scholarly journals China’s Electric Vehicle Deployment: Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emission Impacts

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feiqi Liu ◽  
Fuquan Zhao ◽  
Zongwei Liu ◽  
Han Hao
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Commercial Vehicles ◽  
Short Term ◽  
State And Local

The explosion of the vehicle market in China has caused a series of problems, like energy security, climate change, air pollution, etc. The deployment of electric vehicles (EVs) is considered an effective solution to address these problems. Thus, both the state and local governments in China have launched some policies and incentives to accelerate the development of EVs and the EV industry. Do EVs can effectively solve these problems in short term, viewed from the fleet point? Based on China’s most up-to-date deployment plan for EVs, this paper analyzes the energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused by China’s road transport sector in three different scenarios. The results indicate that, based on current planning, the energy consumption and GHG emissions of the whole fleet will peak in 2025 and 2027, at the level of around 403 mtoe (million tons of oil equivalent) and 1763 mt CO2 eq. (million tons of CO2 equivalent), respectively. The introduction of EVs will significantly reduce the reliance on fossil fuel in the long term, with increasing ownership, while, in the short term, the fuel economy regulation will still play a more important role. Policy makers should continually pay attention to this. Meanwhile, commercial vehicles, especially heavy-duty trucks will account for a bigger and bigger proportion in the energy consumption and GHG emissions of the whole fleet. Thus, to some extent the focus should shift from passenger vehicles to commercial vehicles. More measures could be implemented.

scholarly journals Environmental Impacts of Introducing LNG as Alternative Fuel for Urban Buses – Case Study in Slovakia

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 837-847
Author(s):  
Martin Jurkovič ◽  
Tomáš Kalina ◽  
Tomáš Skrúcaný ◽  
Piotr Gorzelanczyk ◽  
Vladimír Ľupták
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Liquefied Natural Gas ◽  
European Standard ◽  
Bus Transport

The aim of the paper is to assess the possibility of decreasing the chosen environmental indicators like energy consumption, greenhouse gas (GHG) production and other exhaust pollutants in the selected region in Slovakia by introducing Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) buses into bus transport. The assessment is carried out by comparing the consumption and emissions of current buses (EURO 2) in real operation, with potential buses (EURO 6) and with pilot LNG buses testing on the same lines. Comparison took place under the same conditions over the same period. The study measures the energy consumption and GHG production per bus. The research paper also compares two methodologies of calculation. The first calculation is according to the European Standard EN 16258: 2012 which specifies the general methodology for evaluation and declaration of energy consumption and GHG emissions (all services - cargo, passengers or both). The second calculation is according to the Handbook of Emission Factors for Road Transport (HBEFA). The results of the calculation are compared  by both methods, and the most suitable version of the bus in terms of GHG emissions is proposed.

scholarly journals Projection of Greenhouse Gas Emissions for the Road Transport Sector Based on Multivariate Regression and the Double Exponential Smoothing Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 9152
Author(s):  
Reham Alhindawi ◽  
Yousef Abu Nahleh ◽  
Arun Kumar ◽  
Nirajan Shiwakoti
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Multivariate Regression ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
The Road ◽  
Battery Electric Vehicles ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
Double Exponential

The economic and health impacts resulting from the greenhouse effect is a major concern in many countries. The transportation sector is one of the major contributors to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions worldwide. Almost 15 percent of the global GHG and over 20 percent of energy-related CO2 emissions are produced by the transportation sector. Quantifying GHG emissions from the road transport sector assists in assessing the existing vehicles’ energy consumptions and in proposing technological interventions for enhancing vehicle efficiency and reducing energy-supply greenhouse gas intensity. This paper aims to develop a model for the projection of GHG emissions from the road transport sector. We consider the Vehicle-Kilometre by Mode (VKM) to Number of Transportation Vehicles (NTV) ratio for the six different modes of transportation. These modes include motorcycles, passenger cars, tractors, single-unit trucks, buses and light trucks data from the North American Transportation Statistics (NATS) online database over a period of 22 years. We use multivariate regression and double exponential approaches to model the projection of GHG emissions. The results indicate that the VKM to NTV ratio for the different transportation modes has a significant effect on GHG emissions, with the coefficient of determination adjusted R2 and R2 values of 89.46% and 91.8%, respectively. This shows that VKM and NTV are the main factors influencing GHG emission growth. The developed model is used to examine various scenarios for introducing plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and battery electric vehicles in the future. If there will be a switch to battery electric vehicles, a 62.2 % reduction in CO2 emissions would occur. The results of this paper will be useful in developing appropriate planning, policies, and strategies to reduce GHG emissions from the road transport sector.

Comparative study of greenhouse gas emissions between national government and local governments in Korea

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (8) ◽  
pp. 1403-1415
Author(s):  
Eun-Mi Been ◽  
Young-Kwon Park ◽  
Kyung-Tae Kim
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
National Government ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Ghg Reduction ◽  
Calculation Methodology ◽  
The Difference ◽  
State And Local

The purpose of this study is to calculate and analyze emissions using the uniformity of national and local emission calculation institutions, unification of calculation methods, and common statistical data. The Korea Environment Corporation has reported the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from local governments in Korea since 2015. On the other hand, the reliability of the emissions amount has been questioned because of the inconsistency of the figures between the national emissions calculated by the green in regulation and the total emissions of local governments. To validate the reliability of the emissions report, this study examined the causes of the differences between the national government and 17 local governments nationwide over a 10-year period from 2005 to 2014. The national GHG inventory was designed to make reporting at home and abroad, but the local GHG inventory was built to support the GHG reduction activities of local governments. The most important reason why the sum of state and local governments GHG emissions did not coincide was the difference in the guidelines applied to establish the calculation standard for the GHG inventory. Discrepancies in the calculation criteria were also shown to cause differences in the calculation methodology, range of calculation categories, emissions coefficients, and available activity data.

Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Measures in Transportation Sector of Malaysia

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shamsuddin Shahid ◽  
Anil Minhans ◽  
Othman Che Puan
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Road Transportation ◽  
Current State ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
Policy Measures

Malaysia has committed to reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by up to 40% by the year 2020. The fact that transport sector of Malaysia shares a big portion of national GHG emissions; its role is paramount. The present study reviews the current state of GHG emission, the major technical and policy measures that can be adopted, and the measures that have been initiated in Malaysia for GHG emission reduction in transportation sector. Data related to road vehicles and GHG emission from road transportation are collected from open source databases and analyzed to reveal the present trends and possible future changes in GHG emission due to government initiatives. The result shows deceleration of GHG emission from transportation sector of Malaysia in recent years. However, the study reveals that the present measures may not be enough to reduce GHG emission up to the set target. Malaysia needs more prudent strategies for climate-friendly development of transportation to achieve sustainability goals. The study also examines the potential of Malaysia to reduce GHG and the measures that that can be initiated to streamline the effort towards GHG emission reduction are discussed.

Informing urban greenhouse gas quantification and mitigation using high-resolution CO2 emissions: a case study in Baltimore, USA

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Roest ◽  
Kevin Gurney ◽  
Scot Miller ◽  
Jianming Liang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Colonial Era

<p>As atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) levels continue to rise, a global effort to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is underway. Urban domains, which are responsible for more than 70% of global anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, are emerging as leaders in mitigation policy and planning – especially in the United States of America (US), which has formally withdrawn from the Paris Agreement. However, cities face obstacles in developing comprehensive and spatially explicit GHG inventories to inform specific actions and goals. The Vulcan emission product provides highly resolved Scope 1 fossil fuel CO<sub>2</sub> (FFCO<sub>2</sub>) emissions in space and time for the entire US, while the Hestia emission products utilize even more granular spatiotemporal data within four US urban domains. Here, we present results from Hestia for Baltimore – a colonial-era city on the Atlantic Coast of the US. Scope 1 FFCO<sub>2</sub> emissions are dominated by energy consumption in buildings, onroad vehicle emissions, and industrial point sources. Large, systematic differences exist between Hestia and Baltimore’s self-reported GHG inventory, which follows the Global Protocol for Community-scale Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories (GPC). These differences include entire sectors being omitted from emissions reporting due to a determination of ownership (e.g. Scope 1 vs. Scope 3), data gaps and limitations, and a conflation of Scope 1 and Scope 2 electricity production emissions. Urban planning may be better informed by utilizing additional data sources on fuel and energy consumption – especially fuel and energy that are not provided by a centralized utility – to develop comprehensive GHG emission estimates.</p>

Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emission of Alternative Vehicle Fuels in Thailand Using Well to Wheel Assessment

2012 ◽  
Vol 524-527 ◽  
pp. 2538-2544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Worayut Saibuatrong ◽  
Thumrongrut Mungcharoen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Fuel Production ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Full Life Cycle ◽  
Automobile Engines ◽  
Reduce Energy Consumption

Energy consumption and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) of major Alternative vehicle fuels (AVFs) in Thailand are estimated and compared with conventional fuels by means of full Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The tool utilized here is the Well-to-Wheels (WtW) module of own model covering the entire lifecycle including: raw materials cultivation (or feedstock collection); fuel production; transportation and distribution; and application in automobile engines (ICE and hybrid engine), compared with conventional petroleum-based gasoline and diesel pathways. The model is based on Thailand’s national conditions with Tsinghua-CA3EM model. Part of this model structure has been adjusted to Thailand specific situations. Therefore, a majority of the parameters have been modified with local Thailand data. Results showed that the all alternative vehicle fuels can reduce energy consumption and GHG emissions compared to conventional fuels. Hybrid ICE engine to reduce energy consumption and GHG emissions when compared to the ICE engine. Biofuels-ICE engine, especially bioethanol from molasses, had the highest reduce energy consumption and GHG emissions. LPG- Hybrid ICE engine had the highest reduce energy consumption.

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