scholarly journals Cation-Exchange Capacity Distribution within Hydrothermal Systems and Its Relation to the Alteration Mineralogy and Electrical Resistivity

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 5730
Author(s):  
Tobias Björn Weisenberger ◽  
Heimir Ingimarsson ◽  
Gylfi Páll Hersir ◽  
Ólafur G. Flóvenz
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Pore Fluid ◽  
Alteration Zones ◽  
Resistivity Logs ◽  
Mineral Alteration ◽  
Fluid Conductivity

Cation-exchange capacity (CEC) measurements are widely used to quantify the smectite content in altered rocks. Within this study, we measure the CEC of drill cuttings in four wells from three different high-temperature geothermal areas in Iceland. The CEC measurements in all four wells show similar depth/temperature related pattern, and when comparing the CEC with electrical resistivity logs, we could show that the low resistivity zone coincides with CEC values >5 meq/100 g. The measurements show, in general, an exponential decrease of the CEC with increasing depth. At the facies boundary between the mixed-layer clay and epidote-chlorite zone, the CEC reaches a steady state at about 5 meq/100 g and below that it only decreases slightly within a linear trend with increasing depth. The facies boundary overlaps with the transition where the electrical resistivity logs show an increase in resistivity. It is shown that the measured CEC can be related to the clay mineral alteration within the geothermal system and the CEC reflects the smectite component within the interstratified chlorite/smectite minerals for similar alteration degree. Furthermore, CEC was measured in seven core samples from different alteration zones that had previously been studied in detail with respect to petrophysical and conductivity properties. The results show a clear correlation between CEC and the iso-electrical point, which describes the value of the pore fluid conductivity where transition from surface conductivity to pore fluid conductivity occurs. The presented study shows that the CEC within hydrothermal altered basaltic systems mimics the expandable clay mineral alteration zones and coincides with electrical logs. The presented method can, therefore, be an easy tool to quantify alteration facies within geothermal exploration and drilling projects.

scholarly journals Eosin Removal by Cetyl Trimethylammonium-Cloisites: Influence of the Surfactant Solution Type and Regeneration Properties

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (16) ◽  
pp. 3015
Author(s):  
Fethi Kooli ◽  
Souad Rakass ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
Mostafa Abboudi ◽  
Hicham Oudghiri Hassani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Salt Solution ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Surfactant Solution ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Basal Spacing ◽  
Xrd Techniques

The effect of the counteranion of hexadecyltrimethylammonium salts on the physico-chemical properties of organoclays was investigated, using a selected natural clay mineral with a cation exchange capacity of 95 meq/100 g. The uptake amount of C16 cations was dependent on the hexadecyltrimethylammonium (C16) salt solution used, the organoclay prepared from C16Br salt solution exhibited a value of 1. 05 mmole/g higher than those prepared from C16Cl and C16OH salt solutions. The basal spacing of these organoclays was in the range of 1.81 nm to 2.10 nm, indicating a similar orientation of the intercalated surfactants, and could indicated that the excess amount of surfactants, above the cation exchange capacity of 0.95 meq/g could be adsorbed on the external surface of the clay mineral sheets. These organoclays were found to be stable in neutral, acidic, and basic media. The thermal stability of these organoclays was carried out using thermogravimetric analysis and in-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The decomposition of the surfactant occurred at a maximum temperature of 240 °C, accompanied with a decrease of the basal spacing value close to 1.42 nm. The application of these organoclays was investigated to remove an acidic dye, eosin. The removal amount was related to the initial used concentrations, the amount of the surfactants contents, and to the preheated temperatures of the organoclays. The removal was found to be endothermic process with a maximum amount of 55 mg of eosin/g of organoclay. The value decreased to 25 mg/g, when the intercalated surfactants were decomposed. The reuse of these organoclays was limited to four regeneration recycles with a reduction of 20 to 30%. However, noticeable reduction between 35% to 50% of the initial efficiency, was achieved after the fifth cycle, depending of the used organoclays.

Ionic composition of a disordered kaolinite

Clay Minerals ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Worrall ◽  
A. E. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Plastic Clay ◽  
High Cation Exchange Capacity

AbstractA white-burning, highly-plastic clay from Jamaica, containing mainly disordered kaolinite, was examined recently. It was unusual in that it was practically free from fine mica, and therefore could be purified readily by standard sedimentation techniques.The cation exchange capacity was abnormally high, and the purified clay mineral, on analysis and calculation of the ionic composition, was found to be deficient in aluminium, but contained magnesium and iron.The results confirmed the view, previously expressed, that disorder in kaolinites is associated with a high cation exchange capacity and a substituted lattice.

Geochemistry and mineralogy of weathered basalt from Morvern, Scotland

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (331) ◽  
pp. 865-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Bain ◽  
P. F. S. Ritchie ◽  
D. R. Clark ◽  
D. M. L. Duthie
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Textural Changes ◽  
Fresh Rock

SummaryThe chemical, mineralogical, and textural changes involved in the weathering of basalt have been traced through various stages from fresh rock (which has a cation exchange capacity of 10 meq/100 g due to the presence of a swelling chlorite mineral) to reddened basaltic rubble consisting of interstratified montmorillonite-illite, hematite, and anatase. The cation exchange capacities of the rocks increase progressively with the formation of secondary clay from labradorite as Al, Fe, and Ti accumulate and Si, Mg, Ca, and Na are depleted—much of the K is retained in the secondary clay mineral. The weathering is considered to be contemporaneous with the formation of the Antrim bauxites but not so intense.

scholarly journals ALTERATIONS IN ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF SANDY SOIL IN CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT BY INFLITRATION OF STILLAGE

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-156
Author(s):  
Cesar Augusto MOREIRA ◽  
José Ricardo Melges BORTOLIN ◽  
Walter MALAGUTTI FILHO ◽  
João Carlos DOURADO
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Geophysical Method ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Low Resistivity

The sugar and alcohol sector represents one of the most profitable economic activities in Brazil, being ethanol one of the main products. Among the residues related to the production of ethanol, it is highlighted the stillage, a liquid substance generated in the approximate proportion of 13 liters for each liter of ethanol produced. This paper presents the results of a stillage infiltration experiment, in various proportions, through trenches in sandy soil, with the aim to evaluate possible alterations in electrical properties in the geological materials, in individual experiments, with 60L, 300L and 900L of effluent. The initial proportion was defined based on a standard stipulated by the Environmental Agency of the State of São Paulo, which considers the cation exchange capacity of the soil, while the other quantities were defined from ratios of 4 and 15 times higher than those defined by legislation. The experiment was monitored by means of electrical resistivity measurements by indirect means through the geophysical method of Electroresistivity. The data indicate the absence of alterations in electrical properties in the soil below the point of infiltration in the experiment for 60L of stillage. The data for infiltrations with 300L and 900L revealed a zone of low resistivity below the infiltration point, basically limited to the 1m layer of sandy soil and with tendency for lateral flow supported by the soil/rock interface. The results demonstrate that the infiltration of inorganic solutions, in a proportion inferior to the cation exchange capacity of the soil, does not perceptibly alter its electrical properties in studies using the geophysical method of Electro resistivity, whereas proportions that exceed natural absorption capacity are characterized by the geoelectric signature of low resistivity.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the lime requirement of tropical soils in terms of other soil characteristics

1969 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-160
Author(s):  
M. A. Lugo López ◽  
F. Abruña ◽  
J. Roldán
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Significant Regression

The quantity of limestone required to bring the pH of various acid Puerto Rican soils to 6.5 was investigated and found to vary from several hundred to several thousands pounds per acre. To investigate the relation of clay-mineral type, clay content, cation-exchange capacity, organic-matter content, and pH to lime requirement, these properties were determined for several soils. A highly significant regression of lime requirement on pH was obtained which can be expressed by the equation: Y = 18.39 — 3.196 X, where Y is the lime requirement and X is the pH value. Multiple regressions including other factors did not significantly increase the variability which could be explained on terms of the first regression. Further analysis were made by arranging the data according to the predominant clay mineral. For kaolinitic soils highly significant correlations were obtained between lime requirement and either pH or cation exchange capacity. The regressions were: (a) Y = 15.26 — 2.632 pH, and (b) Y = 3.048 + 0.5774 (cation-exchange capacity), where Y is the lime requirement. A regression of lime requirement on both factors did not significantly increase the variability explained by the second equation. No significant regressions were obtained for beidellitic soils.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Palygorskite Samples From Different Occurrences in Guadalupe (Piauí, Brazil)

2020 ◽  
pp. 62-65
Author(s):  
Tainara Cristina de Assis ◽  
Marcelle Cerqueda ◽  
Cristiane Gimenes Souza ◽  
Tammy Caroline Jesus ◽  
Giullia Bertrand Marçano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Mineralogical Characterization ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ore Dressing

Palygorskite is a clay mineral that has several industrial and environmental applications. Palygorskite main deposits in Brazil are located in the municipality of Guadalupe, Piauí. A comparative study was performed with five samples of palygorskite from different locations through ore dressing and chemical and mineralogical characterization, using the XRD, XRF and methylene blue titration techniques. According to the results, there are significant differences in the samples composition. Among them, the most significant difference was the cation exchange capacity (CEC) value, which ranged from 24.0 to 41.0 meq.100 g-1, followed by the content of some oxides and the crystalline phases present. Despite coming from the same region, the samples contained distinct impurities.

Electrical Conductivities in Oil-Bearing Shaly Sands

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (02) ◽  
pp. 107-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.H. Waxman ◽  
L.J.M. Smits
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Pore Volume ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Water Saturation ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Water Conductivity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Shaly Sand ◽  
Log Interpretation

ABSTRACT A simple physical model was used to develop an equation that relates the electrical conductivity of a water-saturated shaly sand to the water conductivity and the cation- exchange capacity per unit pore volume of the rock. This equation fits both the experimental data of Hill and Milburn and data obtained recently on selected shaly sands with a wide range of cation-exchange capacities. This model was extended to cases where both oil and water are present in the shaly sand. This results in an additional expression, relating the resistivity ratio to water saturation, water conductivity and cation-exchange capacity per unit pore volume. The effect of shale content on the resistivity index- water saturation function is demonstrated by several numerical examples. INTRODUCTION A principal aim of well logging is to provide quantitative information concerning porosity and oil saturation of the permeable formations penetrated by the borehole. For clean sands, the relationships between measured physical quantities and porosity or saturation are well known. However, the presence of clay minerals greatly complicates log interpretation, particularly the electrical resistivity and SP logs, and considerably affects evaluation of hydrocarbon-bearing formations. The conductance and electrochemical behavior of shaly sands and their relation to log interpretation have been studied by many workers. Wyllie and Lynch reviewed this work in some detail. Virtually all laboratory measurements of electrical resistivity and electrochemical potential of shaly sands published to date are the work of Hill and Milburn.

The Influence of Mineralogy and Cation Exchange Capacity toward Electrical Resistivity Value

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Izzat Shaffiq Azmi ◽  
◽  
Ahmad Khairul Abd Malik ◽  
Aziman Madun ◽  
Faizal Pakir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Degree Of Saturation ◽  
Acetate Solution ◽  
Soil Thickness ◽  
Resistivity Tomography ◽  
Water Resistivity ◽  
Lower Resistivity

Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) is a method used for subsurface profiling in soil to characterize soil thickness, fracture zones, soil saturation, salinity and groundwater based on the electrical resistivity value (ERV). There are multiple factors that influence the electrical resistivity value, such as the porosity, degree of saturation, mineralogy, density, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and water resistivity. For this study, the effect of CEC towards resistivity value is studied via controlling the mineralogy factor, saturation, porosity and water resistivity. Thus, via understanding the CEC factor able to relate the resistivity and mineralogy of soil. This study is using a few common minerals in soil and rock, such as kaolinite, montmorillonite, illite, quartz, mica, and feldspar. The particle sizes of all tested minerals were passing 0.063mm sieve. The basic index properties of minerals such as particle size distribution, specific gravity, and Atterberg limit were tested. The instruments of Terrameter LS2 and resistivity box were used to determine the resistivity value of minerals. The Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) machine was used to analyze the CEC of minerals via dilute with the ammonium acetate solution. The porosity and degree of saturation of minerals mixed with distill water were controlled between the range of 0.5 to 0.6 and 20% to 100%. The CEC of each mineral has different value, where the lowest and the highest minerals CEC in this study were Kaolinite and Montmorillonite at 1 and 70, respectively. The electrical resistivity values decrease with the increasing of CEC value and degree of saturation. The mineral that has higher CEC indicates lower resistivity value. Meanwhile, via increasing the degree of saturation of minerals were decrease its resistivity values.

scholarly journals Influence of Degree of Clay-Mineral Crystallization and Free Iron Oxide Content on the Cation Exchange Capacity of Catalina and Cialitos Soils

1969 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-154
Author(s):  
Raúl Pérez Escolar ◽  
M. A. Lugo López
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Iron Oxides ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Thermal Analyses ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Oxide Content ◽  
Kaolinite Clay ◽  
Free Iron

Catalina and Cialitos soils have different cation exchange capacities, even though their organic-matter and clay contents are similar. X-ray and differential thermal analyses were made on the clay fraction to determine whether this variation in exchange capacity could be attributed to differences in clay mineral composition. The analyses revealed that, in both cases, kaolinite is the predominant clay mineral. However, it was found that, in Cialitos clay the kaolinite is poorly crystallized, whereas crystals are well defined in Catalina clay. Since the poorer the crystallinity, the higher the exchange capacity, this could account for the higher cation exchange capacity of Cialitos clay. Another factor that may also partly account for the difference in cation exchange capacity is the higher content of free iron oxides in Catalina clay. It is well known that free iron oxides block exchange positions in kaolinite clay minerals.

EVALUASI PERUBAHAN KUALITAS TANAH PADA LAHAN BEKAS PENAMBANGAN NIKEL DI PULAU GEBE

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mardi Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Mining Activity ◽  
Evaluation Activity ◽  
Land Quality ◽  
Environment Quality

Since year 1977 until 2005, PT. ANTAM has been exploited nickel ore resources at Gebe Island – Center ofHalmahera District – North Maluku Province. Mining activity, beside give economically advantages also causedegradation of environment quality espicially land quality. Therefore, it need evaluation activity for change ofland quality at Gebe Island after mining activity.From chemical rehabilitation aspect, post mining land and rehabilitation land indacate very lack and lackfertility (base saturated 45,87 – 99,6%; cation exchange capacity 9,43 – 12,43%; Organic Carbon 1,12 –2,31%). From availability of nutrirnt element aspect, post mining land and rehabilitation land indicate verylack and lack fertility (nitrogen 0,1 – 1,19%). Base on that data, it can be concluded that land reclamationactivity not yet achieve standart condition of chemical land.Key words : land quality, post mining lan

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