scholarly journals Pinecone-Derived Activated Carbons as an Effective Medium for Hydrogen Storage

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 2237
Author(s):  
Sara Stelitano ◽  
Giuseppe Conte ◽  
Alfonso Policicchio ◽  
Alfredo Aloise ◽  
Giovanni Desiderio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Hydrogen Storage ◽  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Hydrogen Adsorption ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Textural Properties ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Wavelength Dispersive Spectrometry

Pinecones, a common biomass waste, has an interesting composition in terms of cellulose and lignine content that makes them excellent precursors in various activated carbon production processes. The synthesized, nanostructured, activated carbon materials show textural properties, a high specific surface area, and a large volume of micropores, which are all features that make them suitable for various applications ranging from the purification of water to energy storage. Amongst them, a very interesting application is hydrogen storage. For this purpose, activated carbon from pinecones were prepared using chemical activation with different KOH/precursor ratios, and their hydrogen adsorption capacity was evaluated at liquid nitrogen temperatures (77 K) at pressures of up to 80 bar using a Sievert’s type volumetric apparatus. Regarding the comprehensive characterization of the samples’ textural properties, the measurement of the surface area was carried out using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method, the chemical composition was investigated using wavelength-dispersive spectrometry, and the topography and long-range order was estimated using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, respectively. The hydrogen adsorption properties of the activated carbon samples were measured and then fitted using the Langmuir/ Töth isotherm model to estimate the adsorption capacity at higher pressures. The results showed that chemical activation induced the formation of an optimal pore size distribution for hydrogen adsorption centered at about 0.5 nm and the proportion of micropore volume was higher than 50%, which resulted in an adsorption capacity of 5.5 wt% at 77 K and 80 bar; this was an increase of as much as 150% relative to the one predicted by the Chahine rule.

scholarly journals CO2 and CH4 Adsorption Behavior of Biomass-Based Activated Carbons

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deneb Peredo-Mancilla ◽  
Imen Ghouma ◽  
Cecile Hort ◽  
Camelia Matei Ghimbeu ◽  
Mejdi Jeguirim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Gas Adsorption ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Textural Properties ◽  
Micropore Volume ◽  
Activation Method ◽  
Physical Activation

The aim of the present work is to study the effect of different activation methods for the production of a biomass-based activated carbon on the CO 2 and CH 4 adsorption. The influence of the activation method on the adsorption uptake was studied using three activated carbons obtained by different activation methods (H 3 PO 4 chemical activation and H 2 O and CO 2 physical activation) of olive stones. Methane and carbon dioxide pure gas adsorption experiments were carried out at two working temperatures (303.15 and 323.15 K). The influence of the activation method on the adsorption uptake was studied in terms of both textural properties and surface chemistry. For the three adsorbents, the CO 2 adsorption was more important than that of CH 4 . The chemically-activated carbon presented a higher specific surface area and micropore volume, which led to a higher adsorption capacity of both CO 2 and CH 4 . For methane adsorption, the presence of mesopores facilitated the diffusion of the gas molecules into the micropores. In the case of carbon dioxide adsorption, the presence of more oxygen groups on the water vapor-activated carbon enhanced its adsorption capacity.

scholarly journals Synthesis of activated carbon doped with transition metals for hydrogen storage

2019 ◽  
Vol 90 ◽  
pp. 01016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazlina Ya’aini ◽  
Arjun Pillay A/L Gopala Krishnan ◽  
Adnan Ripin
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Transition Metals ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Hydrogen Adsorption ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
Carbon Doped ◽  
Copper Nickel ◽  
Bet Analysis ◽  
Oxygen Groups

Carbon materials with high porosity and surface area such as activated carbons with a combination of metal possess great materials to obtain maximum hydrogen adsorption via the hydrogen spillover effect. The properties of activated carbon doped with metals (copper, nickel and palladium) were studied to evaluate the capacity of hydrogen sorption on the materials. Characteristics of the activated carbon doped with copper (AC-Cu), nickel (AC-Ni) and palladium (AC-Pd) were evaluated using particle density test, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and surface and pore analysis (BET). The performance of hydrogen adsorption of the materials was carried out at different pressures of 50, 100 and 150 psi. Characterization of the materials shows that FTIR spectroscopy manage to detect surface functional groups meanwhile the carbon structure and metal content was determined using XRD. BET analysis shows the presence of oxygen groups was decrease the specific surface area whereas the presence of transition metals had increased the surface area. Hydrogen adsorption test at 150 psi indicates that oxygen groups are not a good adsorption characteristic with only a maximum of 0.39 wt% of hydrogen was adsorbed compared to pristine activated carbon’s 0.42 wt% at 150 psi. The presence of transition metals, copper, nickel and palladium increased the overall hydrogen uptake with 0.52 wt%, 0.44 wt% and 0.62 wt% respectively at 150 psi.

Physical and Chemical Activation Effect on Activated Carbon Prepared from Local Pineapple Waste

2014 ◽  
Vol 699 ◽  
pp. 87-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Rahim Yacob ◽  
Adlina Azmi ◽  
Mohd Khairul Asyraf Amat Mustajab
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Activation Effect ◽  
Pineapple Waste ◽  
Pineapple Peel ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The characteristics and quality of activated carbons prepared depending on the chemical and physical properties of the starting materials and the activation method used. In this study, activated carbon prepared using pineapple waste. Three parts of pineapple waste which comprises of peel, crown and leaf were studied. For comparison activated carbon were prepared by both physical and chemical activation respectively. Three types of chemicals were used, phosphoric acid (H3PO4), sulphuric acid (H2SO4), and potassium hydroxide (KOH). The preparation includes carbonization at 200°C and activation at the 400°C using muffle furnace. The chemical characterization of the activated carbon was carried out using Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Nitrogen gas adsorption analysis and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The highest BET surface area was achieved when the pineapple peel soaked in 20% phosphoric acid with a surface area of 1115 m2g-1. FTIR analysis indicates that the reacted pineapple waste successfully converted into activated carbons.

Adsorption of CO2 onto Activated Carbons Prepared by Chemical Activation with Metallic Salts

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Acevedo ◽  
Liliana Giraldo ◽  
Juan Carlos Moreno-Piraján
Keyword(s):  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Pore Volume ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Metallic Salts ◽  
Adsorption Of Co2 ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Abstract Activated carbons are obtained by chemical activation of African Palm shells (Elaeis guineensis) with different impregnating agents, i. e. magnesium chloride (MgCl2) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) aqueous solutions at different concentrations (3, 5 and 7 % w/v) and temperatures (between 773 and 1073 K), in order to assess their influence on the development of the porosity. The activated carbons prepared are characterized in terms of both textural and chemical properties. The activated carbons have a surface area and a pore volume ranging between 19 and 501 m2.g−1 and 0.03–0.29 cm3.g−1, respectively. Based on the obtained results, the samples with higher surface area and pore volume (i. e. those impregnated with MgCl2 and CaCl2 solutions and thermally treated at 1073 K) are selected to evaluate the adsorption capacity and affinity for CO2. CO2 adsorption capacity varies between 1.78 and 2.95 mmolCO2.g−1 at 273 K and low pressure, and the activated carbon impregnated with the solution of MgCl2 3% and activated at 1073 K (i. e. ACMg3-1073) showed the best performances. Finally, the kinetic results show that adsorption rate for sample ACMg3-1073 is enhanced by its micro-mesoporous nature, being the access routes to the micropores larger.

scholarly journals Activated Carbon Produced by Pyrolysis of Waste Wood and Straw for Potential Wastewater Adsorption

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 2047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Januszewicz ◽  
Paweł Kazimierski ◽  
Maciej Klein ◽  
Dariusz Kardaś ◽  
Justyna Łuczak
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Waste Wood ◽  
Carbon Production

Pyrolysis of straw pellets and wood strips was performed in a fixed bed reactor. The chars, solid products of thermal degradation, were used as potential materials for activated carbon production. Chemical and physical activation processes were used to compare properties of the products. The chemical activation agent KOH was chosen and the physical activation was conducted with steam and carbon dioxide as oxidising gases. The effect of the activation process on the surface area, pore volume, structure and composition of the biochar was examined. The samples with the highest surface area (1349.6 and 1194.4 m2/g for straw and wood activated carbons, respectively) were obtained when the chemical activation with KOH solution was applied. The sample with the highest surface area was used as an adsorbent for model wastewater contamination removal.

scholarly journals Characterization of Activated Carbons from Oil-Palm Shell by CO2Activation with No Holding Carbonization Temperature

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Herawan ◽  
M. S. Hadi ◽  
Md. R. Ayob ◽  
A. Putra
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Preparation Time

Activated carbons can be produced from different precursors, including coals of different ranks, and lignocellulosic materials, by physical or chemical activation processes. The objective of this paper is to characterize oil-palm shells, as a biomass byproduct from palm-oil mills which were converted into activated carbons by nitrogen pyrolysis followed by CO2activation. The effects of no holding peak pyrolysis temperature on the physical characteristics of the activated carbons are studied. The BET surface area of the activated carbon is investigated using N2adsorption at 77 K with selected temperatures of 500, 600, and 700°C. These pyrolysis conditions for preparing the activated carbons are found to yield higher BET surface area at a pyrolysis temperature of 700°C compared to selected commercial activated carbon. The activated carbons thus result in well-developed porosities and predominantly microporosities. By using this activation method, significant improvement can be obtained in the surface characteristics of the activated carbons. Thus this study shows that the preparation time can be shortened while better results of activated carbon can be produced.

Preparation of Activated Carbon of Lignin from Straw Pulping by Chemical Activation Using Potassium Carbonate

2011 ◽  
Vol 704-705 ◽  
pp. 517-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Juan Jin ◽  
Zhi Ming Yu ◽  
Gao Jiang Yan ◽  
Wu Yu
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Iodine Number ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Potassium Carbonate ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Chemical Agent ◽  
Optimum Conditions

Activated carbons were prepared through chemical activation of lignin from straw pulping precursor using potassium carbonate as the chemical agent. Effects of activated temperature, K2CO3/lignin ratio and the activated time on the yield, Iodine number of activated carbon were investigated. Experimental results indicated that the optimum conditions were as follow: activated temperature 800°C, K3CO3(40% concentration) /lignin ratio 5: l, activated time 50min. These conditions allowed us to obtain a BET surface area of 1104 m2/g, including the external or non-microporous surface of 417 m2/g，Amount of methylene blue adsorption, Iodine number and the yield of activated carbon prepared under optimum conditions were 10.6mL/0.lg,1310 mg/g and 19.75%, respectively.

scholarly journals Activated Carbon from Rice Husk Biochar with High Surface Area

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 10265-10277
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Array Detector ◽  
Functional Density Theory

Activated carbons derived from rice husk pyrolysis (biochar) were prepared by chemical activation at different biochar/K2CO3 proportions in order to assess its capacity as adsorbent. The activated material was characterized by X-ray diffraction (DRX), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the Brunauer, Emmet, and Teller (BET) method. The Barret, Joyner, and Halenda (BJH) method and functional density theory (DFT), presenting interesting texture properties, such as high surface area (BET 1850 m2 g-1) and microporosity, which allow its use as a sorbent phase in solid-phase extraction (SPE) of the main constituents of the aqueous pyrolysis phase. It was demonstrated that the activated carbon (RH-AC) adsorbs different compounds present in from rice husk pyrolysis wastewater through quantitative analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode-array detector (HPLC-DAD), presenting good linearity (R2 > 0.996) at 280 nm.

scholarly journals Effect of Activator Type on Activated Carbon Characters from Teak Wood and The Bleaching Test for Waste Cooking Oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-89
Author(s):  
Sriatun Sriatun ◽  
Shabrina Herawati ◽  
Icha Aisyah
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Iodine Number ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Cooking Oil

The starting material for activated carbon was biomass from teak woodcutting, which consists of 47.5% cellulose, 14.4% hemicellulose, and 29.9% lignin. The surface area and iodine number of activated carbons are the factors determining the adsorption ability. This study aims to determine the effect of the activator type on activated carbon characters and test the absorption ability for waste cooking oil. The synthesis stages include carbonization, chemical activation, and then physics activation. The activation process consists of two steps. Firstly, the chemical activation via adding H2SO4, and H3PO4 at room temperature for 24 hours, the second, physical activation by heating at various temperatures of 300, 400, and 500 °C for two hours. The characterizations of activated carbon include water content, ash content, iodine number, functional groups, and surface area. Furthermore, the activated carbon was used as an adsorbent for waste cooking oil for 60 minutes at 100 °C with a stirring of 500 rpm. The results were analyzed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry at a maximum wavelength of 403 nm. The iodine numbers of activated carbon ranged 481.1-1211.4 mg/g and 494.8-1204 mg/g for H3PO4 and H2SO4, respectively.Activated carbon with H3PO4 of 15% and an activation temperature of 400 °C has the highest surface area of 445.30 m2/g.  The H2SO4 dan H3PO4 activators can be used to improve the quality of activated carbon in absorbing dyes in waste cooking oil, where the optimum concentration is 10-15% (v/v). The H3PO4 activator tends to produce a higher bleaching percentage than H2SO4. 

Preparation of Capacitor’s Electrode from Coconut Shell

2014 ◽  
Vol 875-877 ◽  
pp. 1585-1589
Author(s):  
Arenst Andreas Arie ◽  
Joong Kee Lee
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Electrode Materials ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Type I ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Bet Analysis

Activated carbons were prepared from coconut shell by chemical activation method and utilized as electrode materials for electrochemical double layer capacitor (EDLC). A preliminary characteristic of activated carbon from coconut shell includes the Brunnaeur Emmett Teller (BET) analysis and cyclic voltammetry measurements. The BET surface area is not affected by the variation of activation temperature as both of the samples showed BET surface area of about 850-870 m2g-1. The N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms showed that the sample exhibited type I characteristics according to IUPAC classification, which confirms its micro-porosity. Compared with the un-activated carbon samples, the activated ones exhibited the better electrochemical properties with a specific capacitance of 150 F g−1 at a scan rate of 2 mV s−1. The good performance of activated carbon is attributed to the enhancement of surface area due to the KOH pretreatment which can open new pores accessible for the ionic transport

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