scholarly journals From an Entropic Measure of Time to Laws of Motion

Entropy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 222
Author(s):  
Leonid Martyushev ◽  
Evgenii Shaiapin
Keyword(s):  
Physical Theory ◽  
System Size ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Relativity Principle ◽  
Constant Size ◽  
Accelerated Growth ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Interesting Corollary ◽  
Entropic Measure ◽  
Number Of Particles

A hypothesis proposed in the paper Entropy (Martyushev, L.M. Entropy 2017, 19, 345) on the deductive formulation of a physical theory based on explicitly- and universally-introduced basic concepts is further developed. An entropic measure of time with a number of properties leading to an analog of the Galileo–Einstein relativity principle is considered. Using this measure and a simple model, a kinematic law which relates time to the size and number of particles of a system is obtained. Corollaries of this law are examined. In particular, accelerated growth of the system size is obtained, whereas in systems with constant size, a decrease in the number of particles is observed. An interesting corollary is the emergence of repulsive and attractive forces inversely proportional to the square of the system size for relatively dense systems and constant for systems with sufficiently low density.

scholarly journals From an Entropic Measure of Time to Laws of Motion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonid Martyushev ◽  
Evgenii Shaiapin
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Physical Theory ◽  
System Size ◽  
Relativity Principle ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Laws Of Motion ◽  
Interesting Corollary ◽  
Entropic Measure ◽  
Number Of Particles

An idea expressed in the paper [Entropy 2017, 19, 345] about the deductive formulation of a physical theory resting on explicitly- and universally-introduced basic concepts is developed. An entropic measure of time with a number of properties leading to an analog of the Galilei–Einstein relativity principle is considered. Using the introduced measure and a simple model, a kinematic law relating the size, time, and number of particles of a system is obtained. Corollaries of this law are examined. In particular, accelerated increase of the system size and, if the system size remains unchanged, decrease of the number of particles are found. An interesting corollary is the emergence of repulsive and attractive forces inversely proportional to the square of the system size for relatively dense systems and constant for sufficiently rarefied systems.

Einstein’s Lectures

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanoch Gutfreund ◽  
Jürgen Renn
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Physical Theory ◽  
Mathematical Apparatus ◽  
Relativity Principle ◽  
Principle Of Relativity ◽  
Propagation Of Light ◽  
Temporal Aspects ◽  
Physical Laws ◽  
Conceptual Foundations ◽  
Morley Experiment

This chapter reproduces the extant text of the two lectures. In these two lectures, Einstein explains very thoroughly the principles and conceptual foundations of, first, special and then general relativity with a minimum of mathematical apparatus. He also includes qualitative discussions of the main experiential evidence supporting his theories, such as the Michelson-Morley experiment (which Einstein calls the Michelson experiment) as support for the validity of the relativity principle, and also of the propagation of light. The guiding theme is the principle of relativity, which he begins to explain in basic kinematic terms. In the conclusion of both his lectures, he emphasizes, first, that the most important task of a physical theory is to reduce the number of independent assumptions rooted in experience, and that, second, spatial and temporal aspects of reality are inevitably tied up with all other physical laws.

Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Modification: Basic Concepts and Relationship to Atherosclerosis

1999 ◽  
Vol 17 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 66-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Sevanian ◽  
Liana Asatryan ◽  
Ouliana Ziouzenkova
Keyword(s):  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Basic Concepts

scholarly journals Cooperative strings and glassy interfaces

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (27) ◽  
pp. 8227-8231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Salez ◽  
Justin Salez ◽  
Kari Dalnoki-Veress ◽  
Elie Raphaël ◽  
James A. Forrest
Keyword(s):  
System Size ◽  
Molecular Crowding ◽  
Thin Polymer Films ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Thin Polymer ◽  
Bulk Relaxation ◽  
Thermal Dilatation ◽  
Free Interfaces ◽  
Bulk Case ◽  
Number Of Particles

We introduce a minimal theory of glass formation based on the ideas of molecular crowding and resultant string-like cooperative rearrangement, and address the effects of free interfaces. In the bulk case, we obtain a scaling expression for the number of particles taking part in cooperative strings, and we recover the Adam–Gibbs description of glassy dynamics. Then, by including thermal dilatation, the Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann relation is derived. Moreover, the random and string-like characters of the cooperative rearrangement allow us to predict a temperature-dependent expression for the cooperative length ξ of bulk relaxation. Finally, we explore the influence of sample boundaries when the system size becomes comparable to ξ. The theory is in agreement with measurements of the glass-transition temperature of thin polymer films, and allows quantification of the temperature-dependent thickness hm of the interfacial mobile layer.

scholarly journals A symptotic formulae relating to the physical theory of crystals

1944 ◽  
Vol 182 (991) ◽  
pp. 362-377 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Infinite Series ◽  
Physical Theory ◽  
Upper Bounds ◽  
Sufficient Accuracy ◽  
Lattice Sums ◽  
Exact Shape ◽  
Number Of Particles ◽  
Methods Of Approximation

In the physical theory of crystals great formal difficulties are encountered when the exact shape of the crystal is to be taken into account. Certain methods of approximation have therefore been developed and successfully used by several authors. However, as the validity of these methods was recently questioned by Sir C. V. Raman, a more rigorous examination of the problem had to be undertaken. It is found that the old procedure is fully justified provided the number of boundary particles is small compared with the total number of particles in the crystal. In particular, it is shown that lattice sums may in general be replaced by the corresponding infinite series, and that the distribution of frequencies follows with sufficient accuracy Bom’s law for cyclic crystals. Upper bounds are obtained for the errors caused by these approximations.

GRAVITY DRIVEN GRANULAR STEADY STATE FLOWS IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL HOPPERS AND SILOS

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (30) ◽  
pp. 1751-1766 ◽  
Author(s):  
KIWING TO
Keyword(s):  
Steady Flow ◽  
System Size ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Random Walker ◽  
Dense Flow ◽  
Gravity Driven ◽  
Global Nature ◽  
Experimental Works ◽  
Number Of Particles ◽  
Flow States

Recent experimental works of mono-disperse particles flowing in two-dimensional hoppers and silos under gravity are reviewed. Three steady flow states, namely, dilute flow, dense flow and jammed flow, have been observed. The transitions between these steady flow states can be triggered as the particle inflow rate or the exit size is changed. It is found that the transition between the dilute flow and the dense flow states is hysteristic while that between the dense flow and the jammed states is stochastic. Although all these transitions are initiated near the exit, experimental data for the flow rate at the dilute-to-dense transition depends on the system size (width) of the silo, showing the global nature of the dilute-to-dense transition. On the other hand, the statistics (number of particles flowing through the hopper or silo before jamming) measured in dense-to-jammed transition implies a Markovian jamming process. Using the probability of arch formation at the exit, the exit size dependence of the jamming probability can be analyzed by treating the arch as the trajectory of a random walker.

ON THE SYSTEM SIZE OF LATTICE BOLTZMANN SIMULATIONS

2004 ◽  
Vol 15 (08) ◽  
pp. 1049-1060 ◽  
Author(s):  
GUSZTÁV MAYER ◽  
GÁBOR HÁZI ◽  
JÓZSEF PÁLES ◽  
ATTILA R. IMRE ◽  
BJÖRN FISCHER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lattice Boltzmann ◽  
Lattice Site ◽  
Finite Lattice ◽  
Continuous Distribution ◽  
System Size ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Lattice Boltzmann Simulations ◽  
Initial Assumption ◽  
Boltzmann Method ◽  
Number Of Particles

In lattice Boltzmann simulations particle groups — represented by scalar velocity distributions — are moved on a finite lattice. The size of these particle groups is not well-defined although it is crucial to assume that they should be big enough for using a continuous distribution. Here we propose to use the liquid–vapor interface as an internal yardstick to scale the system. Comparison with existing experimental data and with molecular dynamics simulation of Lennard–Jones-argon shows that the number of atoms located on one lattice site is in the order of few atoms. This contradicts the initial assumption concerning the number of particles in the group, therefore seems to raise some doubts about the applicability of the lattice Boltzmann method in certain problems whenever interfaces play important role and ergodicity does not hold.

Application of Improved Voltage Compensation in the SEM to Imaging of Organic Materials

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 444-445
Author(s):  
P.J. Killingworth ◽  
M. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Beam Diameter ◽  
Incident Electron Beam ◽  
Specimen Material ◽  
Voltage Compensation ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Scanning Electron

Ultimate resolution in the scanning electron microscope is determined not only by the diameter of the incident electron beam, but by interaction of that beam with the specimen material. Generally, while minimum beam diameter diminishes with increasing voltage, due to the reduced effect of aberration component and magnetic interference, the excited volume within the sample increases with electron energy. Thus, for any given material and imaging signal, there is an optimum volt age to achieve best resolution.In the case of organic materials, which are in general of low density and electric ally non-conducting; and may in addition be susceptible to radiation and heat damage, the selection of correct operating parameters is extremely critical and is achiev ed by interative adjustment.

Stereo Electron Microscopy Applied to High Resolution Freeze-Etch Replicas

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 306-307
Author(s):  
L. Andrew Staehelin
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Smooth Surfaces ◽  
Small Particles ◽  
Membrane Surfaces ◽  
Wide Acceptance ◽  
New Information ◽  
Number Of Particles ◽  
Small Holes

Freeze-etched membranes usually appear as relatively smooth surfaces covered with numerous small particles and a few small holes (Fig. 1). In 1966 Branton (1“) suggested that these surfaces represent split inner mem¬brane faces and not true external membrane surfaces. His theory has now gained wide acceptance partly due to new information obtained from double replicas of freeze-cleaved specimens (2,3) and from freeze-etch experi¬ments with surface labeled membranes (4). While theses studies have fur¬ther substantiated the basic idea of membrane splitting and have shown clearly which membrane faces are complementary to each other, they have left the question open, why the replicated membrane faces usually exhibit con¬siderably fewer holes than particles. According to Branton's theory the number of holes should on the average equal the number of particles. The absence of these holes can be explained in either of two ways: a) it is possible that no holes are formed during the cleaving process e.g. due to plastic deformation (5); b) holes may arise during the cleaving process but remain undetected because of inadequate replication and microscope techniques.

Quantitative defect studies in semiconductor TEM samples prepared by low angle ion milling

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 512-513
Author(s):  
L. Mulestagno ◽  
J.C. Holzer ◽  
P. Fraundorf
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Milling Time ◽  
High Density ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Ion Milling ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Variable Angle ◽  
Major Disadvantage ◽  
Induced Defects

Due to the wealth of information, both analytical and structural that can be obtained from it TEM always has been a favorite tool for the analysis of process-induced defects in semiconductor wafers. The only major disadvantage has always been, that the volume under study in the TEM is relatively small, making it difficult to locate low density defects, and sample preparation is a somewhat lengthy procedure. This problem has been somewhat alleviated by the availability of efficient low angle milling.Using a PIPS® variable angle ion -mill, manufactured by Gatan, we have been consistently obtaining planar specimens with a high quality thin area in excess of 5 × 104 μm2 in about half an hour (milling time), which has made it possible to locate defects at lower densities, or, for defects of relatively high density, obtain information which is statistically more significant (table 1).

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