scholarly journals Fire Characteristics of Selected Tropical Woods without and with Fire Retardant

Coatings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Makovicka Osvaldova ◽  
Patricia Kadlicova ◽  
Jozef Rychly
Keyword(s):  
Average Rate ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Heat Emission ◽  
South American ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Wood Fire ◽  
Lower Maximum ◽  
Fire Characteristics ◽  
Tropical Woods ◽  
Ferrous Phosphate

The flammability of tropical woods and the effect of a selected fire protection coating were evaluated using a cone calorimeter at a cone radiancy of 35 kW/m2. Three samples were from the South American continent (Cumaru, Garapa, Ipe), and two were from the Asian continent (Kempas and Merbau). Samples were treated with commercial fire retardant (FR) containing ferrous phosphate as an essential component. The untreated samples were used as reference materials that were of particular interest concerning their flammability. It was shown that there is unambiguous correlation between the effective heat of combustion (EHC) and total oxygen consumed (TOC) related to mass lost during burning for both the untreated and treated samples. In the case of Cumaru and Garapa, there exists an inverse relation between the amount of smoke and carbon residue. The decisive effect on the time of ignition was performed by the initial mass of the sample. This is valid for the spruce and the Cumaru, Ipe, and Kempas, both treated and untreated with retardant, while Garapa and Merbau were found to decline. According to the lower maximum average rate of heat emission (MARHE) parameter, a lower flammability was observed for the treated samples of wood, except for Garapa wood. Fire-retardant treated Garapa and Merbau also have a significantly lower time to ignition than untreated ones.

scholarly journals Analysis of Fire Characteristics based on the Thickness and Incident Heat Flux of Wood

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 13-21
Author(s):  
Sun-Woo Hwang ◽  
Won-Hee Park ◽  
Chang-Yong Kim
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Medium Density Fiberboard ◽  
Heat Emission ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Particle Board ◽  
Combustion Heat ◽  
Incident Heat Flux ◽  
Piloted Ignition ◽  
Fire Characteristics

This study tested the wood used in building interiors; each type had various incident heat fluxes based on their thickness. The combustion characteristics measured were effective heat of combustion, heat release rate peak and arrival time, maximum average rate of heat emission, and piloted ignition temperature. The wood specimens used in the experiment were 4.8 to 18 mm thick. 25, 35, 50, and 60 kW/m<sup>2</sup> were applied to the incident heat flux that the wood specimens were exposed to. The wood specimens tested were two types of medium-density fiberboard (each with a different density), treated red pine, particle board, and plywood. A comprehensive comparison of different fire characteristics was conducted to analyze the fire patterns corresponding to each type of wood in this way, the risk of fire was studied. The risk of fire was particularly high for particle board. The results of quantifying the fire characteristics of the types of wood studied could function as important input data with which to calculate the fire load of composite combustibles.

scholarly journals Development of Physical Pretreatment Method for Wood Fire Retardant Impregnation

BioResources ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hee-Jun Park ◽  
Ming-Yu Wen ◽  
Chun-Won Kang ◽  
Yao-Xing Sun
Keyword(s):  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Pretreatment Method ◽  
Wood Fire

Study on the Effects of Microwave Pretreatment on the Fire Retardant Permeability of Fast-Growing Wood

2013 ◽  
Vol 423-426 ◽  
pp. 1334-1338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Zhang ◽  
Shao Fei Yuan ◽  
Kui Hong Wang ◽  
Qin Li
Keyword(s):  
Loss Rate ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Chinese Fir ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Combustion Time ◽  
Implantation Depth ◽  
Wood Fire ◽  
Fire Retardant Properties

The paper preheated poplar and Chinese fir with microwave before dipping into fire retardant solution with the purpose of improving their permeability. The test results showed that microwave increased the routs for liquid which proved to be a feasible way to facilitate fire retardant solution to enter into wood. Fire retardant loading dosage (FRLD) and implantation depth (ID) increased for both poplar and Chinese fir. Fire retardant properties such as oxygen index (OI), mass loss rate (MLR) and flame combustion time (FCT) increased and can meet the fire retardant wood requirements defined by standard of GA/T 42.1-92.

scholarly journals Development of recyclable Fibre Metal Laminates (FML), their mechanical characterization and FE modelling, aiming at structural application in aeronautics

2021 ◽  
Vol 349 ◽  
pp. 01010
Author(s):  
Stefano Bassi ◽  
Matteo Scafe ◽  
Enrico Leoni ◽  
Claudio Mingazzini ◽  
Narayan Jatinder Bhatia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Characterization ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Fe Modelling ◽  
Composite Sandwich ◽  
Fibre Metal ◽  
Material Solution ◽  
Fire Characteristics

This study concerns with the optimisation of a fibre-reinforced composite material ply book and application to an aeronautical component. The presented material solution is a recyclable FML (Fibre Metal Laminate). Recyclable and structural PMCs (Polymeric Matrix Composites) developed up-to now in ENEA had to be improved to satisfy the high-demanding fire characteristics requirements in aeronautics, particularly for the case considered in ongoing project FireMat (www.firemat.it), namely a turbine-bonnet production. FireMat project objective is the combination of weight reduction and fire resistance, maximizing the use C2C recyclable, secondary and biomass derived raw materials. Aluminium layers were introduced inside the lamination, to act as oxygen barriers and improve fire-retardancy. FML were obtained starting from a fire-retardant biobased resin, which was associated with aeronautical grade basalt-derived mineral fabric, processed in the form of a prepreg and then coupled with aluminium foils. FE modelling was based on performed mechanical characterization of the single layers and inter- layer adhesive strength of the ply stack: a composite sandwich structure (including aluminium honeycomb) was optimised.

Treatment of European beech with a new wood fire retardant agent based on in situ deposition of calcium oxalate

Holzforschung ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (11) ◽  
pp. 1047-1050 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Franke ◽  
Thomas Volkmer
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Potassium Oxalate ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Weight Percentage ◽  
In Situ Deposition ◽  
Wood Fire ◽  
Weight Percentage Gain

Abstract European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) was impregnated in a two-step process with aqueous solutions of potassium oxalate and calcium chloride successively. These compounds are intended to react in situ to the water-insoluble salt calcium oxalate and the reaction by-product potassium chloride. In order to assess the treatability, the solid uptake after the first impregnation and after the treatment was examined. The fixation of the precipitated salts was measured in leaching tests according to the European standard EN 84. The reaction to fire of mineralized beech was tested following the standard ISO 11925-2. A weight percentage gain of appr. 35% indicates a sucessful treatment of the beech with the mineralization agents. The weight percentage gain after leaching indicates a sufficient fixation of calcium oxalate in the wood. Furthermore, results from flammability tests indicate improved fire resistance due to the mineralization.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF FIRE RETARDANT ADDITIVES ON FIRE PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS BASED ON POLYESTER RESIN POLIMAL 1033 APY

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 456-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerzy Gałaj ◽  
Marzena Półka ◽  
Ritoldas Šukys
Keyword(s):  
Polyester Resin ◽  
Molybdenum Trioxide ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Antimony Trioxide ◽  
Significant Delay ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Co Concentration ◽  
Properties Of Materials ◽  
Fire Properties

To investigate the influence of special additives – fire retardants – on the selected fire properties of materials based on polyester resin Polimal 1033 APy produced in the chemical plant ‘Organika-Sarzyna’ in Poland, a full scale of fire methods has been used. Three samples have been studied during combustion in a closed compartment: an unmodified sample, a sample containing 14% of MoO3 (molybdenum trioxide) and a sample containing 14% of antimony trioxide (Sb2O3). Several important parameters related to the combustion of tested polyester materials have been obtained as a result of the undertaken studies such as temperature and carbon monoxide (CO) concentration. This paper discusses the outcome of the conducted full-scale studies. Special emphasis is placed on analysis showing variation in time of these parameters during the combustion of three different polyester materials with and without fire retardant additives. One of the most important parameters taking into account evacuation conditions is time, for reaching the critical value of both temperature and CO concentration that has also been considered in the study. The performed research has demonstrated that the application of the selected additives in the polyester material, in our case Polimal 1033 APy, has enhanced fire resistance of the material mainly by a significant delay of a growth in temperature and CO concentration and almost twice-reduced CO generation, particularly in the case of adding Sb2O3.

Powder-epoxy resin/glass fabric composites with reduced flammability

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafał Oliwa ◽  
Mariusz Oleksy ◽  
Justyna Czech-Polak ◽  
Magdalena Płocińska ◽  
Sławomir Krauze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Heat Emission ◽  
Glass Fabric ◽  
Flame Resistance ◽  
Fabric Composites ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Main Component

This study investigates the possible enhancement of flame resistance in powder-epoxy resin/glass fabric composites. For this purpose, the halogen-free flame retardants containing phosphorous, nitrogen and aluminium were used. The total content of the fillers did not exceed 25 wt%. The laminates assessed for flame retardancy were designed specifically to be used as components of seats in public transport. Thermal resistance of the laminates and the surfaces of partially burned composites were also examined using thermogravimetric and scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy analyses, respectively. On the basis of the obtained results, it was found that the highest flame resistance (V-0 class, minimum oxygen concentration = 35.5% and maximum average rate of heat emission = 38.5 kW/m2 at an incident heat flux of 50 kW/m2) was identified in the laminates with matrix comprising 15 wt% aluminium diethyl phosphinate and 10 wt% melamine polyphosphate. In turn, the laminates with the matrix containing ammonium polyphosphate as the main component achieved only the V-1 flammability class.

Mechanical, fire, and smoke behaviour of hybrid composites based on polyamide 6 with basalt/carbon fibres

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (28-30) ◽  
pp. 3979-3991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Mazur ◽  
Stanislaw Kuciel ◽  
Kamila Salasinska
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Water Sorption ◽  
Hybrid Composites ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Young Modulus ◽  
Polyamide 6 ◽  
Heat Emission ◽  
Carbon Fibres ◽  
Threefold Increase ◽  
Reduced Water

This paper describes the hybridization of basalt and carbon fibres in polyamide 6 by injection moulding method and the analyses of the mechanical, morphological, fire, and smoke properties of the obtained materials. The content of basalt/carbon fibres in hybrid composites amounted to 5/5 wt%, 7/7 wt%, and 10/10 wt%. The addition of fibres resulted in an increase in mechanical properties of the examined materials, was reflected by the threefold increase of Young modulus for the composites containing 10/10 wt% of fibres. To investigate the aging, the samples were stored in distilled water for 1, 7, 14, 100, and 210 days. After 210 days, a significant decrease in mechanical properties was observed. Interestingly, the addition of fibres caused a 50% reduction in stiffness, whereas, in the case of neat polyamide 6, the decrease was about 78%. Additionally, the addition of fibres reduced water sorption. With the increasing fibre load, the decrease in the maximum average rate of heat emission was observed. In the case of composites containing 10 wt% of basalt fibres and 10 wt% of carbon fibres, it amounted to 207 kW/m2 and was lower by approx. 37% in comparison to the unmodified polymer.

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