scholarly journals Biogeography of Long-Jawed Spiders Reveals Multiple Colonization of the Caribbean

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 622
Author(s):  
Klemen Čandek ◽  
Ingi Agnarsson ◽  
Greta J. Binford ◽  
Matjaž Kuntner
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Land Bridge ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
Putative Species ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Dispersal Potential ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Richness Patterns ◽  
High Diversity

Dispersal ability can affect levels of gene flow thereby shaping species distributions and richness patterns. The intermediate dispersal model of biogeography (IDM) predicts that in island systems, species diversity of those lineages with an intermediate dispersal potential is the highest. Here, we tested this prediction on long-jawed spiders (Tetragnatha) of the Caribbean archipelago using phylogenies from a total of 318 individuals delineated into 54 putative species. Our results support a Tetragnatha monophyly (within our sampling) but reject the monophyly of the Caribbean lineages, where we found low endemism yet high diversity. The reconstructed biogeographic history detects a potential early overwater colonization of the Caribbean, refuting an ancient vicariant origin of the Caribbean Tetragnatha as well as the GAARlandia land-bridge scenario. Instead, the results imply multiple colonization events to and from the Caribbean from the mid-Eocene to late-Miocene. Among arachnids, Tetragnatha uniquely comprises both excellently and poorly dispersing species. A direct test of the IDM would require consideration of three categories of dispersers; however, long-jawed spiders do not fit one of these three a priori definitions, but rather represent a more complex combination of attributes. A taxon such as Tetragnatha, one that readily undergoes evolutionary changes in dispersal propensity, can be referred to as a ‘dynamic disperser’.

scholarly journals Global biogeography of Tetragnatha spiders reveals multiple colonization of the Caribbean

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klemen Čandek ◽  
Ingi Agnarsson ◽  
Greta J. Binford ◽  
Matjaž Kuntner
Keyword(s):  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Land Bridge ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
Putative Species ◽  
Dispersal Potential ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Richness Patterns ◽  
Globally Distributed ◽  
High Diversity

AbstractOrganismal variation in dispersal ability can directly affect levels of gene flow amongst populations, therefore importantly shaping species distributions and species richness patterns. The intermediate dispersal model of biogeography (IDM) predicts that in island systems, species diversity of those lineages with an intermediate dispersal potential is the highest. We broadly test this prediction, focusing on ‘four-jawed spiders’ (genus Tetragnatha) of the Caribbean archipelago. First, we report on original sampling of this globally distributed genus with numerous widespread as well as endemic species. We then reconstruct multiple Tetragnatha phylogenies from roughly 300 individuals delineated into 54 putative species. Our results support the monophyly of the four-jawed spiders but reject the monophyly of those lineages that reach the Caribbean, where we find low levels of endemism yet high diversity within Tetragnatha. The chronogram detects a potential early overwater colonization of the Caribbean, and in combination with reconstructed biogeographic history, refutes the possibility of ancient vicariant origins of Caribbean Tetragnatha as well as the GAARlandia land-bridge scenario. Instead, biogeographic results hypothesize multiple colonization events to, and from the Caribbean since mid-Eocene to late-Miocene. Tetragnatha seems unique among the arachnids explored so far in comprising some species that are excellent dispersers, and others that are not, perhaps having secondarily lost this dispersal propensity. A direct test of the IDM would require consideration of three categories of dispersers. However, four-jawed spiders do not fit one of these three a priori definitions, but rather represent a more complex combination of attributes of a ‘dynamic disperser’.

scholarly journals Caribbean golden orbweaving spiders maintain gene flow with North America

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klemen Čandek ◽  
Ingi Agnarsson ◽  
Greta J. Binford ◽  
Matjaž Kuntner
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
North America ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Haplotype Network ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Dispersal Potential ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Globally Distributed

AbstractThe Caribbean archipelago offers one of the best natural arenas for testing biogeographic hypotheses. The intermediate dispersal model of biogeography (IDM) predicts variation in species richness among lineages on islands to relate to their dispersal potential. To test this model, one would need background knowledge of dispersal potential of lineages, which has been problematic as evidenced by our prior biogeographic work on the Caribbean tetragnathid spiders. In order to investigate the biogeographic imprint of an excellent disperser, we study the American Trichonephila, a nephilid genus that contains globally distributed species known to overcome long, overwater distances. Our results reveal that the American T. clavipes shows a phylogenetic and population genetic structure consistent with a single species over the Caribbean, but not over the entire Americas. Haplotype network suggests that populations maintain lively gene flow between the Caribbean and North America. Combined with prior evidence from spider genera of different dispersal ability, these patterns coming from an excellent disperser (Trichonephila) that is species poor and of a relatively homogenous genetic structure, support the IDM predictions.

scholarly journals The dimensionality of plant–plant competition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel B Stouffer ◽  
Oscar Godoy ◽  
Giulio Valentino B Dalla Riva ◽  
Margaret Mayfield
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Plant Competition ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Effective Number ◽  
Competing Species ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Long Run ◽  
High Diversity

To avoid extinction, every species must be able to exploit available resources at least as well as the other species in its community. All else being equal, theory predicts that the more distinct the niches of such co-occurring and competing species, the more species that can persist in the long run. However, both theoretical and experimental studies define a priori the nature and number of resources over which species compete. It therefore remains unclear whether or not species in empirically realistic contexts are actually exploiting all or some of the niches available to them. Here we provide a mathematical solution to this long-standing problem. Specifically, we show how to use the interactions between sets of co-occurring plant species to quantify their implied "niche dimensionality": the effective number of resources over which those species appear to be competing. We then apply this approach to quantify the niche dimensionality of 12 plant assemblages distributed across the globe. Contrary to conventional wisdom, we found that the niche dimensionality in these systems was much lower than the number of competing species. However, two high-resolution experiments also show that changes in the local environment induce a reshuffling of plant's competitive roles and hence act to increase the assemblages' effective niche dimensionality. Our results therefore indicate that homogeneous environments are unlikely to be able to maintain high diversity and also shows how environmental variation impacts species' niches and hence their opportunities for long-term survival.

scholarly journals Plastome Phylogenomic and Biogeographical Study on Thuja (Cupressaceae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Kole F. Adelalu ◽  
Xu Zhang ◽  
Xiaojian Qu ◽  
Jacob B. Landis ◽  
Jun Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Molecular Dating ◽  
Disjunct Distribution ◽  
Land Bridge ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
History Of ◽  
Phylogenomic Analyses

Investigating the biogeographical disjunction of East Asian and North American flora is key to understanding the formation and dynamics of biodiversity in the Northern Hemisphere. The small Cupressaceae genus Thuja, comprising five species, exhibits a typical disjunct distribution in East Asia and North America. Owing to obscure relationships, the biogeographical history of the genus remains controversial. Here, complete plastomes were employed to investigate the plastome evolution, phylogenetic relationships, and biogeographic history of Thuja. All plastomes of Thuja share the same gene content arranged in the same order. The loss of an IR was evident in all Thuja plastomes, and the B-arrangement as previously recognized was detected. Phylogenomic analyses resolved two sister pairs, T. standishii-T. koraiensis and T. occidentalis-T. sutchuenensis, with T. plicata sister to T. occidentalis-T. sutchuenensis. Molecular dating and biogeographic results suggest the diversification of Thuja occurred in the Middle Miocene, and the ancestral area of extant species was located in northern East Asia. Incorporating the fossil record, we inferred that Thuja likely originated from the high-latitude areas of North America in the Paleocene with a second diversification center in northern East Asia. The current geographical distribution of Thuja was likely shaped by dispersal events attributed to the Bering Land Bridge in the Miocene and subsequent vicariance events accompanying climate cooling. The potential effect of extinction may have profound influence on the biogeographical history of Thuja.

scholarly journals Shell development, growth and sexual dimorphism in the Recent thecideide brachiopod Thecidellina meyeri sp. nov. from the Lesser Antilles, Caribbean

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Hoffmann ◽  
Carsten Lüter
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Lesser Antilles ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
High Species Diversity ◽  
Limited Dispersal ◽  
Complete Series ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Material Study

A new thecideide brachiopod species, Thecidellina meyeri, is described from the southern Lesser Antilles (Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao), Caribbean Sea, with unique morphological characters which clearly separate it from all other described species of Thecidellina in the region. A virtually complete series of ontogenetic stages is recorded, providing insight into the plasticity of shell development during growth in thecideide brachiopods and offering a well-defined standard for comparison with fossil material. Study of the soft tissue suggests that T. meyeri is dioecious, which contradicts the idea of Thecidellina to be hermaphroditic. The limited distribution and the unexpectedly high species diversity within the genus Thecidellina in the Caribbean region support the idea of allopatric speciation due to limited dispersal ability.

scholarly journals Evidence for Miocene overwater colonization in CaribbeanCyrtognathaspiders

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klemen Čandek ◽  
Ingi Agnarsson ◽  
Greta Binford ◽  
Matjaž Kuntner
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Species Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lesser Antilles ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
Island Endemics ◽  
Mtdna Phylogeny ◽  
The Caribbean

AbstractIsland systems provide excellent arenas to test evolutionary hypotheses pertaining to gene flow and diversification of dispersal-limited organisms. Here we focus on an orbweaver spider genusCyrtognatha(Tetragnathidae) from the Caribbean, with the aims to reconstruct its evolutionary history, describe its biogeographic history in the archipelago, and to estimate the timing and route of Caribbean colonization. Specifically, we test ifCyrtognathabiogeographic history is consistent with an ancient vicariant scenario (the GAARlandia landbridge hypothesis) or overwater dispersal. We reconstructed a species level phylogeny based on one mitochondrial (CO1) and one nuclear (28S) marker. We then used this topology to constrain a time-calibrated mtDNA phylogeny, for subsequent biogeographical analyses of over 100 originally sampledCyrtognathaindividuals. Our results suggest a monophyletic radiation of CaribbeanCyrtognatha, containing 11 to 14 species that are exclusively single island endemics. Our analyses refute vicariance and instead support an overwater colonization to the Caribbean in mid-Miocene. Having colonized Hispaniola first,Cyrtognathasubsequently dispersed to, and diversified on, the other islands of the Greater, and Lesser Antilles.

scholarly journals Historical biogeography of Acer L. (Sapindaceae): genetic evidence for Out-of-Asia hypothesis with multiple dispersals to North America and Europe

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Gao ◽  
Pei-Chun Liao ◽  
Bing-Hong Huang ◽  
Tao Yu ◽  
Yu-Yang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Land Bridge ◽  
The North ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
Modern Species ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nuclear Its ◽  
Inference Methods

AbstractBiogeography is the study of where, when, and how modern species evolved and diversified. Acer L. (maple) is one of the most diverse and widespread genera in the Northern Hemisphere. It comprises 124–156 species in the world, approximately 80% species of Acer are native in Asia. The current diversity center of Acer is not congruent with the distribution of the oldest fossils of the genus. Therefore, we herein used 84 species and subspecies to reconstruct the phylogeny and investigate the biogeographic history of Acer using nuclear ITS and three cpDNA fragments (psbA-trnH spacer, rpl16 intron, and trnL-trnF spacer) with maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian inference methods. The analyses showed that the current diversity center and the origin center of Acer is Asia. Additionally, the North American and Euro-Mediterranean species originated from multiple sources from Asia via the North Atlantic Land Bridge and the Bering Land Bridge, and intercontinental migration has mainly occurred since the Miocene. This study not only provides a novel insight of the origin and dispersal routes of Acer but also exemplifies how past climatic changes affect the diversification-rates of Northern Hemisphere forest trees.

scholarly journals Dispersal and the transition to sympatry in vertebrates

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1799) ◽  
pp. 20141929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex L. Pigot ◽  
Joseph A. Tobias
Keyword(s):  
Species Differences ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Dispersal Limitation ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Alternative View ◽  
Ecological Communities ◽  
Central Importance ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
Range Overlap ◽  
Neutral Models

Under allopatric speciation models, a key step in the build-up of species richness is population dispersal leading to the co-occurrence of previously geographically isolated forms. Despite its central importance for community assembly, the extent to which the transition from spatial segregation (allopatry or parapatry) to coexistence (sympatry) is a predictable process, or alternatively one governed by chance and the vagaries of biogeographic history, remains poorly understood. Here, we use estimated divergence times and current patterns of geographical range overlap among sister species to explore the evolution of sympatry in vertebrates. We show that rates of transition to sympatry vary predictably according to ecology, being faster in marine or strongly dispersive terrestrial clades. This association with organism vagility is robust to the relative frequency of geographical speciation modes and consistent across taxonomic scales and metrics of dispersal ability. These findings reject neutral models of dispersal assembly based simply on evolutionary age and are not predicted by the main alternative view that range overlap is primarily constrained by biotic interactions. We conclude that species differences in dispersal limitation are fundamental in organizing the assembly of ecological communities and shaping broad-scale patterns of biodiversity over space and time.

scholarly journals Rodents of the Caribbean: origin and diversification of hutias unravelled by next-generation museomics

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 20140266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Henri Fabre ◽  
Julia T. Vilstrup ◽  
Maanasa Raghavan ◽  
Clio Der Sarkissian ◽  
Eske Willerslev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Data ◽  
Greater Antilles ◽  
Source Population ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Glacial Cycles ◽  
Land Bridge ◽  
American Source ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Affinities

The Capromyidae (hutias) are endemic rodents of the Caribbean and represent a model of dispersal for non-flying mammals in the Greater Antilles. This family has experienced severe extinctions during the Holocene and its phylogenetic affinities with respect to other caviomorph relatives are still debated as morphological and molecular data disagree. We used target enrichment and next-generation sequencing of mitochondrial and nuclear genes to infer the phylogenetic relationships of hutias, estimate their divergence ages, and understand their mode of dispersal in the Greater Antilles. We found that Capromyidae are nested within Echimyidae (spiny rats) and should be considered a subfamily thereof. We estimated that the split between hutias and Atlantic Forest spiny rats occurred 16.5 (14.8–18.2) million years ago (Ma), which is more recent than the GAARlandia land bridge hypothesis (34–35 Ma). This would suggest that during the Early Miocene, an echimyid-like ancestor colonized the Greater Antilles from an eastern South American source population via rafting. The basal divergence of the Hispaniolan Plagiodontia provides further support for a vicariant separation between Hispaniolan and western islands (Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica) hutias. Recent divergences among these western hutias suggest Plio-Pleistocene dispersal waves associated with glacial cycles.

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