scholarly journals Impact of Thermal Throttling on Long-Term Visual Inference in a CPU-Based Edge Device

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 2106
Author(s):  
Théo Benoit-Cattin ◽  
Delia Velasco-Montero ◽  
Jorge Fernández-Berni
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Frame Rate ◽  
Raspberry Pi ◽  
Maximum Throughput ◽  
External Temperature ◽  
Active Cooling ◽  
The Impact

Many application scenarios of edge visual inference, e.g., robotics or environmental monitoring, eventually require long periods of continuous operation. In such periods, the processor temperature plays a critical role to keep a prescribed frame rate. Particularly, the heavy computational load of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) may lead to thermal throttling and hence performance degradation in few seconds. In this paper, we report and analyze the long-term performance of 80 different cases resulting from running five CNN models on four software frameworks and two operating systems without and with active cooling. This comprehensive study was conducted on a low-cost edge platform, namely Raspberry Pi 4B (RPi4B), under stable indoor conditions. The results show that hysteresis-based active cooling prevented thermal throttling in all cases, thereby improving the throughput up to approximately 90% versus no cooling. Interestingly, the range of fan usage during active cooling varied from 33% to 65%. Given the impact of the fan on the power consumption of the system as a whole, these results stress the importance of a suitable selection of CNN model and software components. To assess the performance in outdoor applications, we integrated an external temperature sensor with the RPi4B and conducted a set of experiments with no active cooling in a wide interval of ambient temperature, ranging from 22 °C to 36 °C. Variations up to 27.7% were measured with respect to the maximum throughput achieved in that interval. This demonstrates that ambient temperature is a critical parameter in case active cooling cannot be applied.

scholarly journals LONG-TERM TRACKING OF A SPECIFIC VEHICLE USING AIRBORNE OPTICAL CAMERA SYSTEMS

2016 ◽  
Vol XLI-B2 ◽  
pp. 521-525
Author(s):  
F. Kurz ◽  
D. Rosenbaum ◽  
H. Runge ◽  
D. Cerra ◽  
G. Mattyus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Urban Traffic ◽  
Frame Rate ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
Cell Transmission Model ◽  
Good Correspondence ◽  
Congested Traffic ◽  
Camera Systems

In this paper we present two low cost, airborne sensor systems capable of long-term vehicle tracking. Based on the properties of the sensors, a method for automatic real-time, long-term tracking of individual vehicles is presented. This combines the detection and tracking of the vehicle in low frame rate image sequences and applies the lagged Cell Transmission Model (CTM) to handle longer tracking outages occurring in complex traffic situations, e.g. tunnels. The CTM model uses the traffic conditions in the proximities of the target vehicle and estimates its motion to predict the position where it reappears. <br><br> The method is validated on an airborne image sequence acquired from a helicopter. Several reference vehicles are tracked within a range of <i>500m</i> in a complex urban traffic situation. An artificial tracking outage of <i>240m</i> is simulated, which is handled by the CTM. For this, all the vehicles in the close proximity are automatically detected and tracked to estimate the basic density-flow relations of the CTM model. Finally, the real and simulated trajectories of the reference vehicles in the outage are compared showing good correspondence also in congested traffic situations.

scholarly journals A REVIEW ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NATURAL FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE FOR RIGID PAVEMENTS

2021 ◽  
pp. 266-270
Author(s):  
M.Venkata Naga Prasad ◽  
Dr.J.Sridhar
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Natural Fibers ◽  
Natural Fibre ◽  
Cement Matrix ◽  
Rigid Pavements ◽  
Steel Bars ◽  
Coconut Coir ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Coconut Fibers

This study focuses on fiber reinforcement, specifically the use of jute and coir as a fiber reinforcing material in concrete. Natural fibers have been used to provide substantial toughness and strength in a very fragile cement matrix composite. It is necessary to make effective changes in this regard. Uses a very alkaline cement matrix to achieve durability. It is preferable to have a chemical composition that is clear. Reinforce the cement and change the surface of the fibers composite. The usage of jute fiber in this article is discussed. Concrete and the impact it has on the characteristics of the concrete it produces, for example this is an attempt to review the work that has just been completed. In the discipline, as well as to establish a foundation for future study in that case. It is critical to create low-cost building and reinforcing techniques that are suited for developing countries. If agricultural by-products like coconut coir can be used to replace steel bars as reinforcement, building costs can be reduced. Down significantly the purpose of this study is to evaluate the characteristics of coconut fibers. Species produced in India and their uses in many fields of engineering, notably civil engineering enhancing the long-term durability of concrete and mortar using engineering as a building material with the addition of coconut fibers the overall objective is to look into the possibility of utilizing domestic resources. Wastes for construction on a tiny scale a review of several researchers’ experiences utilizing is presented in this publication. The performance of coconut coir as a reinforcing component is explored in depth.

Privatisation of Housing and the Impact of the Conservative Government's Initiatives on Low-Cost Homeownership and Private Renting between 1979 and 1984 in England and Wales: 3. Impact and Evaluation of Low-Cost Homeownership Policy

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 901-911 ◽  
Author(s):  
A D H Crook
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Private Renting ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Low Income Groups ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Right To Buy

This is the third in a series of four papers describing and evaluating the British Government's policies of privatising housing. In this paper the research on the short-run impact of the low-cost homeownership programme is examined, by looking at the right to buy, shared ownership, improvement for sale, and homesteading, and at starter homes and licence schemes. The purchasers who have benefited from the programme are identified and the reasons for some of the failures of the policy to reach priority groups and areas of need are examined. An evaluation of the programme is made under three headings: the extent to which new investment is generated, the extent to which benefits are restricted to groups in need, and the long-term consequences of expanding homeownership amongst low-income groups. It is concluded that privatisation cannot be achieved without continued state support and regulation.

scholarly journals THE NEED FOR A PARADIGM SHIFT IN FINANCE: SUSTAINABLE CORPORATE FINANCE

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
Simona Marcela AGÂRBICEANU ◽  
◽  
Tatiana PĂUN ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Finance ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Responsible Behavior ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Sustainable Finance ◽  
Financial Decision ◽  
The Impact

Under current global conditions, finance may play a critical role in allocating investment to sustainable enterprises and projects, thereby hastening the transition to a low-carbon circular economy. Finance promotes risk assessment and, as a result, can aid in addressing the inherent ambiguity surrounding environmental concerns such as the impact of carbon emissions on climate change. In recent decades, thinking about sustainable finance has progressed through several stages, with the emphasis steadily changing from short-term profit to long-term value creation. This study seeks to conduct an examination of the concept and premises of sustainable corporate finance based on literature research, with the goal of bringing arguments to the need to shift the financial paradigm. This emerging perspective emphasizes that, while profit creation and maximization are important, firms must also seek other goals that have an impact on society, such as those connected to sustainable development. The integration of environmental, social, and governance components into financial decision-making processes is referred to as sustainable finance. Recent developments highlight the importance of businesses' commitment to responsible behavior in transforming the company into a truly sustainable enterprise that adds value to the business, society, and the environment.

scholarly journals Selective behavioural impairments in mice heterozygous for the cross disorder psychiatric risk gene DLG2

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Pass ◽  
Niels Haan ◽  
Trevor Humby ◽  
Lawrence S Wilkinson ◽  
Jeremy Hall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Motor Learning ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Synaptic Function ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
The Impact

Mutations affecting DLG2 are emerging as a genetic risk factor associated with neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder and bipolar disorder. Discs large homolog 2 (DLG2) is a member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase protein superfamily of scaffold proteins, a component of the post-synaptic density in excitatory neurons and regulator of synaptic function and plasticity. It remains an important question whether and how haploinsuffiency of DLG2 contributes to impairments in basic behavioural and cognitive functions that may underlie symptomatic domains in patients that cross diagnostic boundaries. Using a heterozygous Dlg2 mouse model we examined the impact of reduced Dlg2 expression on functions commonly impaired in neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders including motor co-ordination and learning, pre-pulse inhibition and habituation to novel stimuli. The heterozygous Dlg2 mice exhibited behavioural impairments in long-term motor learning and long-term habituation to a novel context, but not motor co-ordination, initial responses to a novel context, PPI of acoustic startle or anxiety. We additionally showed evidence for the reduced regulation of the synaptic plasticity-associated protein cFos in the motor cortex during motor learning. The sensitivity of selective behavioural and cognitive functions, particularly those dependent on synaptic plasticity, to reduced expression of DLG2 give further credence for DLG2 playing a critical role in specific brain functions but also a mechanistic understanding of symptom expression shared across psychiatric disorders.

Observations and Recommendations

2019 ◽  
pp. 102-113
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Revolutionary Change ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Government ◽  
Oil Revenues ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

The future of tourism and communication technology are intertwined. As Toffler observed with other revolutionary change, an inter-relationship will be difficult to predict but rewards will be substantial to those who are ahead of the curve. Two critical forces will continue to collide: increased democratization of tourism and increased focus on sustainable use of resources. The growth in incomes and the expansion of low-cost air service make China, India, and a few other developing countries the most rapidly growing tourism markets. This is particularly the case in parts of the Islamic world, resulting in rapidly expanding numbers of Muslims who seek to undertake the Haj. As detailed in a case study, this has resulted in demolition of much of ancient Mecca to make way for tourist hotels, a case where it appears the Saudi government is more interested in offsetting declining oil revenues with tourism revenues than with preservation of a unique tourism asset. Elsewhere the threat of over-tourism is evident in many places. In Europe, this is most evident in Venice where as tourism has expanded, the prices charged for overnight accommodations have shot up, forcing long-term residents to move out of the city and to endure commutes to their places of work back in the city. Local government has a choice – see the asset degrade or limit tourism. The market is well suited to limit tourism, but if the government imposes fees, say a day pass to enter the city, is this an equitable option (i.e., potentially making the city available only to wealthy visitors)? The nation of Bhutan has already imposed a high fee for visitors as a method to maintain the nation's happiness index. The future of tourism is uncertain as is the impact that technology change and concern regarding sustainability.

scholarly journals Solar activity affects avian timing of reproduction

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 739-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel E. Visser ◽  
Juan José Sanz
Keyword(s):  
Solar Activity ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Parus Major ◽  
Laying Date ◽  
Cyanistes Caeruleus ◽  
Timing Of Reproduction ◽  
Crucial Difference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

Avian timing of reproduction is strongly affected by ambient temperature. Here we show that there is an additional effect of sunspots on laying date, from five long-term population studies of great and blue tits ( Parus major and Cyanistes caeruleus ), demonstrating for the first time that solar activity not only has an effect on population numbers but that it also affects the timing of animal behaviour. This effect is statistically independent of ambient temperature. In years with few sunspots, birds initiate laying late while they are often early in years with many sunspots. The sunspot effect may be owing to a crucial difference between the method of temperature measurements by meteorological stations (in the shade) and the temperatures experienced by the birds. A better understanding of the impact of all the thermal components of weather on the phenology of ecosystems is essential when predicting their responses to climate change.

scholarly journals Investigation of Low-Cost and Optical Particulate Matter Sensors for Ambient Monitoring

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1040
Author(s):  
Mariusz Rogulski ◽  
Artur Badyda
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Reference Station ◽  
Correction Function ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Campaign Evaluation ◽  
The Impact

This article presents a long-term evaluation of low-cost particulate matter (PM) sensors in a field measurements campaign. Evaluation was performed in two phases. During the first five months of the campaign, two PM sensors were simultaneously compared with the results from the reference air quality monitoring station in various atmospheric conditions—from the days with freezing cold (minimum temperature below −10 °C) and high relative humidity (up to 95%) to the days with the maximum temperature above 30 °C and low relative humidity (at the level of 25%). Based on the PM10 measurements, the correlation coefficients for both devices in relation to the reference station were determined (r = 0.91 and r = 0.94, respectively), as well as the impact of temperature and relative humidity on measurements from the low-cost sensors in relation to the reference values. The correction function was formulated based on this large set of low-cost PM10 measurements and referential values. The effectiveness of the corrective function was verified during the second measurement campaign carried out in the city of Nowy Sącz (located in southern Poland) for the same five months in the following year. The absolute values of the long-term percentage errors obtained after adjustment were reduced to a maximum of about 20%, and the average percentage errors were usually around 10%.

scholarly journals Implications of a Soy-Based Diet for Animal Models

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 774
Author(s):  
Justine Dhot ◽  
Valentine Prat ◽  
Marine Ferron ◽  
Virginie Aillerie ◽  
Angélique Erraud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Diastolic Dysfunction ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Absolute Requirement ◽  
Diet Versus ◽  
Bias Attention ◽  
The Impact

The use of animal models in fundamental or pre-clinical research remains an absolute requirement for understanding human pathologies and developing new drugs. In order to transpose these results into clinical practice, many parameters must be taken into account to limit bias. Attention has recently been focused on the sex, age or even strain of each animal, but the impact of diet has been largely neglected. Soy, which is commonly used in the diet in varying quantities can affect their physiology. In order to assess whether the presence of soy can impact the obtained results, we studied the impact of a soy-based diet versus a soy-free diet, on diastolic function in a rat model based on transgenic overexpression of the β3-adrenergic receptors in the endothelium and characterized by the appearance of diastolic dysfunction with age. Our results show that the onset of diastolic dysfunction is only observed in transgenic male rats fed with a soy-free diet in the long term. Our study highlights the importance of the diet’s choice in the study design process, especially regarding the proportion of soy, to correctly interpret the outcome as low-cost diets are more likely to be highly concentrated in soy.

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