scholarly journals Microstructural Characteristics of the Weighted and Directed International Crop Trade Networks

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 1250
Author(s):  
Yin-Ting Zhang ◽  
Wei-Xing Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Power Laws ◽  
Clustering Coefficient ◽  
Microstructural Characteristics ◽  
Trade Patterns ◽  
Trade Networks ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Food Network ◽  
Trade Partners

With increasing global demand for food, international food trade is playing a critical role in balancing the food supply and demand across different regions. Here, using trade datasets of four crops that provide more than 50% of the calories consumed globally, we constructed four international crop trade networks (iCTNs). We observed the increasing globalization in the international crop trade and different trade patterns in different iCTNs. The distributions of node degrees deviate from power laws, and the distributions of link weights follow power laws. We also found that the in-degree is positively correlated with the out-degree, but negatively correlated with the clustering coefficient. This indicates that the numbers of trade partners affect the tendency of economies to form clusters. In addition, each iCTN exhibits a unique topology which is different from the whole food network studied by many researchers. Our analysis on the microstructural characteristics of different iCTNs provides highly valuable insights into distinctive features of specific crop trades and has potential implications for model construction and food security.

Intelligent Technologies for Tourism

2011 ◽  
pp. 2141-2146
Author(s):  
Dimitris Kanellopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Information Communication Technologies ◽  
Information Communication ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Tourism Product ◽  
Information Management Systems ◽  
Worldwide Network

Nowadays, the tourism industry is a consumer of a diverse range of information (Buhalis & O’Connor, 2005). Information communication technologies (ICTs) play a critical role for the competitiveness of tourism organizations and destinations. According to Staab and Werthner (2002), ICTs are having the effect of changing: • The ways in which tourism companies contact their business; reservations and information management systems; • The ways tourism companies communicate; how customers look for information on, and purchase travel goods and services. In the tourism industry, the supply and demand sides form a worldwide network in which tourism product’s generation and distribution are closely worked together. Most tourism products (e.g., hotel rooms or flight tickets) are time constrained and nonstockable. Generally, the tourism product is both “perishable” and “complex,” and itself is a bundle of basic products aggregated by intermediaries. Consequently, basic products must have well-defined interfaces with respect to consumer needs, prices, or distribution channels. In addition, a tourism product cannot be tested and controlled in advance. During decision-making, only an abstract model of the product (e.g., its description) is available. Besides, the tourism industry has a heterogeneous nature, and a strong small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) base. Undoubtedly, intelligent technologies are increasingly changing the nature of, and processes in, the tourism industry. This chapter reviews, in brief, such technologies applied to the e-tourism domain.

A reserves driven view of the eastern Australian gas supply and demand balance through the 2020's

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 526
Author(s):  
Will Pulsford
Keyword(s):  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Natural Gas Markets ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Gas Market ◽  
Gas Fields ◽  
Key Participants ◽  
Gas Supply

The Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO) issued a Gas Statement of Opportunities in March 2016, which reports that gas supply to the domestic and liquefied natural gas markets in eastern Australia will be largely satisfied by proved and probable reserves until 2026 and by the addition of contingent resources until 2030. However, in parallel, there are widely reported concerns by energy consumers of insufficient gas supplies to meet demand by the early 2020s and a lack of new gas supplies to replace existing expiring contracts. Gas shortages have already contributed to black outs and load shedding events in South Australia. This paper reviews the eastern Australian gas supply position at a basin level. The AEMO basin level supply forecasts are reviewed and adjusted to generate forward profiles, which are consistent with reported reserves levels, production histories and depletion behaviour of typical gas fields. The revised supply forecast is compared with the AEMO’s demand profiles, and the likely commercial behaviour of key participants in the market is considered to build a picture of the domestic gas supply-demand balance through the 2020s. This analysis provides a transparent link from market outcomes back to the underlying reserves classifications to guide interpretation of supply-demand forecasts, and highlights the critical role of key suppliers in the eastern Australian gas market in the coming decade.

Development successes and issues for the future in deriving and applying selection indexes for beef breeding

2005 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 923 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Barwick ◽  
A. L. Henzell
Keyword(s):  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Gene Marker ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Beef Industry ◽  
Multiple Trait ◽  
Marker Test ◽  
New Gene ◽  
Selection Indexes ◽  
Industry Sectors

Research and development to provide systems for effective derivation and use of selection indexes has been conducted for the Australian beef industry since the late 1980s. This paper reports on development successes and presents evidence of increasing rates of industry genetic gain in beef production profitability. Key factors in success are identified and include the ability of the index development process to capture the full context of selection. The level of performance recording in many cases is the primary limitation to effective index use. Issues that will be more important in future applications of indexes are discussed. They include the need for more specific selection for environments, for extending the breeding objective to encompass additional industry sectors and aims, for greater account of industry supply and demand flow-on effects, and for combining gene marker tests with other criteria in indexes of economic merit. The critical role of selection indexes in targeting multiple-trait economic merit is likely to increase further with the availability of new gene marker test information.

scholarly journals Trade Patterns of Bangladesh with India and China: An Empirical Evidence of the PPP Theory

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazi Ashraful Alam ◽  
Gazi Salah Uddin ◽  
Md. Mahmudul Alam
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Trade Patterns ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Inflation Rates ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Trade Partner ◽  
Trade Partners ◽  
India And China

The paper examines the existence of the Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) theory for both Bangladesh and its two important trading partners- India and China. The PPP theory is an attempt to explain and perhaps more importantly measure statistically, the equilibrium rate of exchange and its variation by means of the price levels and their variations in different countries. The main purpose of the study is to get a comparative picture of trade balance between Bangladesh (home country) and two major trade partners, i.e. India and China (foreign countries) over a given period of time by using the PPP . The empirical results of the study provides an explanation of how relative inflation rates (changes of price level) between two countries can influence an exchange rate and also critically focuses on the degree of deviation between countries which may help to draw a forecast long-run movements in exchange rates. Finally the results also specify about the trade patterns among the countries and fairly conclude the efficient and beneficial trade partner in respect of Bangladesh with India and China.

A Morbid Affair: Epidemics and Famine in Morocco, 1860–1888

2019 ◽  
pp. 86-99
Author(s):  
Madia Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Environmental Disaster ◽  
Trade Networks ◽  
European Expansion ◽  
Modern System ◽  
Food Shortages ◽  
Global Concern ◽  
Climatic Disturbances

Drought and famine have been long been important events in Moroccan history and the second-half of the nineteenth century was no different. A series of such crises occurred from the 1860’s to the 1880’s, at a time when Morocco was already feeling the pressure of European expansion and the subsequent strain on its traditional trade networks. The disruption of trade networks as well as local food shortages resulting from these climatic disturbances often pushed people to migrate to major cities in search of relief. Often unable to migrate as families, individuals might leave their children in the care of others with the hope of collecting them after the crisis. An unfortunate choice but one that might just allow someone to survive. Environmental crises resulting in famine have long been a cause of global concern. In his seminal work Poverty and Famines: an essay on entitlement, Amartya Sen explains the critical role of entitlement in mitigating the effects of famine on a given population (1981). For the purposes of this article, we will focus primarily on his concept of ‘own labour’ and “production- based” entitlement. In its discussion of nineteenth-century Morocco, the article lends an historical perspective to the modern system of national and international cooperation during environmental crises. That one no longer hears of people dying from such crises in Morocco suggests that death and famine are not necessary consequences of environmental disaster but rather the result of a lack of ideas and infrastructure.

An International Trade Comparison of Two Supposedly Different Sectors

2016 ◽  
pp. 172-205
Author(s):  
Mario Basevi ◽  
Lucio Biggiero
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Structural Level ◽  
Research Issue ◽  
Trade Patterns ◽  
Trade Networks ◽  
Market Economic ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
Two Sectors

According to modern international economics, and especially evolutionary economic geography, a country industry characteristics influence the structure of its international trade. Following this view, this chapter moves from the following basic research issue: if two sectors are very different according to market, economic and technological aspects, should we expect that its corresponding international trade networks are as well markedly different? Aerospace and Common Earth Materials seem quite different in those respects, and thus, they are good candidates to explore that research issue. Its comparison allowed to evidence and discuss some methodological problems in applying social network analysis, and especially in using it to compare different networks. In particular, it is underlined the difficulty to handle valued networks when value variance is very high, and to combine three groups of indicators: simple, hierarchy focused, and strictly topological. The comparative analysis employed 32 indicators either at network or sub-network level, like for core-periphery analysis, which indicate clear and marked diversity only in terms of hierarchical degree and topological aspects. A first conclusion is that the two examined trade networks are following a similar path and, excepted for few indicators, they seem to be rather similar even at a deeper structural level. Hence, one (or more) of three implications can be drawn: 1) the global value networks corresponding to the two sectors are not so markedly different; 2) they are substantially different but such a diversity does not produce a significant difference in terms of international trade networks; 3) there are some methodological problems that prevent differences to be evidence and require a more refined and modified comparison. A second conclusion is that trade patterns of both sectors are rather unstable.

Software Quality and Community Structure in Java Software Networks

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (07) ◽  
pp. 1063-1096 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulio Concas ◽  
Michele Marchesi ◽  
Cristina Monni ◽  
Matteo Orrù ◽  
Roberto Tonelli
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Software Quality ◽  
Defect Density ◽  
Power Laws ◽  
Clustering Coefficient ◽  
Software Systems ◽  
Confounding Effect ◽  
Software Network ◽  
Community Metrics ◽  
The Relationship

We present a study of 600 Java software networks with the aim of characterizing the relationship among their defectiveness and community metrics. We analyze the community structure of such networks, defined as their topological division into subnetworks of densely connected nodes. A high density of connections represents a higher level of cooperation between classes, so a well-defined division in communities could indicate that the software system has been designed in a modular fashion and all its functionalities are well separated. We show how the community structure can be an indicator of well-written, high quality code by retrieving the communities of the analyzed systems and by ranking their division in communities through the built-in metric called modularity. We found that the software systems with highest modularity possess the majority of bugs, and tested whether this result is related to some confounding effect. We found two power laws relating the maximum defect density with two different metrics: the number of detected communities inside a software network and the clustering coefficient. We finally found a linear correlation between clustering coefficient and number of communities. Our results can be used to make predictive hypotheses about software defectiveness of future releases of the analyzed systems.

scholarly journals Assortativity and bidegree distributions on Bernoulli random graph superpositions

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Mindaugas Bloznelis ◽  
Joona Karjalainen ◽  
Lasse Leskelä
Keyword(s):  
Random Graphs ◽  
Degree Distribution ◽  
Analytical Formula ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Power Laws ◽  
Clustering Coefficient ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Heavy Tailed ◽  
Law Degree

Abstract A probabilistic generative network model with $n$ nodes and $m$ overlapping layers is obtained as a superposition of $m$ mutually independent Bernoulli random graphs of varying size and strength. When $n$ and $m$ are large and of the same order of magnitude, the model admits a sparse limiting regime with a tunable power-law degree distribution and nonvanishing clustering coefficient. In this article, we prove an asymptotic formula for the joint degree distribution of adjacent nodes. This yields a simple analytical formula for the model assortativity and opens up ways to analyze rank correlation coefficients suitable for random graphs with heavy-tailed degree distributions. We also study the effects of power laws on the asymptotic joint degree distributions.

scholarly journals Structure and Evolution of the International Pesticide Trade Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian-An Li ◽  
Wen-Jie Xie ◽  
Wei-Xing Zhou
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Network Size ◽  
Clustering Coefficient ◽  
Trade Networks ◽  
The World ◽  
Local Clustering ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Local Clustering Coefficient

To meet the increasing demand for food around the world, pesticides are widely used and will continue to be widely used in agricultural production to reduce yield losses and maintain product quality. International pesticide trade serves to reallocate the distribution of pesticides around the world. We investigate the statistical properties of the international trade networks of five categories of pesticides from the view angle of temporal directed and weighted networks. We observed an overall increasing trend in network size, network density, average in- and out-degrees, average in- and out-strengths, temporal similarity, and link reciprocity, indicating that the rising globalization of pesticides trade is driving the networks denser. However, the distributions of link weights remain unchanged along time for the five categories of pesticides. In addition, all the networks are disassortatively mixed because large importers or exporters are more likely to trade with small exporters or importers. We also observed positive correlations between in-degree and out-degree, in-strength and out-strength, link reciprocity and in-degree, out-degree, in-strength, and out-strength, while node’s local clustering coefficient is negatively related to in-degree, out-degree, in-strength, and out-strength. We show that some structural and dynamic properties of the international pesticide trade networks are different from those of the international trade networks, highlighting the presence of idiosyncratic features of different goods and products in the international trade.

scholarly journals The Trade Of Indonesian Spice Comodities In International Market

Agro Ekonomi ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Herdiana Anggrasari ◽  
Jangkung Handoyo Mulyo
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
International Market ◽  
Trade Patterns ◽  
Market Intelligence ◽  
Commodity Export ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Trade Partner ◽  
Spice Trade ◽  
Trade Partners

This research is aimed to (1) observe the trade patterns and domination export in the spice commodities between Indonesia in international market and the countries as its main trade partners, and (2) observe the performance of the export and import in industry of Indonesia spices with its trade partner countries. Grubel-Lloyd Index (GLI) were used to detect whether the trade patterns in spice industry is as intra-industry or as inter-industry as well as to figure out the domination of the spice commodity export of Indonesia to its trade partner countries. The performance of the export and import in spice industry could be analyzed using the share of export and import between Indonesia and its trade partner countries. This research used the secondary data obtained from UNComtrade in a 15-year period (2002-2016) by concerning with a number of the main trade partner countries. The results of the research showed that the trade of Indonesian spice commodities in international market and among its main trade partners is categorized as a partial industry. Indonesia overall dominates the spice trade with its main trading partners; thus, the trade balance of Indonesian spice commodities is surplus. It is only with China and India in which the trade pattern is categorized as the intra-industry. Government needs to do some various efforts to encourage the increase of exports of Indonesian spices in the international market by developing market intelligence, enhancing the role of attachés in the spice trade diplomacy in the partner countries and potential countries.

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