scholarly journals Forward Converter Current Fed Equalizer for Lithium Based Batteries in Ultralight Electrical Vehicles

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Farzan Moghaddam ◽  
Alex Van den Bossche
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Interference ◽  
Buck Converter ◽  
Battery Pack ◽  
Forward Converter ◽  
Electrical Vehicles ◽  
Battery Packs ◽  
Electrical Vehicle ◽  
In Series ◽  
Forward Converters ◽  
Zero Voltage

In this paper, the concept of a forward balancing technique fed by a buck converter for lithium-based batteries in Electrical Vehicle (EV) applications is investigated. The proposed active topology equalizes eight cells in a series in a battery pack, by using a forward converter for each battery pack and the whole battery packs, using a buck converter. The battery bank consists of four battery packs, which are in series. Therefore, the proposed system will equalize 32 cells in series. In this paper, the proposed circuit employs a single transistor used in a Zero Voltage Switch (ZVS) for the forward converter. In practice, this means a capacitor in parallel with the switch at the same time a demagnetizing of the transformer is obtained. The circuit realizes a low Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) and reduces ringing. To overcome the problem of many pins on a coil former, the transformer secondary windings are made by using hairpin winding, on a ring core. It permits, e.g., having eight secondaries and uniform output voltages. Each secondary winding is made by two hairpin turns using two zero-Ohm resistors in series. The proposed topology has less components and circuitry, and it can equalize multiple battery packs by using a single buck converter and several forward converters for each battery pack. Experimental and simulation results are performed to verify the viability of the proposed topology.

scholarly journals Radiated Emission Due to Common Mode Current in Smps

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 304-308
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Interference ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Buck Converter ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Common Mode ◽  
Forward Converter ◽  
Semiconductor Switches ◽  
Noise Current ◽  
Radiated Emissions ◽  
Forward Converters

The high frequency switching of semiconductor switches in Switched Mode Power Supplies (SMPS) cause high dV/dt and dI/dt resulting in differential mode (DM) and common mode (CM) conducted and radiated Electromagnetic Interference (EMI). The CM noise current circulating through the ground path is the major contributor for radiated EMI in the frequency range of 30 MHz to 1 GHz which will usually be above the stipulated international standards and are addressed here. The high dV/dt and dI/dt are major sources of EMI producing noise currents which will get coupled to ground through parasitic capacitances. The prominent parasitic capacitors are present in high frequency transformer and the semiconductor’s coupling to ground. They provide path for both DM and CM noise currents. The CM currents flowing in the different prominent parasitic capacitors are obtained by simulation for the four different topologies namely, non-isolated Buck, non-isolated Boost, Flyback and Forward converters. The radiated Emissions are calculated for each of the topologies and are presented. All the four converters are operated at same switching frequencies with same values of parasitic capacitances. The non-isolated Boost converter is found to generate higher radiated emissions due to CM current than the non-isolated buck converter and Forward converter has higher radiated emissions than Flyback converter. The results presented here can be used to decide on the topology of SMPS for a given application when EMI mitigation is a priority.

scholarly journals A Bimodal Multichannel Battery Pack Equalizer Based on a Quasi-Resonant Two-Transistor Forward Converter

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1112
Author(s):  
Qixing Wu ◽  
Mingyu Gao ◽  
Huipin Lin ◽  
Zhekang Dong
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Boost Converter ◽  
Battery Pack ◽  
Switching Cycle ◽  
Induced Voltage ◽  
Transfer Energy ◽  
Forward Converter ◽  
Balancing Efficiency ◽  
Secondary Side ◽  
Zero Voltage

In the application of a long series battery group, an inter-pack imbalance is inevitable. No intra-pack cell equalizer can prevent pack-level over-discharge. A bimodal, multichannel battery pack equalizer based on a quasi-resonant, two-transistor forward converter is proposed to solve this problem and achieve a tradeoff between balancing efficiency and speed. This equalizer has two modes: pack-to-pack-group and pack-to-any-pack (P2PG&AP) mode and direct-pack-to-pack (DP2P) mode. In P2PG&AP mode, this equalizer can realize the full-switching-cycle (FSC) equalization through three balancing channels, and transfer energy from any pack to both the whole group and any pack inside the group. In addition, it can effectively clamp the transformer-induced voltage using a secondary side two-transistor magnetic reset structure (STMR) and reduce the total turns of transformer coil from 70 to 50 turns via a secondary side boost converter (SBC). In DP2P mode, this equalizer can realize zero voltage gap (ZVG) equalization. A prototype was tested at different switching frequencies and LC values to validate the theoretical analysis and optimize the bimodal hybrid operation. Experiment results including higher than 89.66% efficiency and minute-level balancing time under different pack voltage distributions show that the proposed topology demonstrates excellent balancing performance.

scholarly journals Modelling of Multi Inductor based Balancing of Battery Pack for Electrical Mobility

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 266-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rigvendra Kumar Vardhan ◽  
T. Selvathai ◽  
Rajaseeli Reginald ◽  
P. Sivakumar
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Battery Pack ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Electrical Mobility ◽  
Cell Potential ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Battery Packs ◽  
Reliable Performance ◽  
In Series

   The pre requisite for success of electrical mobility is driven by development of battery technologies. Reliable performance of electrical mobility necessitates for high energy density battery packs. The advent of Li ion cell chemistry revolutionised the electric and hybrid vehicle advancement due to its high energy density, lighter weight and wide range of temperature performance. Higher operating voltages of the battery are achieved by configuration of the cells in series and parallel combinations. The performance of these battery packs are affected by operating temperature and imperfections in manufacturability which causes mismatches in cell impedance, cell potential and state of charge (SOC) imbalance. These performance issues are overcome by cell and battery balancing techniques. In this paper, a dynamic battery pack balancing circuit by using multi inductor with SOC based logic controller for both cell and battery balancing are presented. The battery pack balancing performances during static, charging, discharging conditions are analysed.

An Enhanced Active Balancing Circuit with Reconfigurable Battery for Electric Vehicles

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (05) ◽  
pp. 762-775
Author(s):  
Gunalan K ◽  
◽  
Jesil Riba Bharathi A ◽  
Madhu Shree N ◽  
Ezhilarasi C ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
State Of Charge ◽  
Battery Pack ◽  
Voltage Level ◽  
Active Balancing ◽  
Electrical Vehicles ◽  
Battery Packs ◽  
Li Ion

Batteries play a vital role in Electrical Vehicles (EV). In a battery pack, voltage differences always exist due to charging and discharging cycles. It leads to an imbalance in the State of Charge (SoC) of Li-Ion battery packs. State of charge is the level of charge of an electric battery relative to its capacity. The voltage imbalances lead to the degradation of the cells by reducing their life span and usage time. Thus, a balancing circuit is necessary to maintain the same voltage level in all the cells. Also, a reconfiguration of the battery cells depending on their SoC levels and the requirement of the load can increase the usage time and life span of a battery pack. In this paper, a circuit for reconfiguration and active equalization is proposed based on a coupled inductor and switch network which can dynamically transfer charge from the cells with higher voltage to the ones with lower voltage while simultaneously delivering the load. Thus, the SoC of the cells can be balanced with an advantage of the coupled inductor ensuring faster equalization time than other balancing techniques.

scholarly journals Research on the Influence of Battery Cell Static Parameters on the Capacity of Different Topology Battery Packs

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1610
Author(s):  
Shuai Wang ◽  
Zhongdong Yin ◽  
Xiaoli Lu ◽  
Dongjunming Yang ◽  
Shuowen Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Battery Pack ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Battery Cell ◽  
Statistical Point ◽  
Cell Parameters ◽  
Topology Changes ◽  
Battery Packs ◽  
In Series ◽  
Environment Simulation

The parameter inconsistency of the battery cells and the series-parallel connection mode are closely related to the battery pack capacity. Studying the degree of influence of battery pack capacity by battery cell parameters is of great significance to the series-parallel design of battery packs. This paper establishes battery cell models and battery pack models with different topologies. In the MATLAB/Simulink environment, simulation studies were conducted to study the influence of the battery pack capacity by the monomer parameters as the number of cells in series and parallel in the topology changes. Then, from a statistical point of view, the simulation results were analyzed in principle. Finally, a small-scale battery pack experimental platform was built in the laboratory environment to verify the correctness of the simulation conclusions and theoretical analysis.

Application of the MSMD Framework in the Simulation of Battery Packs

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Genong Li ◽  
Shaoping Li ◽  
Jing Cao
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Management ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Power Input ◽  
Battery Pack ◽  
Battery Cell ◽  
Simulation Tools ◽  
Thermal Management System ◽  
Battery Packs ◽  
In Series ◽  
Cell Simulation

Lithium-ion battery has been widely used in electric vehicles (EVs). Battery’s performance, life and safety are of great engineering importance. Using simulation tools, battery’s electric performance and thermal behavior can be computed to provide useful information in the design of a battery pack and its thermal management system. The muti-scale muti-dimensional (MSMD) methodology has been proven to be very effective in the simulation of battery at the battery’s geometry dimension scale. The method has been demonstrated in the literature for a single battery cell simulation. However, in the EV applications, battery packs where individual battery is connected in series and/or parallel are often used to provide the required power input during a real driving cycle. In this paper the MSMD methodology is extended to the battery pack simulation.

scholarly journals Research on a balanced circuit and control strategy

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-612
Author(s):  
LingChao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Control Strategy ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Battery Pack ◽  
Battery Packs ◽  
In Series ◽  
Equilibrium Process ◽  
The Cost ◽  
And Control ◽  
Balancing Control

Abstract For reducing the inconsistent state of charges (SOC) of lithium-ion battery cells and making the full use of battery packs, effective battery balancing technology should be used. In order to achieve the goal of balancing any single cell in the battery pack expediently and considering the cost and the balance efficiency, a balanced circuit is proposed. By changing the action state of single-pole double-throw relay connected to each of the single cell battery, the balanced single-cell battery is in a state of non-load power supply, at this point, the balanced battery is in `charging’ state compared with other batteries in the battery pack, thus achieving the balance target of the battery pack. On this basis, this paper also proposes a new balancing control strategy; it is different from the traditional control strategy to balance the SOC of the single cell to the SOC average of the battery pack, considering the different SOC change rates of the cells with different capacity in the battery pack. The balanced control strategy proposed in this paper allows the set condition of the single cell to end the equilibrium process in advance so as to reduce the unnecessary balance time and then improve the equilibrium speed. In order to verify the feasibility of the proposed circuit and control strategy, 18 650 batteries with different initial SOC in series are experimentally verified. The experimental results show that the balanced circuit proposed in this paper can well balance the cell of each single cell and make the battery pack reach a balanced state.

scholarly journals A Novel Hybrid LDC Converter Topology for the Integrated On-Board Charger of Electric Vehicles

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3603
Author(s):  
Vu-Hai Nam ◽  
Duong-Van Tinh ◽  
Woojin Choi
Keyword(s):  
Low Voltage ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Battery Charger ◽  
Forward Converter ◽  
Vehicle To Grid ◽  
Circulating Current ◽  
In Series ◽  
Converter Topology ◽  
Output Capacitor

Recently, the integrated On-Board Charger (OBC) combining an OBC converter with a Low-Voltage DC/DC Converter (LDC) has been considered to reduce the size, weight and cost of DC-DC converters in the EV system. This paper proposes a new integrated OBC converter with V2G (Vehicle-to-Grid) and auxiliary battery charge functions. In the proposed integrated OBC converter, the OBC converter is composed of a bidirectional full-bridge converter with an active clamp circuit and a hybrid LDC converter with a Phase-Shift Full-Bridge (PSFB) converter and a forward converter. ZVS for all primary switches and nearly ZCS for the lagging switches can be achieved for all the operating conditions. In the secondary side of the proposed LDC converter, an additional circuit composed of a capacitor and two diodes is employed to clamp the oscillation voltage across rectifier diodes and to eliminate the circulating current. Since the output capacitor of the forward converter is connected in series with the output capacitor of the auxiliary battery charger, the energy from the propulsion battery can be delivered to the auxiliary battery during the freewheeling interval and it helps reduce the current ripple of the output inductor, leading to a smaller volume of the output inductor. A 1 kW prototype converter is implemented to verify the performance of the proposed topology. The maximum efficiency of the proposed converter achieved by the experiments is 96%.

scholarly journals Opposite Triangle Carrier with SVPWM for Common-Mode Voltage Reduction in Dual Three Phase Motor Drives

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 282
Author(s):  
Seon-Ik Hwang ◽  
Jang-Mok Kim
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Interference ◽  
Pulse Width Modulation ◽  
Motor Drives ◽  
Common Mode ◽  
Pwm Inverter ◽  
Common Mode Voltage ◽  
Voltage Vector ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
The Common ◽  
Zero Voltage

The common-mode voltage (CMV) generated by the switching operation of the pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter leads to bearing failure and electromagnetic interference (EMI) noises. To reduce the CMV, it is necessary to reduce the magnitude of dv/dt and change the frequency of the CMV. In this paper, the range of the CMV is reduced by using opposite triangle carrier for ABC and XYZ winding group, and the change in frequency in the CMV is reduced by equalizing the dwell time of the zero voltage vector on ABC and XYZ winding group of dual three phase motor.

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