Novel Extensions to Enhance Scalability and Reliability of the IEEE 802.15.4-DSME Protocol

The Deterministic and Synchronous Multichannel Extension (DSME) of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard was designed to fulfill the requirements of commercial and industrial applications. DSME overcomes the IEEE 802.15.4 limitation on the maximum number of Guaranteed Time Slots (GTS) in a superframe and it also exploits channel diversity to increase the communication reliability. However, DSME suffers from scalability problems, as its multi-superframe structure does not efficiently handle GTS in networks with a high number of nodes and periodic flows. This paper proposes the enhanceD DSME (D-DSME), which consists of two extensions that improve the DSME scalability and reliability exploiting a GTS within the multi-superframe to accommodate multiple flows or multiple retransmissions of the same flow. The paper describes the proposed extensions and the performance results of both OMNeT simulations and experiments with real devices implementing the D-DSME.

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Implementation and evaluation of a 2.4 GHz multi-hop WSN: LoS, NLoS, different floors, and outdoor-to-indoor communications

International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) ◽

10.11591/ijece.v11i6.pp5170-5179 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 5170

Author(s):

Vasin Chaoboworn ◽

Yoschanin Sasiwat ◽

Dujdow Buranapanichkit ◽

Hiroshi Saito ◽

Apidet Booranawong

Keyword(s):

Ieee 802.15.4 ◽

Base Station ◽

Sensor Nodes ◽

Line Of Sight ◽

Delivery Ratio ◽

Packet Delivery ◽

Communication Reliability ◽

Ieee 802.15.4 Standard ◽

Test Scenarios ◽

Non Line Of Sight

In this paper, the communication reliability of a 2.4 GHz multi-hop wireless sensor network (WSN) in various test scenarios is evaluated through experiments. First, we implement an autonomous communication procedure for a multi-hop WSN on Tmote sky sensor nodes; 2.4 GHz, an IEEE 802.15.4 standard. Here, all nodes including a transmitter node (Tx), forwarder nodes (Fw), and a base station node (BS) can automatically work for transmitting and receiving data. The experiments have been tested in different scenarios including: i) in a room, ii) line-of-sight (LoS) communications on the 2nd floor of a building, iii) LoS and non-line-of-sight (NLoS) communications on the 1st floor to the 2nd floor, iv) LoS and NLoS communications from outdoor to the 1st and the 2nd floors of the building. The experimental results demonstrate that the communication reliability indicated by the packet delivery ratio (PDR) can vary from 99.89% in the case of i) to 14.40% in the case of iv), respectively. Here, the experiments reveal that multi-hop wireless commutations for outdoor to indoor with different floors and NLoS largely affect the PDR results, where the PDR more decreases from the best case (i.e., the case of a)) by 85.49%. Our research methodology and findings can be useful for users and researchers to carefully consider and deploy an efficient 2.4 GHz multi-hop WSN in their works, since different WSN applications require different communication reliability level.

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Integration of Value Stream Mapping with RFID, WSN and ZigBee Network

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.465-466.769 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 465-466 ◽

pp. 769-773

Author(s):

Aftab Ahmed ◽

Khalid Hasnan ◽

Badrul Aisham ◽

Qadir Bakhsh

Keyword(s):

Radio Frequency Identification ◽

Human Error ◽

Ieee 802.15.4 ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

Value Stream Mapping ◽

Value Stream ◽

Rfid Reader ◽

Frequency Identification ◽

Ieee 802.15.4 Standard ◽

Locating System

Value stream mapping (VSM) significantly monitored by integrating radio frequency identification (RFID), wireless sensor network (WSN), ZigBee wireless technologies and Labview Graphical user interface (GUI). These technologies are used for identifying, sensing, positioning, multi-hop communication and real time locating system (RTLS). Combined effect of above technologies will optimize labor and operations cost, minimize human error; improve environmental performance and information accuracy. ZigBee protocol IEEE 802.15.4 standard has been used as wireless network in variety of commercial and industrial applications. The range of tracking of RFID reader enhanced with ZigBee coordinator through ZigBee router, which overcomes the range of radio areas that do not reach signals from the RFID reader. The proposed system provides richer information of objects location, identification and their environmental status like temperature and moisture.

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TSCH Evaluation under Heterogeneous Mobile Scenarios

IoT ◽

10.3390/iot2040033 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 656-668

Author(s):

Charalampos Orfanidis ◽

Atis Elsts ◽

Paul Pop ◽

Xenofon Fafoutis

Keyword(s):

Mobile Applications ◽

Ieee 802.15.4 ◽

Autonomous Robots ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

Mobility Patterns ◽

Medium Access ◽

Access Protocol ◽

Channel Hopping ◽

High Flexibility ◽

Ieee 802.15.4 Standard

Time Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) is a medium access protocol defined in the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. It has proven to be one of the most reliable options when it comes to industrial applications. TSCH offers a degree of high flexibility and can be tailored to the requirements of specific applications. Several performance aspects of TSCH have been investigated so far, such as the energy consumption, reliability, scalability and many more. However, mobility in TSCH networks remains an aspect that has not been thoroughly explored. In this paper, we examine how TSCH performs under mobility situations. We define two mobile scenarios: one where autonomous agriculture vehicles move on a predefined trail, and a warehouse logistics scenario, where autonomous robots/vehicles and workers move randomly. We examine how different TSCH scheduling approaches perform on these mobility patterns and when a different number of nodes are operating. The results show that the current TSCH scheduling approaches are not able to handle mobile scenarios efficiently. Moreover, the results provide insights on how TSCH scheduling can be improved for mobile applications.

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Determinism through Modulation Diversity: Can Combining Multiple IEEE 802.15.4-2015 SUN Modulations Improve Communication Reliability?

10.20944/preprints202002.0426.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Pere Tuset-Peiró ◽

Ferran Adelantado ◽

Xavier Vilajosana ◽

Ruan Delgado Gomes

Keyword(s):

Ieee 802.15.4 ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

Wireless Channel ◽

Delivery Ratio ◽

The Sun ◽

Power Devices ◽

Trade Data ◽

Packet Delivery ◽

Communication Reliability ◽

Modulation Diversity

The IEEE 802.15.4-2015 standard includes the SUN (Smart Utility Networks) modulations, i.e., SUN-FSK, SUN-OQPSK and SUN-OFDM, which provide long range communications and allow to trade data rate, occupied bandwidth and reliability. However, given the constraints of low-power devices and the challenges of the wireless channel, communication reliability cannot still meet the PDR (Packet Delivery Ratio) requirements of industrial applications, i.e., PDR>99%. Hence, in this paper we evaluate the benefits of improving communication reliability by combining packet transmissions with modulation diversity using multiple IEEE 802.15.4g SUN modulations. The results derived from a real-world deployment show that going from 1 to 3 packet transmissions with the same SUN modulation can increase PDR from 85.0/84.6/71.3% to 94.2/94.1/86.0% using SUN-FSK, SUN-OQPSK and SUN-OFDM, respectively. Combining the same number of packet transmissions with modulation diversity allows to further increase the average PDR to 97.1%, indicating its potential as a tool to help meeting the reliability requirements of industrial applications.

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Design and Implementation of 6LoWPAN Protocol Stack on Single-MCU Based on CC2430

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.182-183.629 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 182-183 ◽

pp. 629-633

Author(s):

Heng Wang ◽

Jing Ming Chen ◽

Ping Wang

Keyword(s):

Ieee 802.15.4 ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

Test System ◽

Protocol Stack ◽

Typical Application ◽

Practical Test ◽

Design And Implementation ◽

Basic Functions ◽

Ipv6 Protocol ◽

Ieee 802.15.4 Standard

Combined the characteristics of IEEE 802.15.4 standard and the IPv6 protocol, the paper designs a set of 6LoWPAN protocol stack software on single-MCU based on CC2430. This set of protocol stack is designed for industrial applications. This paper completes the fragmentation and reassembly, header compression and other basic functions of 6LoWPAN. Finally, with the typical application of industrial equipments, we build a practical test system to test the data communications of the 6LoWPAN protocol stack. And, it verifies the correctness and practicability of 6LoWPAN protocol.

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Reactive GTS Allocation Protocol for Sporadic Events Using the IEEE 802.15.4

Mathematical Problems in Engineering ◽

10.1155/2014/836524 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Mukhtar Azeem ◽

Majid I. Khan ◽

Yasir Faheem ◽

Manzoor Illahi Tamimy ◽

Najmus Saqib Malik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Ieee 802.15.4 ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

Media Access Control ◽

Media Access ◽

Control Protocol ◽

Periodic Schedule ◽

The Media ◽

Ieee 802.15.4 Standard ◽

Random Nature

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) find applications in the industrial automation where periodic and sporadic events occur. The combined propagation of information generated by periodic and sporadic events from a sensor node to an actuator node is challenging due to random nature of sporadic events, particularly, if the deadlines are hard. The IEEE 802.15.4 standard provides the basis for a real-time communication mechanism between neighboring nodes of the WSN at the media access control layer. However, the standard does not address such communications over multiple hops. To support the industrial applications with such requirements, this work proposes a novel online control protocol that exploits the basis provided by the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. The proposed control protocol ensures that a given offline sporadic schedule can be adapted online in a timely manner such that the static periodic schedule has not been disturbed and the IEEE 802.15.4 standard compliance remains intact. The proposed protocol is simulated in OPNET. The simulation results are analyzed and presented in this paper to prove the correctness of the proposed protocol regarding the efficient real-time sporadic event delivery along with the periodic event propagation.

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A Simulation Model of IEEE 802.15.4 GTS Mechanism and GTS Attacks in OMNeT++ / MiXiM + NETA

Computer and Information Science ◽

10.5539/cis.v11n1p78 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 78 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yasmin M. Amin ◽

Amr T. Abdel-Hamid

Keyword(s):

Simulation Model ◽

Data Transmission ◽

Ieee 802.15.4 ◽

Personal Area Networks ◽

Wireless Personal Area Networks ◽

Mac Layer ◽

Management Scheme ◽

Free Data ◽

Ieee 802.15.4 Standard ◽

Time Critical

The IEEE 802.15.4 standard defines the PHY and MAC layer specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs). With the proliferation of many time-critical applications with real-time delivery, low latency, and/or specific bandwidth requirements, Guaranteed Time Slots (GTS) are increasingly being used for reliable contention-free data transmission by nodes within beacon-enabled WPANs. To evaluate the performance of the 802.15.4 GTS management scheme, this paper introduces a new GTS simulation model for OMNeT++ / MiXiM. Our GTS model considers star-topology WPANs within the 2.4 GHz frequency band, and is in full conformance with the IEEE 802.15.4 – 2006 standard. To enable thorough investigation of the behaviors and impacts of different attacks against the 802.15.4 GTS mechanism, a new GTS attacks simulation model for OMNeT++ is also introduced in this paper. Our GTS attacks model is developed for OMNeT++ / NETA, and is integrated with our GTS model to provide a single inclusive OMNeT++ simulation model for both the GTS mechanism and all known-to-date attacks against it.

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Researching, building the routing algorithm in Zigbee networks

Journal of Military Science and Technology ◽

10.54939/1859-1043.j.mst.csce5.2021.32-41 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 32-41

Author(s):

Dao Xuan Uoc

Keyword(s):

Ieee 802.15.4 ◽

Mesh Networks ◽

Routing Algorithm ◽

Optimal Routing ◽

Star Network ◽

Transmission Distance ◽

Zigbee Networks ◽

Iot Devices ◽

Ieee 802.15.4 Standard ◽

Better Than

Zigbee wireless network built on IEEE 802.15.4 standard is becoming one of the most popular wireless networks in modern IoT devices. One of the disadvantages of Zigbee networks is the short transmission distance between devices. This paper focuses on researching and comparing routing algorithms in Zigbee networks, thereby building the optimal routing algorithm in the existing system. The paper’s objective is to form the basis for making Zigbee tree and mesh networks, which improves the transmission distance for Zigbee networks better than the star network.

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