scholarly journals Eosin Removal by Cetyl Trimethylammonium-Cloisites: Influence of the Surfactant Solution Type and Regeneration Properties

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (16) ◽  
pp. 3015
Author(s):  
Fethi Kooli ◽  
Souad Rakass ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
Mostafa Abboudi ◽  
Hicham Oudghiri Hassani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Salt Solution ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Surfactant Solution ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Basal Spacing ◽  
Xrd Techniques

The effect of the counteranion of hexadecyltrimethylammonium salts on the physico-chemical properties of organoclays was investigated, using a selected natural clay mineral with a cation exchange capacity of 95 meq/100 g. The uptake amount of C16 cations was dependent on the hexadecyltrimethylammonium (C16) salt solution used, the organoclay prepared from C16Br salt solution exhibited a value of 1. 05 mmole/g higher than those prepared from C16Cl and C16OH salt solutions. The basal spacing of these organoclays was in the range of 1.81 nm to 2.10 nm, indicating a similar orientation of the intercalated surfactants, and could indicated that the excess amount of surfactants, above the cation exchange capacity of 0.95 meq/g could be adsorbed on the external surface of the clay mineral sheets. These organoclays were found to be stable in neutral, acidic, and basic media. The thermal stability of these organoclays was carried out using thermogravimetric analysis and in-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The decomposition of the surfactant occurred at a maximum temperature of 240 °C, accompanied with a decrease of the basal spacing value close to 1.42 nm. The application of these organoclays was investigated to remove an acidic dye, eosin. The removal amount was related to the initial used concentrations, the amount of the surfactants contents, and to the preheated temperatures of the organoclays. The removal was found to be endothermic process with a maximum amount of 55 mg of eosin/g of organoclay. The value decreased to 25 mg/g, when the intercalated surfactants were decomposed. The reuse of these organoclays was limited to four regeneration recycles with a reduction of 20 to 30%. However, noticeable reduction between 35% to 50% of the initial efficiency, was achieved after the fifth cycle, depending of the used organoclays.

Ionic composition of a disordered kaolinite

Clay Minerals ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Worrall ◽  
A. E. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Plastic Clay ◽  
High Cation Exchange Capacity

AbstractA white-burning, highly-plastic clay from Jamaica, containing mainly disordered kaolinite, was examined recently. It was unusual in that it was practically free from fine mica, and therefore could be purified readily by standard sedimentation techniques.The cation exchange capacity was abnormally high, and the purified clay mineral, on analysis and calculation of the ionic composition, was found to be deficient in aluminium, but contained magnesium and iron.The results confirmed the view, previously expressed, that disorder in kaolinites is associated with a high cation exchange capacity and a substituted lattice.

scholarly journals THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COMPOST, HUMIC ACID AND PURE FULVATE ON IMPROVEMENT OF ULTISOL SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

2021 ◽  
pp. 247-254
Author(s):  
Resman ◽  
Sahta Ginting ◽  
Muhammad Tufaila ◽  
Fransiscus Suramas Rembon ◽  
Halim
Keyword(s):  
Humic Acid ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Fulvic Acids ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Humic And Fulvic Acids ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Exchangeable Al

The research aimed to determine the effectiveness of compost containing humic and fulvic acids, and pure humic and fulvic acids in increasing of Ultisol soil chemical properties. The research design used a randomized block design (RBD), consisting of 10 treatments, namely K0: 0 g polybag-1, KO1: 500 g polybag-1, KO2: 500 g polybag-1, KO3: 500 g polybag-1, KO4: 500 g polybag-1, KO5: 500 g polybag-1, KO6: 500 g polybag-1, KO7: 500 g of polybags-1, H: 50 g of polybag-1, A: 500 g polybag-1. Each treatment was repeated three times and obtained 30 treatment units. The results showed that pH H2O (K0: 4.49, KO1: 5.64, KO2: 5.47, KO3: 5.43, KO4: 5.51, KO5: 5.39, KO6: 5.48, KO7: 6.17, H: 5.06, F: 5.15), total-N (%) (K0: 0.13, KO1: 0.17, KO2: 0.18, KO3: 0.30, KO4: 0.25, KO5: 0.24, KO6: 0.29, KO7: 0.36, H: 0.16, F: 0.14), organic-C (%) (K0: 1.85, KO1; 2.30, KO2: 2.24, KO3: 2.33, KO4: 2.62, KO5: 2.25, KO6: 2.27, KO7: 2.95, H: 2.32, F: 2.26) , available-P (%) (K0: 2.75, KO1: 3.24, KO2: 3.16, KO3: 3.27, KO4: 3.57, KO5: 3.31, KO6: 3.37, KO7: 3.89, H: 3.10, F: 3.12), exchangeable-Al (me100g-1) (K0: 2.51, KO1: 2.11, KO2: 2.13, KO3: 2.15, KO4: 1.88, KO5: 2.14, KO6: 2.12, KO7: 1.75, H: 2.16, F: 2.17), base saturation (%) (K0: 30.91, KO1: 63.48, KO2: 52.63, KO3: 53.76, KO4: 56.13, KO5: 54.96, KO6: 56.71, KO7: 65.53, H: 39.11, F: 42.76), cation exchange capacity (me100g-1) (K0: 12.76, KO1: 15.64, KO2: 14.86, KO3: 14.35, KO4: 14.13, KO5: 15.01, KO6: 15.50, KO7: 17.94, H: 14.19, F: 13.73). The combined compost treatment of three types of organic matter (Imperata cylindrica + Rice straw + Glincidia sepium) is more effective in increasing the pH, H2O as 37.42%, total-N as 176.92%, Organic-C as 59.46%, available-P as 41.45%, base saturation as 65.53%, cation exchange capacity as 17.94% and exchangeable -Al, Alreduction as 30.28% of ultisol soil. KEY WORDS: compost, humic acid, fulvate, soil chemical, ultisol

scholarly journals Chemical properties of long-term irrigated Fluvisols of the Beli Drim river valley in the Klina region (Serbia)

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-26
Author(s):  
Miodrag Tolimir ◽  
Branka Kresović ◽  
Borivoj Pejić ◽  
Katarina Gajić ◽  
Angelina Tapanarova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Humus Content ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Base Saturation ◽  
Basic Cations ◽  
Hydrolytic Acidity

The impact of long-term (> 100 yr) irrigation on soil chemical properties was studied on eight plots in the Beli Drim river valley in Kosovo and Metohija near Klina, Serbia. For these studies, soil samples from shallow profiles were collected from only one or two depth zones of the Ah horizon; and from moderately deep and deep profiles, from two to three depth zones for the purpose of comparing irrigated field and non-irrigated meadow lands. Water from the Beli Drim River and surface gravity systems (irrigation furrows or border strip irrigation) were used for irrigation. Chemical variables included determination of pH-H2O, content of CaCO3, content of humus, hydrolytic acidity, sum of basic cations, cation exchange capacity, and base saturation. On irrigated soils, the results of chemical analysis showed on average a small increase in pH-H2O (0.07 pH units), as well as a significant decrease in humus content (2.00-4.75%), sum of basic cations (4.98-12.98%) and cation exchange capacity (12.8%) compared to the non-irrigated land of the study area. Long-term irrigation had no effect on hydrolytic acidity and base saturation in the Ah horizon of the investigated lands. Namely, the mentioned variations in the chemical properties of the investigated soils show that slight processes of reduction in the humus content and reduction of the content of base cations occured. Data on the chemical properties of the investigated soils indicate that the destructive processes of reduction in the humus content and leaching of base cations must be controlled in order to achieve a stable sustainable system of high productivity and prevent their further deterioration.

Geochemistry and mineralogy of weathered basalt from Morvern, Scotland

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (331) ◽  
pp. 865-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Bain ◽  
P. F. S. Ritchie ◽  
D. R. Clark ◽  
D. M. L. Duthie
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Textural Changes ◽  
Fresh Rock

SummaryThe chemical, mineralogical, and textural changes involved in the weathering of basalt have been traced through various stages from fresh rock (which has a cation exchange capacity of 10 meq/100 g due to the presence of a swelling chlorite mineral) to reddened basaltic rubble consisting of interstratified montmorillonite-illite, hematite, and anatase. The cation exchange capacities of the rocks increase progressively with the formation of secondary clay from labradorite as Al, Fe, and Ti accumulate and Si, Mg, Ca, and Na are depleted—much of the K is retained in the secondary clay mineral. The weathering is considered to be contemporaneous with the formation of the Antrim bauxites but not so intense.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Soils Developing from Gabbro, Phyllite and Chert Parent Rock in Karangsambung District

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Ratna Taher ◽  
Makruf Nurudin ◽  
Eko Hanudin
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Particle Density ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Parent Rock ◽  
Soil Morphology ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C

Understanding the nature of the soil is very important to know the potential and the proper management of the soil. This study aimed to determine the differences in morphological, physical, and chemical properties of the soils developing from gabbro, phylitte and chert parent materials. The soil profile was made to represent each parent rock of gabbro, phyllite and chert located on the upper and middle slopes with pine-dominated vegetation and mixed gardens. Observation in the field is a professional description to observe soil morphology. Soil samples were taken at each horizon to analyze soil physical properties (bulk density, particle density, and texture), soil chemical properties (pH, exchanged cations, cation exchange capacity, available P, organic C, and total N). Texture analysis results showed that clay content of the soil developing from parent rock of Gabro 1 is the highest, followed by the soil clay content from  Chert 1, Phyllite 1, Chert 2, Phyllite 2, and Gabbro 2, respectively. The order of soil acidity level (pH) is Gabbro 2 > Gabbro 1> Chert 1 ~ Chert 2 > Phyllite 1 ~ Phyllite 2. Meanwhile, the order of the cation exchange capacity is Gabbro 1> Gabbro 2> Phyllite 1> Chert 1> Phyllite 2> Chert 2, and the order of the base saturation is Chert 2> Gabbro 2> Chert 1> Phyllite 2 > Phyllite1> Gabbro 1.

scholarly journals Chemical, Mineralogical, and Rheological Characterization of Regional Clays for Potential Use in Cosmetics and Pharmaceutical Products

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cochiran Pereira dos Santos ◽  
Adriana de Jesus Santos
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Rheological Characterization ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Potential Use

Four clay samples from different deposits in the state of Sergipe, Brazil, were fractionated by dispersion and centrifugation for comparative tests with a standard commercial clay used for cosmetic and pharmaceutical purposes. For this, they were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, measurements of cation exchange capacity, oil absorption and viscosity, in addition to particle sizes and plasticity indexes. The objective was to determine the physical and chemical properties of raw clays and the consequent granulometric fractions to evaluate their potential use in products with high added value. After fractionation, the samples showed significant amounts of smectite and kaolinite, which combined with the size, particle distribution, chemical composition, and high adsorption capacity, especially in the PDL and PV samples, make them potentially interesting for applications in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products, they can also be used in spas and esthetic centers for therapeutic purposes based on their softness and cation exchange capacity.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the lime requirement of tropical soils in terms of other soil characteristics

1969 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-160
Author(s):  
M. A. Lugo López ◽  
F. Abruña ◽  
J. Roldán
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Significant Regression

The quantity of limestone required to bring the pH of various acid Puerto Rican soils to 6.5 was investigated and found to vary from several hundred to several thousands pounds per acre. To investigate the relation of clay-mineral type, clay content, cation-exchange capacity, organic-matter content, and pH to lime requirement, these properties were determined for several soils. A highly significant regression of lime requirement on pH was obtained which can be expressed by the equation: Y = 18.39 — 3.196 X, where Y is the lime requirement and X is the pH value. Multiple regressions including other factors did not significantly increase the variability which could be explained on terms of the first regression. Further analysis were made by arranging the data according to the predominant clay mineral. For kaolinitic soils highly significant correlations were obtained between lime requirement and either pH or cation exchange capacity. The regressions were: (a) Y = 15.26 — 2.632 pH, and (b) Y = 3.048 + 0.5774 (cation-exchange capacity), where Y is the lime requirement. A regression of lime requirement on both factors did not significantly increase the variability explained by the second equation. No significant regressions were obtained for beidellitic soils.

scholarly journals Cation-Exchange Capacity Distribution within Hydrothermal Systems and Its Relation to the Alteration Mineralogy and Electrical Resistivity

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 5730
Author(s):  
Tobias Björn Weisenberger ◽  
Heimir Ingimarsson ◽  
Gylfi Páll Hersir ◽  
Ólafur G. Flóvenz
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Pore Fluid ◽  
Alteration Zones ◽  
Resistivity Logs ◽  
Mineral Alteration ◽  
Fluid Conductivity

Cation-exchange capacity (CEC) measurements are widely used to quantify the smectite content in altered rocks. Within this study, we measure the CEC of drill cuttings in four wells from three different high-temperature geothermal areas in Iceland. The CEC measurements in all four wells show similar depth/temperature related pattern, and when comparing the CEC with electrical resistivity logs, we could show that the low resistivity zone coincides with CEC values >5 meq/100 g. The measurements show, in general, an exponential decrease of the CEC with increasing depth. At the facies boundary between the mixed-layer clay and epidote-chlorite zone, the CEC reaches a steady state at about 5 meq/100 g and below that it only decreases slightly within a linear trend with increasing depth. The facies boundary overlaps with the transition where the electrical resistivity logs show an increase in resistivity. It is shown that the measured CEC can be related to the clay mineral alteration within the geothermal system and the CEC reflects the smectite component within the interstratified chlorite/smectite minerals for similar alteration degree. Furthermore, CEC was measured in seven core samples from different alteration zones that had previously been studied in detail with respect to petrophysical and conductivity properties. The results show a clear correlation between CEC and the iso-electrical point, which describes the value of the pore fluid conductivity where transition from surface conductivity to pore fluid conductivity occurs. The presented study shows that the CEC within hydrothermal altered basaltic systems mimics the expandable clay mineral alteration zones and coincides with electrical logs. The presented method can, therefore, be an easy tool to quantify alteration facies within geothermal exploration and drilling projects.

Land application technique for the treatment and disposal of sewage sludge

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 303-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.M. Zain ◽  
H. Basri ◽  
F. Suja' ◽  
O. Jaafar
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Treated Soil

Some of the major concerns when applying sewage sludge to land include the potential effect on pH and cation exchange capacity; the mobility and the accumulation of heavy metals in sludge treated soil; the potential of applying too much nutrients and the problems associated with odors and insects. The main objective of this study is to identify the effects of sewage sludge application on the physical and chemical properties of sludge treated soil. Sewage sludge was applied to soil at various rates ranging from 0 L/m2 to 341 L/m2. In order to simulate the natural environment, the study was carried out at a pilot treatment site (5.2 m × 6.7 m) in an open area, covered with transparent roofing material to allow natural sunlight to pass through. Simulated rain was applied by means of a sprinkler system. Data obtained from sludge treated soil showed that the pH values decreased when the application rates were increased and the application period prolonged. The effect of sewage sludge on cation exchange capacity was not so clear; the values obtained for every application rate of sewage sludge did not indicate any consistent behaviour. The mobility of heavy metals in soils treated with sludge were described by observing the changes in the concentration of the heavy metals. The study showed that Cd has the highest mobility in sludge treated soil followed by Cu, Cr, Zn, Ni and Pb.

scholarly journals Effects of land use changes on the dynamics of selected soil properties in northeast Wellega, Ethiopia

SOIL ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alemayehu Adugna ◽  
Assefa Abegaz
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Cultivated Land ◽  
Grazing Land ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Abstract. Land use change can have negative or positive effects on soil quality. Our objective was to assess the effects of land uses changes on the dynamics of selected soil physical and chemical properties. Soil samples were collected from three adjacent soil plots under different land uses, namely forestland, grazing land, and cultivated land at 0–15 cm depth. Changes in soil properties on cultivated and grazing land were computed and compared to forestland, and ANOVA (analysis of variance) was used to test the significance of the changes. Sand and silt proportions, soil organic content, total nitrogen content, acidity, cation exchange capacity, and exchangeable Ca2+ content were higher in forestlands. Exchangeable Mg2+ was highest in grazing land, while clay, available phosphorous, and exchangeable K+ were highest in cultivated land. The percentage changes in sand, clay, soil organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ were higher in cultivated land than in grazing land and forestland. In terms of the relation between soil properties, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, cation exchange capacity, and exchangeable Ca2+ were strongly positively correlated with most of soil properties, while available phosphorous and silt have no significant relationship with any of the other considered soil properties. Clay has a negative correlation with all soil properties. Generally, cultivated land has the least concentration of soil physical and chemical properties except clay and available phosphorous, which suggests an increasing degradation rate in soils of cultivated land. So as to increase soil organic matter and other nutrients in the soil of cultivated land, the integrated implementation of land management through compost, cover crops, manures, minimum tillage, crop rotation, and liming to decrease soil acidity are suggested.

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