scholarly journals Determinism through Modulation Diversity: Can Combining Multiple IEEE 802.15.4-2015 SUN Modulations Improve Communication Reliability?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pere Tuset-Peiró ◽  
Ferran Adelantado ◽  
Xavier Vilajosana ◽  
Ruan Delgado Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Wireless Channel ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Power Devices ◽  
Trade Data ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Communication Reliability ◽  
Modulation Diversity

The IEEE 802.15.4-2015 standard includes the SUN (Smart Utility Networks) modulations, i.e., SUN-FSK, SUN-OQPSK and SUN-OFDM, which provide long range communications and allow to trade data rate, occupied bandwidth and reliability. However, given the constraints of low-power devices and the challenges of the wireless channel, communication reliability cannot still meet the PDR (Packet Delivery Ratio) requirements of industrial applications, i.e., PDR>99%. Hence, in this paper we evaluate the benefits of improving communication reliability by combining packet transmissions with modulation diversity using multiple IEEE 802.15.4g SUN modulations. The results derived from a real-world deployment show that going from 1 to 3 packet transmissions with the same SUN modulation can increase PDR from 85.0/84.6/71.3% to 94.2/94.1/86.0% using SUN-FSK, SUN-OQPSK and SUN-OFDM, respectively. Combining the same number of packet transmissions with modulation diversity allows to further increase the average PDR to 97.1%, indicating its potential as a tool to help meeting the reliability requirements of industrial applications.

scholarly journals Implementation and evaluation of a 2.4 GHz multi-hop WSN: LoS, NLoS, different floors, and outdoor-to-indoor communications

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 5170
Author(s):  
Vasin Chaoboworn ◽  
Yoschanin Sasiwat ◽  
Dujdow Buranapanichkit ◽  
Hiroshi Saito ◽  
Apidet Booranawong
Keyword(s):  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Line Of Sight ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Communication Reliability ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 Standard ◽  
Test Scenarios ◽  
Non Line Of Sight

In this paper, the communication reliability of a 2.4 GHz multi-hop wireless sensor network (WSN) in various test scenarios is evaluated through experiments. First, we implement an autonomous communication procedure for a multi-hop WSN on Tmote sky sensor nodes; 2.4 GHz, an IEEE 802.15.4 standard. Here, all nodes including a transmitter node (Tx), forwarder nodes (Fw), and a base station node (BS) can automatically work for transmitting and receiving data. The experiments have been tested in different scenarios including: i) in a room, ii) line-of-sight (LoS) communications on the 2nd floor of a building, iii) LoS and non-line-of-sight (NLoS) communications on the 1st floor to the 2nd floor, iv) LoS and NLoS communications from outdoor to the 1st and the 2nd floors of the building. The experimental results demonstrate that the communication reliability indicated by the packet delivery ratio (PDR) can vary from 99.89% in the case of i) to 14.40% in the case of iv), respectively. Here, the experiments reveal that multi-hop wireless commutations for outdoor to indoor with different floors and NLoS largely affect the PDR results, where the PDR more decreases from the best case (i.e., the case of a)) by 85.49%. Our research methodology and findings can be useful for users and researchers to carefully consider and deploy an efficient 2.4 GHz multi-hop WSN in their works, since different WSN applications require different communication reliability level.

Dependency of Transport Functions on IEEE802.11 and IEEE802.15.4 MAC/PHY Layer Protocols for WSN

2012 ◽  
pp. 95-123
Author(s):  
Atif Sharif ◽  
Vidyasagar Potdar ◽  
A. J. D. Rathnayaka
Keyword(s):  
Ieee 802.11 ◽  
Power Efficiency ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Transport Layer ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Additional Energy ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Transport Layer Protocol ◽  
Phy Layer ◽  
Packet Drop

In WSN transport, layer protocol plays a significant role in maintaining the node’s energy budget. To find out the dependency of Transport layer on MAC/PHY layer, the authors have extensively tested various transport protocols using IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15.4 MAC/PHY protocols for WSN. For IEEE802.11 and IEEE802.15.4 with RTS/CTS ON the TCP variants has shown >80% packet delivery ratio and 5-20% packet loss, while for UDP it is around >63% and 19.54-35.18% respectively. On average 1-3% additional energy is consumed for packet retransmissions in IEEE 802.11 with RTS/CTS OFF whereas significant energy efficiency is observed in IEEE802.15.4 case. For IEEE 802.11 with RTS/CTS ON high throughput, low packet drop rate and increased E-2-E delay is observed, while for IEEE 802.15.4 improved power efficiency and jitter behavior is observed. This has led the foundation for the future development of the cross-layered energy efficient transport protocol for WSN.

scholarly journals Novel Extensions to Enhance Scalability and Reliability of the IEEE 802.15.4-DSME Protocol

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippo Battaglia ◽  
Mario Collotta ◽  
Luca Leonardi ◽  
Lucia Lo Bello ◽  
Gaetano Patti
Keyword(s):  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Periodic Flows ◽  
Multiple Flows ◽  
Channel Diversity ◽  
Communication Reliability ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 Standard ◽  
Performance Results

The Deterministic and Synchronous Multichannel Extension (DSME) of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard was designed to fulfill the requirements of commercial and industrial applications. DSME overcomes the IEEE 802.15.4 limitation on the maximum number of Guaranteed Time Slots (GTS) in a superframe and it also exploits channel diversity to increase the communication reliability. However, DSME suffers from scalability problems, as its multi-superframe structure does not efficiently handle GTS in networks with a high number of nodes and periodic flows. This paper proposes the enhanceD DSME (D-DSME), which consists of two extensions that improve the DSME scalability and reliability exploiting a GTS within the multi-superframe to accommodate multiple flows or multiple retransmissions of the same flow. The paper describes the proposed extensions and the performance results of both OMNeT simulations and experiments with real devices implementing the D-DSME.

scholarly journals Experimental Interference Robustness Evaluation of IEEE 802.15.4-2015 OQPSK-DSSS and SUN-OFDM Physical Layers for Industrial Communications

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pere Tuset-Peiró ◽  
Francisco Vázquez-Gallego ◽  
Jonathan Muñoz ◽  
Thomas Watteyne ◽  
Jesus Alonso-Zarate ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Physical Layer ◽  
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Efficiency ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Physical Layers ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Industrial Communications

In this paper, we experimentally evaluate and compare the robustness against interference of the OQPSK-DSSS (Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying-Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) and the SUN-OFDM (Smart Utility Network-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) physical layers, as defined in the IEEE 802.15.4-2015 standard. The objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the impact that different levels of interference produce on these modulations, in terms of the resulting PDR (Packet Delivery Ratio) and depending on the length of the packet being transmitted. The results show that the SUN-OFDM physical layer provides significant benefits compared to the ubiquitous OQPSK-DSSS in terms of interference robustness, regardless of the interference type and the packet length. Overall, this demonstrates the suitability of choosing the SUN-OFDM physical layer when deploying low-power wireless networks in industrial scenarios, especially taking into consideration the possibility of trading-off robustness and spectrum efficiency depending on the application requirements.

Designing and Implementing a Lightweight WSN MAC Protocol for Smart Home Networking Applications

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (03) ◽  
pp. 1750043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ching-Han Chen ◽  
Ming-Yi Lin ◽  
Wen-Hung Lin
Keyword(s):  
Smart Home ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Mac Protocol ◽  
Discrete Event ◽  
Packet Delivery Ratio ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Medium Access ◽  
Packet Delivery

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) represent a promising solution in the fields of the Internet of Things (IoT) and machine-to-machine networks for smart home applications. However, to feasibly deploy wireless sensor devices in a smart home environment, four key requirements must be satisfied: stability, compatibility, reliability routing, and performance and power balance. In this study, we focus on the unreliability problem of the IEEE 802.15.4 WSN medium access control (MAC), which is caused by the contention-based MAC protocol used for channel access. This problem results in a low packet delivery ratio, particularly in a smart home network with only a few sensor nodes. In this paper, we first propose a lightweight WSN protocol for a smart home or an intelligent building, thus replacing the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol, which is highly complex and has a low packet delivery ratio. Subsequently, we describe the development of a discrete event system model for the WSN by using a GRAFCET and propose a development platform based on a reconfigurable FPGA for reducing fabrication cost and time. Finally, a prototype WSN controller ASIC chip without an extra CPU and with our proposed lightweight MAC was developed and tested. It enhanced the packet delivery ratio by up to 100%.

scholarly journals Traffic Class Prioritization-Based Slotted-CSMA/CA for IEEE 802.15.4 MAC in Intra-WBANs

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farhan Masud ◽  
Abdul Abdullah ◽  
Ayman Altameem ◽  
Gaddafi Abdul-Salaam ◽  
Farkhana Muchtar
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Packet Loss ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Channel Access ◽  
Period Range ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Delivery Delay ◽  
Traffic Class

This paper proposes an improved Traffic Class Prioritization based Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance (TCP-CSMA/CA) scheme for prioritized channel access to heterogenous-natured Bio-Medical Sensor Nodes (BMSNs) for IEEE 802.15.4 Medium Access Control (MAC) in intra-Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). The main advantage of the scheme is to provide prioritized channel access to heterogeneous-natured BMSNs of different traffic classes with reduced packet delivery delay, packet loss, and energy consumption, and improved throughput and packet delivery ratio (PDR). The prioritized channel access is achieved by assigning a distinct, minimized and prioritized backoff period range to each traffic class in every backoff during contention. In TCP-CSMA/CA, the BMSNs are distributed among four traffic classes based on the existing patient’s data classification. The Backoff Exponent (BE) starts from 1 to remove the repetition of the backoff period range in the third, fourth, and fifth backoffs. Five moderately designed backoff period ranges are proposed to assign a distinct, minimized, and prioritized backoff period range to each traffic class in every backoff during contention. A comprehensive verification using NS-2 was carried out to determine the performance of the TCP-CSMA/CA in terms of packet delivery delay, throughput, PDR, packet loss ratio (PLR) and energy consumption. The results prove that the proposed TCP-CSMA/CA scheme performs better than the IEEE 802.15.4 based PLA-MAC, eMC-MAC, and PG-MAC as it achieves a 47% decrease in the packet delivery delay and a 63% increase in the PDR.

scholarly journals The improvement of node Mobility in RPL to increase transmission efficiency

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 4238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pak Satanasaowapak ◽  
Chatchai Khunboa
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Mobile Node ◽  
Transmission Efficiency ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Packet Delivery Ratio ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Node Mobility ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Cost Metrics

The Internet of Thing has gained interested to use for daily devices to industrial applications. Mission-critical applications such as connected car and healthcare services require real-time communications and mobility support. The 6LoWPAN protocol and IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) have become the standard for the IoT. However, the RPL protocol is unable to support the application requirement causing from the high network overhead, long message latency and high packet loss rate due to mobility. Thus, in this paper, we propose a new cost metric combining the number of hops, RSSI values, and the summation of delay to enhance RPL mobility. In addition, we define the movement notification for the mobile node to activate mobile detection and parent selection processes. Finally, we presented a comparative study of the improved RPL protocols in terms of packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay and the number of control messages. The result shows that improved RPL protocol with the new cost metrics provides a high packet delivery ratio and offers a low message latency.

scholarly journals A Dataset to Evaluate IEEE 802.15.4g SUN for Dependable Low-Power Wireless Communications in Industrial Scenarios

Data ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pere Tuset-Peiró ◽  
Ruan D. Gomes ◽  
Pascal Thubert ◽  
Eva Cuerva ◽  
Eduard Egusquiza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Task Force ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Sensitivity Limit ◽  
Received Signal Strength Indicator ◽  
External Interference ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Clear Channel Assessment ◽  
Utility Network ◽  
Clear Channel

This article presents a dataset obtained from the deployment of an IEEE 802.15.4g SUN (Smart Utility Network) single-hop network (11 nodes) in a large industrial scenario (110,044 m 2 ) for a long period of time (99 days). The dataset contains ∼11 M entries with RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator), CCA (Clear Channel Assessment), and PDR (Packet Delivery Ratio) values. The analyzed results show a high variability in the average RSSI (i.e., between −82.1 dBm and −101.7 dBm) and CCA (i.e., between −111.2 dBm and −119.9 dBm) values, which is caused by the effects of multi-path propagation and external interference. Despite being above the sensitivity limit for each modulation, these values result in poor average PDR values (i.e., from 65.9% to 87.4%), indicating that additional schemes are needed to meet the link reliability requirements of industrial applications. Hence, the presented dataset will allow researchers and practitioners to propose novel mechanisms and evaluate their performance using realistic conditions, enabling the dependability vision of the RAW (Reliable and Available Wireless) WG (Working Group) at the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force).

scholarly journals Evaluating IEEE 802.15.4g SUN for Dependable Low-Power Wireless Communications In Industrial Scenarios

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pere Tuset-Peiró ◽  
Ruan Delgado Gomes ◽  
Pascal Thubert ◽  
Xavier Vilajosana
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Communications ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Received Signal Strength Indicator ◽  
External Interference ◽  
Regulatory Constraints ◽  
Utility Network ◽  
Clear Channel

In this article we present a deployment of 11 nodes using the three different SUN (Smart Utility Network) modulation schemes, as defined in the IEEE 802.15.4-2015 standard. The nodes were deployed in a 110.044 m2 warehouse for 99 days, and the resulting dataset contains a total of 10.710.868 measurements with RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator), CCA (Clear Channel Assessment) and PDR (Packet Delivery Ratio) values. The analyzed results show a high variability in average RSSI (i.e., between -82.1 dBm and -101.7 dBm) and CCA (i.e., between -111.2 dBm and -119.9 dBm) values, which are caused by the effects of multi-path propagation and external interference. Despite being above the sensitivity limit for each modulation, this values result in poor average PDR values (i.e., from 65.9% to 87.4%), indicating that additional schemes are required for low-power wireless communications to meet the dependability requirements of industrial applications. For that purpose, we also introduce the concept of modulation diversity, which can be combined with packet repetition to meet such requirements (i.e., PDR>99%) while minimizing the energy expenditure of nodes and meeting regulatory constraints.

Performance Evaluation of Fiber Wireless (FiWi) Access Network using Position Optimization of ONUs

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nitin Chouhan ◽  
Uma Rathore Bhatt ◽  
Raksha Upadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Optimization Algorithm ◽  
Optical Network ◽  
Access Network ◽  
Whale Optimization Algorithm ◽  
Wireless Access ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Whale Optimization ◽  
Wireless Access Network

: Fiber Wireless Access Network is the blend of passive optical network and wireless access network. This network provides higher capacity, better flexibility, more stability and improved reliability to the users at lower cost. Network component (such as Optical Network Unit (ONU)) placement is one of the major research issues which affects the network design, performance and cost. Considering all these concerns, we implement customized Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) for ONU placement. Initially whale optimization algorithm is applied to get optimized position of ONUs, which is followed by reduction of number of ONUs in the network. Reduction of ONUs is done such that with fewer number of ONUs all routers present in the network can communicate. In order to ensure the performance of the network we compute the network parameters such as Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Total Time for Delivering the Packets in the Network (TTDPN) and percentage reduction in power consumption for the proposed algorithm. The performance of the proposed work is compared with existing algorithms (deterministic and centrally placed ONUs with predefined hops) and has been analyzed through extensive simulation. The result shows that the proposed algorithm is superior to the other algorithms in terms of minimum required ONUs and reduced power consumption in the network with almost same packet delivery ratio and total time for delivering the packets in the network. Therefore, present work is suitable for developing cost-effective FiWi network with maintained network performance.

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