baseline sleep period and followed by a recovery sleep period, on three separate occasions. In the week prior to each laboratory session and on the corresponding baseline night in the laboratory, participants either extended their sleep period to 12 h/day or restricted it to 6 h/day. During periods of wakefulness in the laboratory, starting right after scheduled awakening, participants completed neurobehavioral tests every 2 h. Testing included the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale to measure subjective sleepiness, for which the data were analyzed with nonlinear mixed-effects regression to quantify sleep inertia. This revealed considerable interindividual differences in the magnitude of sleep inertia, which were highly stable within individuals after both baseline and recovery sleep periods, regardless of study condition. Our results demonstrate that interindividual differences in subjective sleepiness due to sleep inertia are substantial and constitute a trait.

It Is Your Decision to Date Interracially: The Influence of Family Approval on the Likelihood of Interracial/Interethnic Dating

2021 ◽  
pp. 0192513X2199413
Author(s):  
Byron Miller ◽  
Savanah Catalina ◽  
Sara Rocks ◽  
Kathryn Tillman
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Romantic Relationships ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Interracial Romance ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Do So

Although attitudes toward interracial romantic relationships (IRRs) have generally improved over the years, many Americans still disapprove of their family members being in IRRs. Prior studies have examined correlates of individual-level attitudes about interracial romance, but less is known about whether family members’ attitudes are directly associated with young people’s decisions to date interracially. Using data collected from 790 romantically involved college students at two large public four-year universities, we find that young adults who believe their siblings, parents, and grandparents approve of IRRs have greater odds of dating interracially. Compared to Whites, Blacks and Hispanics are more likely to be interracially involved but their decision to do so is much less dependent on the approval of their parents and grandparents. We also find young adults are more likely to date interracially if they have five or more relatives with IRR experience themselves. The findings and their implications are discussed.

Sleep Loss and Temporal Memory

2000 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 271-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvonne Harrison ◽  
James A. Horne
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Sleep Deprivation ◽  
Neuropsychological Test ◽  
Optimal Performance ◽  
Historical Evidence ◽  
Temporal Memory ◽  
Short Novel ◽  
Subjective Sleepiness ◽  
Insight Into

Historical evidence suggests that sleep deprivation affects temporal memory, but this has not been studied systematically. We explored the effects of 36 hr of sleep deprivation on a neuropsychological test of temporal memory. To promote optimal performance, the test was short, novel, and interesting, and caffeine was used to reduce “sleepiness”. A total of 40 young adults were randomized into four groups: control + caffeine (Cc), control + placebo (Cp), sleep deprived + caffeine (SDc), and sleep deprived + placebo (SDp). Controls slept normally. Caffeine (350 mg) or placebo were given just prior to testing. The task comprised colour photographs of unknown faces and had two components: recognition memory (distinction between previously presented and novel faces), and recency discrimination (temporal memory), when a previously shown face was presented. An interpolated task, self-ordered pointing, acted as a distraction. Caffeine had no effects within control conditions, but significantly reduced subjective sleepiness in SDc. Recognition was unaffected by sleep deprivation, whereas for recency, sleep deprivation groups scored significantly lower than controls. There was no significant improvement of recency with caffeine in the SDc group. Both sleep deprivation groups had poorer insight into their performance with recency. Self-ordered pointing remained unchanged. In conclusion, sleep deprivation impairs temporal memory (i.e. recency) despite other conditions promoting optimal performance.

scholarly journals Step Number and Aerobic Minute Exercise Prescription and Progression in Stroke: A Roadmap

2021 ◽  
pp. 154596832110628
Author(s):  
Sue Peters ◽  
Tara Klassen ◽  
Amy Schneeberg ◽  
Sean Dukelow ◽  
Mark Bayley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Walking Speed ◽  
Inpatient Rehabilitation ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects ◽  
Aerobic Activity ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Dose Trial ◽  
Therapeutic Intensity ◽  
Step Number

Background While higher therapeutic intensity improves motor recovery after stroke, translating findings from successful studies is challenging without clear exercise intensity targets. We show in the DOSE trial 1 more than double the steps and aerobic minutes within a session can be achieved compared with usual care and translates to improved long-term walking outcomes. Objective We modeled data from this successful higher intensity multi-site RCT to develop targets for prescribing and progressing exercise for varying levels of walking impairment after stroke. Methods In twenty-five individuals in inpatient rehabilitation, twenty sessions were monitored for a total of 500 one-hour physical therapy sessions. For the 500 sessions, step number and aerobic minute progression were modeled using linear mixed effects regression. Using formulas from the linear mixed effects regression, targets were calculated. Results The model for step number included session number and baseline walking speed, and for aerobic minutes, session number and age. For steps, there was an increase of 73 steps per session. With baseline walking speed, for every 0.1 m/s increase, a corresponding increase of 302 steps was predicted. For aerobic minutes, there was an increase of .56 minutes of aerobic activity (ie, 34 seconds) per session. For every year increase in age, a decrease of .39 minutes (ie, 23 seconds) was predicted. Conclusions Using data associated with better walking outcomes, we provide step number and aerobic minute targets that future studies can cross-validate. As walking speed and age are collected at admission, these models allow for uptake of routine measurement of therapeutic intensity. Registration: www.clinicaltrials.gov ; NCT01915368.

DIVORCE IN THE SIDE OF A MARRIAGE WITHOUT COUNSELLING

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
davidming ming
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Religious Involvement ◽  
Christian Spirituality ◽  
Literature Research ◽  
Good Communication ◽  
Family Building ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Harmonious Family

The author gives the purpose of writing to discuss the crisis in the household, rebuild the household and give Christian values in counteracting divorce. The author uses descriptive literature research method data and provides research results: How a harmonious family can be established dynamically if we base our family building on the basis of strong Christian spirituality values accompanied by a fabric of good communication between us and our children. Surprisingly few studies have explored the implications of divorce happened because family can not be established, especially in young adulthood. This study addresses several theoretical arguments linking divorce in the side of spiritual value with reduced religious involvement in young adulthood and tests relevant hypotheses using data from a unique sample. Results show that divorce in the side of spiritual value is associated with substantially lower communicate religious involvement among young adults in their families house.

scholarly journals Immigrant Generation, Stress Exposure, and Substance Abuse among a South Florida Sample of Hispanic Young Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 237802311984301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacy Salerno ◽  
John Taylor ◽  
Quentin K. Kilpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Social Stress ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
South Florida ◽  
Generational Status ◽  
Dade County ◽  
First Generation Immigrants ◽  
Using Data

Existing research finds that succeeding immigrant generations are at greater risk for mental health problems as well as higher levels of substance use. Previous studies have attempted to unpack the role of acculturation stress, discrimination, and other factors in these outcomes. Using data from a community-based sample of Miami-Dade County young adults, we use an empirically and theoretically precise measurement of generational status, allowing us to better understand the process of acculturation and adaptation experienced by each generation. Our results are consistent with theories on the relationship between exposure to social stress and substance use. We find that first-generation immigrants have less exposure to social stress and as a consequence are at a decreased risk for involvement in substance use compared to second- and third-generation immigrants, who report being exposed to higher levels of social stress and higher levels of substance use.

Gender Differences in the Dating Experiences of African American Young Adults: The Challenge of Forming Romantic Relationships Within the Context of Power Imbalance

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie Gordon Simons ◽  
Tara E. Sutton ◽  
Antoinette M. Landor ◽  
Ashley B. Barr ◽  
Chalandra M. Bryant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
African American ◽  
African American Women ◽  
African American Men ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Mate Preferences ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Dating Relationships ◽  
Using Data ◽  
American Young Adults

Past research has documented that structural factors produce a skewed dating market in African American communities that advantages men over women. Using data collected from a sample of 495 African American young adults (55.8% women, Mage = 22), we tested the idea that African American men can be more selective when choosing dating partners than their female counterparts due to their power advantage. Consonant with this hypothesis, our results indicated that women who had characteristics consistent with men’s mate preferences were significantly more likely to be involved in dating relationships. However, there were no associations between the likelihood of men’s dating frequency or relationship status and whether they typified women’s mate preferences. These findings support the contention that, unlike their male counterparts, African American women may have to compromise their mate preferences and date less desirable partners due to the gendered power disadvantage in the dating market.

Thermoregulatory and soporific effects of very low dose melatonin injection

1999 ◽  
Vol 276 (2) ◽  
pp. E249-E254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron J. van den Heuvel ◽  
David J. Kennaway ◽  
Drew Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Core Temperature ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Elevated Plasma ◽  
Melatonin Treatment ◽  
Hand Temperature ◽  
Subjective Sleepiness ◽  
The Mean ◽  
C 30 ◽  
Melatonin Injection

The effect of a rapid increase in circulating melatonin on body temperatures and sleepiness was investigated in eight young adults at 1000. Melatonin administered intravenously at 10- and 30-μg doses, but not 3 μg, resulted in elevated plasma and saliva levels consistent with endogenous levels measured in adults at night. Melatonin at 10 and 30 μg significantly attenuated the daytime increase in rectal core temperature ( P < 0.05 for both). The mean maximum rectal core temperature differences between saline and melatonin treatment were 0.11 ± 0.03°C, 0.16 ± 0.04°C, and 0.18 ± 0.04°C after the 3-, 10-, and 30-μg melatonin doses, respectively. All three doses significantly increased hand temperature compared with saline ( P < 0.05) within 30 min. The mean maximum hand temperature differences were 0.72 ± 0.12°C (3 μg), 0.95 ± 0.15°C (10 μg), and 0.65 ± 0.11°C (30 μg). Foot temperature and subjective sleepiness measures did not change at any melatonin dose. The results suggest that daytime intravenous injection of melatonin to achieve normal nocturnal levels in young adults may produce significant thermoregulatory changes without soporific effects.

Biomechanical Comparison of Countermovement Jumps Performed on Land and in Water: Age Effects

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Talin Louder ◽  
Dennis Dolny ◽  
Eadric Bressel
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Mechanical Power ◽  
Water Age ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medicine Research ◽  
Rehabilitation Programs ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Kinematic Measures

Context:The aquatic environment provides a low-impact alternative to land-based exercise and rehabilitation in older adults.Objective:Evaluate the biomechanics of older adults and young adults performing jumping movements on land and in water.Design and Setting:Cross-sectional, mixed-factorial experiment; adjustable-depth pool at sports medicine research facility.Participants:Fifty-six young adults (age = 22.0 [3.9] y) and 12 healthy older adults (age = 57.3 [4.4] y).Interventions:Each participant performed 6 maximal effort countermovement jumps: 3 jumps were performed on land, and 3 other jumps were performed with participants immersed in chest-deep water.Main Outcome Measures:Using data from the amortization and propulsive phases of jumping, the authors computed the following kinetic and kinematic measures: peak and mean mechanical power, peak force, amortization time and rate, unweighting and propulsive times, and lower-extremity segment kinematics.Results:Mechanical power outputs were greater in younger adults (peak: 7322 [4035] W) versus older adults (peak: 5661.65 [2639.86] W) and for jumps performed in water (peak: 9387 [3981] W) versus on land (peak: 4545.84 [1356.53] W). Peak dorsiflexion velocities were greater for jumps performed in water (66 [34] deg/s) versus on land (4 [7] deg/s). The amortization rate was 26% greater in water versus on land. The amortization time was 20% longer in older adults versus young adults.Conclusions:Countermovement jumps performed in water are mechanically specific from those performed on land. Older adults jumped with longer unweighting times and increased mechanical power in water. These results suggest that aquatic-based exercise and rehabilitation programs that feature jumping movements may benefit older adults.

scholarly journals Within-person structures of daily cognitive performance differ from between-person structures of cognitive abilities

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Schmiedek ◽  
Martin Lövdén ◽  
Timo von Oertzen ◽  
Ulman Lindenberger
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Human Intelligence ◽  
General Factor ◽  
General Intelligence ◽  
Common Variance ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Over Time

Over a century of research on between-person differences has resulted in the consensus that human cognitive abilities are hierarchically organized, with a general factor, termed general intelligence or “g,” uppermost. Surprisingly, it is unknown whether this body of evidence is informative about how cognition is structured within individuals. Using data from 101 young adults performing nine cognitive tasks on 100 occasions distributed over six months, we find that the structures of individuals’ cognitive abilities vary among each other, and deviate greatly from the modal between-person structure. Working memory contributes the largest share of common variance to both between- and within-person structures, but the g factor is much less prominent within than between persons. We conclude that between-person structures of cognitive abilities cannot serve as a surrogate for within-person structures. To reveal the development and organization of human intelligence, individuals need to be studied over time.

scholarly journals Within-person structures of daily cognitive performance cannot be inferred from between-person structures of cognitive abilities

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Schmiedek ◽  
Martin Lövdén ◽  
Timo von Oertzen ◽  
Ulman Lindenberger
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Human Intelligence ◽  
General Factor ◽  
General Intelligence ◽  
Common Variance ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Over Time

Over a century of research on between-person differences has resulted in the consensus that human cognitive abilities are hierarchically organized, with a general factor, termed general intelligence or “g,” uppermost. Surprisingly, it is unknown whether this body of evidence is informative about how cognition is structured within individuals. Using data from 101 young adults performing nine cognitive tasks on 100 occasions distributed over six months, we find that the structures of individuals’ cognitive abilities vary among each other, and deviate greatly from the modal between-person structure. Working memory contributes the largest share of common variance to both between- and within-person structures, but the g factor is much less prominent within than between persons. We conclude that between-person structures of cognitive abilities cannot serve as a surrogate for within-person structures. To reveal the development and organization of human intelligence, individuals need to be studied over time.

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