scholarly journals Flexible Options for Greenhouse Gas-Emitting Energy Producer

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 3792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey Krasovskii ◽  
Nikolay Khabarov ◽  
Ruben Lubowski ◽  
Michael Obersteiner
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Benefit Sharing ◽  
Forest Owner ◽  
Strike Price ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Climate Agreements ◽  
International Climate Agreements ◽  
The Future

The reduction of emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) constitutes part of the international climate agreements and contributes to the Sustainable Development Goals. This research is motivated by the risks associated with the future C O 2 price uncertainty in the context of the offsetting of carbon emissions by regulated entities. The research asked whether it is possible to reduce these financial risks. In this study, we consider the bilateral interaction of a REDD supplier and a greenhouse gas (GHG)-emitting energy producer in an incomplete emission offsets market. Within this setting, we explore an innovative financial instrument—flobsion—a flexible option with benefit-sharing. For the quantitative assessment, we used a research method based on a two-stage stochastic technological portfolio optimization model established in earlier studies. First, we obtain an important result that the availability of REDD offsets does not increase the optimal emissions of the electricity producer under any future C O 2 price realization. Moreover, addressing concerns about a possible “crowding–out” effect of REDD-based offsets, we demonstrate that the emissions and offsetting cost will decrease and increase, respectively. Second, we demonstrate the flexibility of the proposed instrument by analyzing flobsion contracts with respect to the benefit-sharing ratio and strike price within the risk-adjusted supply and demand framework. Finally, we perform a sensitivity analysis with respect to C O 2 price distributions and the opportunity costs of the forest owner supplying REDD offsets. Our results show that flobsion’s flexibility has advantages compared to a standard option, which can help GHG-emitting energy producers with managing their compliance risks, while at the same time facilitating the development of REDD programs. In this study we limited our analysis to the case of the same C O 2 price distributions foreseen by both parties; the flobsion pricing under asymmetric information could be considered in the future.

Future of Commodity Markets and Investments

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hunter M. Holzhauer
Keyword(s):  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Commodity Markets ◽  
Investment Banks ◽  
Algorithmic Trading ◽  
Excess Supply ◽  
The Future ◽  
Change Concerns ◽  
Global Population ◽  
Regulatory Trends

This chapter begins with a breakdown of recent growth trends for the overall commodities market. However, the long-term future of the market will heavily depend on three pressing issues: excess supply, increased regulations, and algorithmic trading. The section on excess supply explores how traders are changing strategies to adjust to the current imbalance between supply and demand, especially in the steel industry, and how that imbalance might change in the future based on global population trends and climate change concerns. The next section examines several regulatory trends, including the dramatic exodus of some investment banks from certain segments of the commodities market followed by a section focusing on how algorithmic trading is influencing how commodities are traded. A discussion of potential scenarios for the commodities market follows. The chapter concludes by examining a few ways in which the market and commodity traders may both survive and even thrive in the future.

scholarly journals Human development, greenhouse gas emissions and sub-national mitigation burdens: a Brazilian perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Geanderson Ambrósio ◽  
Dênis Antônio Da Cunha ◽  
Marcel Viana Pires ◽  
Luis Costa ◽  
Raiza Moniz Faria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
National Level ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
Ghg Mitigation ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
National Human ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Equivalent

AbstractInternational frameworks for greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation usually disregard country-specific inequalities for the allocation of mitigation burdens. This may hinder low developed regions in a country from achieving development in a socioeconomic perspective, such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of eradicating poverty (SDG1) and hunger (SDG2). We use observed data (1991–2010) of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2eq) emissions and a sub-national human development index (MicroHDI, range [0, 1]) for Brazilian microregions to design a framework where regional mitigation burdens are proportional to the MicroHDI, without compromising national mitigation pledges. According to our results, the less developed Brazilian regions have not been basing their development in emission-intensive activities; instead, the most developed regions have. Between 2011 and 2050, Brazilian cumulative emissions from the sectors most correlated with MicroHDI are expected to be 325 Gt CO2eq, of which only 50 Gt are associated with regions of MicroHDI < 0.8. Assuming a national GHG mitigation target of 56.5% in 2050 over 2010 (consistent with limiting global warming to 2 ºC), Brazil would emit 190 Gt CO2eq instead of 325 Gt and the 135 Gt reduction is only accounted for by regions after reaching MicroHDI ≥ 0.8. Allocating environmental restrictions to the high-developed regions leaves ground for the least developed ones to pursue development with fewer restrictions. Our heterogeneous framework represents a fairer allocation of mitigation burdens which could be implemented under the concepts of green economy. This work could be an international reference for addressing both environmental and socioeconomic development in developing countries at sub-national level as emphasized by the SDGs.

scholarly journals Supply chain – a key factor of the sustainable development of city centers

Pomorstvo ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
Mladen Jardas ◽  
Čedomir Dundović ◽  
Paola Badurina-Tomić
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Distribution Center ◽  
End User ◽  
City Center ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Efficient Delivery ◽  
The Future ◽  
Key Factor

In the paper importance is given to the organization of the supply chain for a more efficient delivery of goods to city centers. Logistics activities are closely related because they depend on each other. The ultimate goal is to bring the product/goods to the end customer/consumer as soon as possible, on time, at the lowest cost, in perfect condition and in the appropriate quantity. The mutual coordination and cooperation of all participants in the supply chain can result in a satisfied end-user/customer. The development of information – telecommunication technologies – will greatly affect the future development and efficiency of the supply chain by finding new transport solutions that would mostly affect city centers. The paper mostly emphasizes the context of the delivery conditions in Rijeka’s city center with a proposal for the location of a future centralized distribution center.

Capital Budgeting and business cycles

2021 ◽  
pp. 315-335
Author(s):  
Edward W. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rate ◽  
Demand Curve ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Investment Project ◽  
The Other ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Interest Rate

Every investment project is aimed at achieving some future goal. This goal can only be attained by employing scarce resources, like time. Every investment project entails foregoing other investment projects. It is impossible to undertake all investment projects simultaneously because resources are scarce. This means each investment project is subject to cost. The investment project may be unsuccessful in achieving the future goal and the entrepreneur may suffer a loss. On the other hand, investment projects are only undertaken because they are perceived as more valuable than their costs. Every investment project undertaken implies the possibility of earning a profit. Investment projects take time. An investment project can be represented by a time line. Time A represents the beginning of the production process. Time B is the end of the production pro-cess. Line AB is called the period of production. Present goods are scarce resources that can be consumed im-mediately. On the other hand, future goods cannot be consumed immediately. Future goods are only expected to be consumer goods at some point in the future. An investment project entails making an investment at time A and receiving a present good at time B. All else equal, present goods are more valuable than future goods.1 Any good at time A is more valuable than the same good at time B. This is called time preference. Money is the present good par excellence. Therefore, future goods can be called future cash flows. All else equal, present money is more valuable than future money. This is called the time value of money. The interest rate is the price of present goods in terms of future goods. The interest rate is the price which equates the amount of present goods provided by savers with the amount of present goods demanded by investors. Like all prices, the interest rate is determined by supply and demand. Savers are suppliers of present goods. The supply curve (S) is the quantity of present goods supplied at each interest rate. Factor owners (investors) are the demanders, or buyers, of present goods. The demand curve (D) is the quantity of present goods demanded at each interest rate. The intersection of the supply and demand curve determines the interest rate. The interest rate is determined by the supply and demand for present goods:2

Study on the Transformation of the Development Model of the National Public Information Sharing Platform for Transportation & Logistics

2015 ◽  
Vol 744-746 ◽  
pp. 1902-1905
Author(s):  
Shou Wen Ji ◽  
Qiu Xing Feng
Keyword(s):  
Information Sharing ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Development Trend ◽  
Development Model ◽  
Service Model ◽  
Profit Model ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Development Status ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Development Trend

The article researches on the development model of the National Public Information Sharing Platform for Transportation& Logistics (LOGINK), in which the author introduces the function orientation of the LOGINK. Based on the current development status of the platform, the article predicts the development trend in the future. Then, it analyzed the necessary of the transformation of the LOGINK’s development model. In order to ensure the sustainable development of the platform, this paper proposes that the development model should be changed from “Charity” to “Charity + Appreciation”. Lastly, the article gives a plan about the service model and profit model of the platform in the future.

The Opportunities and Challenges of Chinese Renewable Energy Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Trade

2014 ◽  
Vol 1010-1012 ◽  
pp. 2094-2101
Author(s):  
Long Xi Han ◽  
Jia Jia Zhai ◽  
Lin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Carbon Trading ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Trading System ◽  
Trading Market ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Impact

The opportunities and challenges in the field of Chinese renewable energy were analyzed through the impact of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction trade, especially CDM on Chinese renewable energy, combined with the enhancement of awareness of voluntary emission reduction, relationship between emission reduction trade and renewable energy, changes in the international trade environment and the rise of the domestic trading system. It is suggested that the renewable energy industry integrates with GHG emission reduction trading system in China and explores the huge double benefit of emission reduction and income increase with market means, providing a reference for the smooth implementation of nationwide CN ETS including varies industries in the carbon trading market in the future, and striving for the speaking right for China to set the marketing price of international GHG emission reduction trading in the future.

scholarly journals ERT Challenges in the Post-2015 Era

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-86
Author(s):  
Manzoor Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Global Development ◽  
Rural Transformation ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Development Agenda ◽  
Key Points ◽  
The Future ◽  
Scant Attention ◽  
High Level

This paper provides a background to the on-going discourse on post-2015 global development agenda. It mentions key points from the UN Secretary General’s report on MDG progress and the process of formulating the future development agenda. The recommendations of the High Level Panel on post-2015 agenda and the work of the Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) are examined from the perspective of Education for Rural Transformation (ERT). It is concluded that the premise and rationale of ERT has received scant attention in the future development agenda discourse. The arguments regarding the pertinence of ERT in combating poverty and promoting sustainable development are noted, drawing on the recent UNESCO- INRULED study on this topic. 

scholarly journals Eco-Design of the Urban Corridor in View of the Landscape Ecological Theory

2021 ◽  
Vol 236 ◽  
pp. 04007
Author(s):  
Hao Kaili ◽  
Liang Yan
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Ecological Theory ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Ecological Design ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Landscape Ecological ◽  
Urban Corridor

Benefiting from the rapid development of global economy, a growing number of post-industry products spring up. In comparison to the population in the suburb, the urban population presents a significantly increasing tendency. Undoubtedly, the efficient lifestyle, the convenient way of traveling and the industrial products have caused irresistible threat and damage to the nature. The soil desertification, saline-alkali land, forest degradation and else environmental issues occur as an obvious warning from the nature to us. Therefore, it is an imminent research subject at the moment to seek for symbiotic and harmonious relationship between the human and the nature. The urban landscape is a type of highly artificial design. In it, the urban corridor develops to steer the development of the overall urban landscape pattern. In the process of urban corridor design, the landscape ecological theory is essential in practical application. Spirited by ecological design, the natural ecology landscape is added on the basis of artificial restoration. This paper profoundly studied the sustainable development of the urban landscape setup, thus providing healthier and livelier design on the green ecological corridor for the urban dwellers.

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