scholarly journals A Narrative Review of the Classification and Use of Diagnostic Ultrasound for Conditions of the Achilles Tendon

Diagnostics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 944
Author(s):  
Sheryl Mascarenhas
Keyword(s):  
Achilles Tendon ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
The Body ◽  
Advanced Imaging ◽  
History Of ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Haglund Deformity ◽  
Tendon Insertion ◽  
Underlying Inflammation

Enthesitis is a cardinal feature of spondyloarthropathies. The Achilles insertion on the calcaneus is a commonly evaluated enthesis located at the hindfoot, generally resulting in hindfoot pain and possible tendon enlargement. For decades, diagnosis of enthesitis was based upon patient history of hindfoot or posterior ankle pain and clinical examination revealing tenderness and/or enlargement at the site of the tendon insertion. However, not all hindfoot or posterior ankle symptoms are related to enthesitis. Advanced imaging, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound (US), has allowed for more precise evaluation of hindfoot and posterior ankle conditions. Use of US in diagnosis has helped confirm some of these cases but also identified other conditions that may have otherwise been misclassified without use of advanced imaging diagnostics. Conditions that may result in hindfoot and posterior ankle symptoms related to the Achilles tendon include enthesitis (which can include retrocalcaneal bursitis and insertional tendonopathy), midportion tendonopathy, paratenonopathy, superficial calcaneal bursitis, calcaneal ossification (Haglund deformity), and calcific tendonopathy. With regard to classification of these conditions, much of the existing literature uses confusing nomenclature to describe conditions in this region of the body. Some terminology may imply inflammation when in fact there may be none. A more uniform approach to classifying these conditions based off anatomic location, symptoms, clinical findings, and histopathology is needed. There has been much debate regarding appropriate use of tendonitis when there is no true inflammation, calling instead for use of the terms tendinosis or tendonopathy. To date, there has not been clear examination of a similar overuse of the term enthesitis in conditions where there is no underlying inflammation, thus raising the need for more comprehensive taxonomy.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Diagnosis of Disruption of the Posterior Tibial Tendon

Foot & Ankle ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 144-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian J. Alexander ◽  
Kenneth A. Johnson ◽  
Thomas H. Berquist
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Diagnostic Technique ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
The Body ◽  
Posterior Tibial Tendon ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Posterior Tibial ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a useful technique of studying soft tissues of the body, can be very effective in assessing the integrity of tendons. Usually a patient with a complete tear of the posterior tibial tendon has characteristic physical findings. In the patient presented, MRI demonstrated a complete disruption of the posterior tibial tendon, despite the absence of the commonly associated clinical findings. In view of the difficulties encountered with attempted tenography of the completely torn posterior tibial tendon, MRI provides a sensitive alternative diagnostic technique.

Discrepancies in the interpretation of clinical symptoms and signs in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. A proposal for standardization

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard MJ Uitdehaag ◽  
Ludwig Kappos ◽  
Lars Bauer ◽  
Mark S Freedman ◽  
David Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Demyelinating Disease ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Large Trial ◽  
Mri Findings ◽  
Mcdonald Criteria ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Eligibility Assessment

The new McDonald diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis (MS) incorporate detailed criteria for the interpretation and classification of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, but, in contrast, provide no instructions for the interpretation of clinical findings. Because MS according to the McDonald criteria is one of the primary endpoints in a large trial enrolling patients after the first manifestation suggestive for a demyelinating disease (BENEFIT study), it was decided to organize a centralized eligibility assessment for this trial. During this eligibility assessment it was observed that there were marked inconsistencies in the decisions of participating neurologists with respect to the classification of clinical symptoms as being caused by one or more lesions provoking discussions in about one in every five patients. This paper describes these inconsistencies and their sources, and recommends a systematic approach that attempts to reduce the variability in interpreting clinical findings.

Pitfalls in the determination of intracranial spread of complicated suppurative sinusitis

1996 ◽  
Vol 110 (7) ◽  
pp. 673-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Conlon ◽  
A. Curran ◽  
C. V. Timon
Keyword(s):  
Ct Scan ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Ct Scanning ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Intracranial Extension ◽  
Sinus Disease ◽  
Grand Mal ◽  
History Of ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

AbstractWe present two cases of suppurative sinusitis that presented to our casualty department over a one-week period. Both patients suffered complications of the disease secondary to extension of the inflammatory process beyond the bony confines of the sinus. Neither of the patients had a previous history of sinus disease. The first patient deteriorated suddenly 24 hours after admission. The initial computed tomography (CT) scan failed to demonstrate a developing subdural empyema. This complication was confirmed following repeat scanning 24 hours later and the patient required urgent neurosurgical intervention and drainage. The second patient presented with periorbital cellulitis secondary to sinusitis and suffered a grand mal seziure on admission. Once again initial CT scan changes were subtle and significant intracranial extension was not noted until the subsequent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan was performed.The purpose of this paper is to highlight the potential dangers over reliance on CT scanning in diagnosing early intracranial spread of sinus disease and we emphasise that the clinician must interpret any radiological investigations in light of the associated clinical findings.

scholarly journals Anthroponimic geographical names of the Republic of Mari El of Tatar origin: toponymic zones

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-285
Author(s):  
Flera Ya. Khabibullina ◽  
Iraida G. Ivanova
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
The Body ◽  
Middle Volga Region ◽  
Material Wealth ◽  
Financial Status ◽  
Personal Names ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Historical Comparative

Introduction. The article considers anthroponymous toponyms of Tatar origin in the Republic of Mari El in reference to the genesis and history of movement and contact of the peoples of the Middle Volga region. The purpose of the article is to study the Tatar-Mari toponymic zoning based on the otantroponym oikonyms, which go back to the Tatar language. Materials and Methods. The analysis of toponymic material is associated with the use of various approaches: comparative-historical, comparative, as well as such research methods: the method of component analysis of toponymic units; areal, descriptive, structural, etymological, statistical, cartographic. The body of the research is represented by otanthroponymic oikonyms, selected from cartographic and lexicographic sources created in the Russian, Mari and Tatar languages, in the number of 129 units. Results and Discussion. The Tatar-Mari interactions on the territory of the Republic of Mari-El are concentrated in two main zones: the Tatar-mountain-Mari toponymic zone and the Tatar-meadow-Mari zone. The article defines the basic principles of the nomination of anthroponymous toponyms, provides a classification of toponyms by objects of the toponymic nomination in each of the topozones, and also highlights parallel names. The analysis also makes it possible to trace the patterns of placement of toponymic objects on the territory of the the Republic of Mari-El. Analysis of the identified borrowings from the Tatar language makes it possible to clarify their territorial localization in the territory of Mari El. Oikonyms formed on the basis of Tatar personal names are most common in areas of compact residence of Tatars, as well as in border areas with the Republic of Tatarstan, due to trade and economic, historical and political, administrative, territorial, and geographical factors. The main principle underlying the Mari otantroponym oikonyms was their nomination based on the relationship with a person: their social status; class affiliation; profession; social interactions; place and role in the family hierarchy; human character; appearance; clothing; qualities of a person; their financial status; etc. Conclusion. The names of Mari anthroponymous topoobjects of Tatar origin were implemented in importing Tatar values that are significant for the Mari ethnic group and go back to Tatar names: material wealth, high social status, respect for parents and elders, health and strength of body, friendship, kindness, firmness and strength of character, cleanliness and neatness in clothing.

Major Factors Associated with Congenital Malformations in the Agadir Region of Morocco

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
SAID EL MADIDI
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Congenital Malformations ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
History Of ◽  
Major Factors

Introduction: Congenital malformations are a global health problem around the world. MCs is one of the main causes of death and disability of newborns worldwide, but the majority of its risk factors are still poorly understood. Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the main causes that are related to the incidence of congenital malformations (CMs) in the region of Agadir in Morocco. Material and Methods: A prospective cases-control study at regional level was conducted in the pediatrics and neonatology department of Hassan II hospital in Agadir from April 2016 to April 2018. Data on child and maternal variables were recorded for 3701 newborns. The types of congenital malformations  have been classified according to the codes of the International Classification of Diseases. Univariate analyzes were performed to identify the variables associated with the etiology of the malformations. Multiple logistic regression was used to characterize the associations between the MC and the determining explanatory variables taken into account simultaneously. Results: The results of these studies showed that there is a significant association between the incidence of the Congenital anomalies and the level of the consanguinity of the child, the prematurity of childbirth, the family history of CMs, the body mass index of the mother and the presence of major trauma during pregnancy. Conclusion: our results have made it possible to highlight the existence of an association between a certain number of risk factors and the occurrence of congenital malformations. Additional studies are needed to confirm and clarify the role of these risk factors.

scholarly journals Fifty Years of Research and One Conclusion: Opium Causes Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 757-760
Author(s):  
Mahdi Sheikh ◽  
Farin Kamangar ◽  
Reza Malekzadeh
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Future Research ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Short History ◽  
Important Public Health ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Opium Use ◽  
Group 1

In September 2020, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that opium consumption causes cancer in humans – a conclusion drawn after reviewing data from five decades of research. Given the widespread use of opium and its derivatives by millions of people across the world, the classification of opium consumption as a "Group 1" carcinogen has important public health ramifications. In this mini-review, we offer a short history of opium use in humans and briefly review the body of research that led to the classification of opium consumption as carcinogenic. We also discuss possible mechanisms of opium’s carcinogenicity and potential avenues for future research.

scholarly journals Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumour of the Submandibular Gland

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Dorota Chudek ◽  
Jamie Thomas ◽  
Asterios Triantafyllou ◽  
Nicholas Roland
Keyword(s):  
Submandibular Gland ◽  
The Body ◽  
Selective Neck Dissection ◽  
Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumour ◽  
Complete Treatment ◽  
Night Sweats ◽  
History Of ◽  
Level I ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
A Chain

A 77-year-old man presented with a two-month history of a left sided, firm, and non-tender submandibular mass. The patient was systemically well with no history of weight loss or night sweats. On examination, there were no oropharyngeal abnormalities and flexible nasendoscopy was normal. An ultrasound scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed a 2.8 x 2.4 x 4.3cm irregular mass in level I of the neck with a chain of small lymph nodes. Following inconclusive fine needle aspirations (FNA) and a core biopsy, an excision of the submandibular gland was performed. The pathology revealed an inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour (IMT) of the submandibular gland. To complete treatment a selective neck dissection and post-operative radiotherapy was performed. IMTs are rare, poorly understood tumours that can occur anywhere in the body. The incidence in the head and neck regions accounts for a small number of all cases. We present a rare case of IMT in the submandibular gland.

scholarly journals Computed Tomography in Craniofacial Fibrous Dysplasia: A Case Series with Review of Literature and Classification Update

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 384-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepak Gupta ◽  
Preeti Garg ◽  
Amit Mittal
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Fibrous Dysplasia ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Facial Asymmetry ◽  
The Body ◽  
Advanced Imaging ◽  
Radiographic Findings ◽  
Jaw Bones

Introduction:Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is a fibroosseous lesion of the osseous structures of the body. It is not a commonly reported lesion yet it is considered as an important lesion which can affect the maxillofacial region as well. As a result, it can cause deformity of the jaw bones which can further lead to severe facial asymmetry. Craniofacial fibrous dysplasia (CFD) is one of the subtypes of FD that can affect the bones of the craniofacial complex, including the mandible and maxilla. It can also present as facial asymmetry and can be investigated with the help of Maxillofacial Radiology and Imaging. The radiographic findings may vary according to the extent and degree of the disease. Although conventional radiographs provide a good clue regarding the lesion, advanced maxillofacial imaging is capable of providing detailed extent of the disease. Furthermore the classification of CFD is not very clear in the literature.Case Report:This particular paper attempts to document and report the CT appearance of CFD with an attempt to propose a better classification system for the same. Four different patients are reported which presented with FD with involvement of bones of craniofacial region. Working diagnosis of CFD was made with the help of clinical features as well as with radiographic assessment. Advanced imaging included CT scan of the lesions. The article highlights the importance of computed tomography in diagnosis as well as assessment of extent of the disease.Conclusion:It can be concluded that the Dental professionals must be aware regarding the different radiographic appearances of CFD. Advanced imaging modality like CT can provide with exact diagnosis as well as extent of the lesions like FD. Further collaboration of researchers is required to incorporate this proposed change in classification of CFD.

The Natural History of Mental Disorder in Old Age

1955 ◽  
Vol 101 (423) ◽  
pp. 281-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Roth
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Medical Problem ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Degenerative Disorders ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Brain

Our classification of the mental disorders of later life, which are becoming a social and medical problem of increasing magnitude, is still based upon the views of the great descriptive psychiatrists of half a century ago. Most of the classical accounts of mental disorder of old age (Kraepelin, 1909; Bleuler, 1916) confine themselves to the pre-senile, senile and arteriosclerotic psychoses. Their writers evidently regarded other illnesses as numerically insignificant in relation to these degenerative disorders peculiar to old age. Cases with a predominantly depressive or paranoid picture or with clouding of consciousness alone were described in these old accounts, but were attributed to an underlying cerebral illness, either of senile or arteriosclerotic type. It is consequently a long-established practice when such symptoms appear for the first time in old age, or occur in senescence after prolonged remission, to search for neurological signs, or for some evidence of a decline in intellectual efficiency which might account for the illness in terms of organic disease of the brain. Weight is thus often given to clinical findings of a quite subtle character, or the results of “deterioration tests” whose value in the early diagnosis of degenerative processes in the brain is unproven, form the basis of conclusions of doubtful validity.

scholarly journals Fanworms: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 130
Author(s):  
María Capa ◽  
Elena Kupriyanova ◽  
João Miguel de Matos Nogueira ◽  
Andreas Bick ◽  
María Ana Tovar-Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Delimitation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Current State ◽  
Invasive Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Biogeographic Regions ◽  
Species Occurrences ◽  
Uniform Group

Sabellida Levinsen, 1883 is a large morphologically uniform group of sedentary annelids commonly known as fanworms. These annelids live in tubes made either of calcareous carbonate or mucus with agglutinated sediment. They share the presence of an anterior crown consisting of radioles and the division of the body into thorax and abdomen marked by a chaetal and fecal groove inversion. This study synthesises the current state of knowledge about the diversity of fanworms in the broad sense (morphological, ecological, species richness), the species occurrences in the different biogeographic regions, highlights latest surveys, provides guidelines for identification of members of each group, and describe novel methodologies for species delimitation. As some members of this group are well-known introduced pests, we address information about these species and their current invasive status. In addition, an overview of the current evolutionary hypothesis and history of the classification of members of Sabellida is presented. The main aim of this review is to highlight the knowledge gaps to stimulate research in those directions.

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