scholarly journals Hybrid Renewable Hydrogen Energy Solution for Application in Remote Mines

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 6365
Author(s):  
Hosein Kalantari ◽  
Seyed Ali Ghoreishi-Madiseh ◽  
Agus P. Sasmito
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Renewable Energies ◽  
Hydrogen Energy ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Average Wind Speed ◽  
Carbon Footprints

Mining operations in remote locations rely heavily on diesel fuel for the electricity, haulage and heating demands. Such significant diesel dependency imposes large carbon footprints to these mines. Consequently, mining companies are looking for better energy strategies to lower their carbon footprints. Renewable energies can relieve this over-reliance on fossil fuels. Yet, in spite of their many advantages, renewable systems deployment on a large scale has been very limited, mainly due to the high battery storage system. Using hydrogen for energy storage purposes due to its relatively cheaper technology can facilitate the application of renewable energies in the mining industry. Such cost-prohibitive issues prevent achieving 100% penetration rate of renewables in mining applications. This paper offers a novel integrated renewable–multi-storage (wind turbine/battery/fuel cell/thermal storage) solution with six different configurations to secure 100% off-grid mining power supply as a stand-alone system. A detailed comparison between the proposed configurations is presented with recommendations for implementation. A parametric study is also performed, identifying the effect of different parameters (i.e., wind speed, battery market price, and fuel cell market price) on economics of the system. The result of the present study reveals that standalone renewable energy deployment in mine settings is technically and economically feasible with the current market prices, depending on the average wind speed at the mine location.

scholarly journals Integration Design and Operation Strategy of Multi-Energy Hybrid System Including Renewable Energies, Batteries and Hydrogen

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 5463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Zhang ◽  
Hexu Sun ◽  
Yingjun Guo
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Hydrogen Storage ◽  
Storage Tank ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Renewable Energies ◽  
Hydrogen Energy ◽  
Operation Strategy ◽  
State Monitoring ◽  
Safety Constraints ◽  
System States

In some areas, the problem of wind and solar power curtailment is prominent. Hydrogen energy has the advantage of high storage density and a long storage time. Multi-energy hybrid systems including renewable energies, batteries and hydrogen are designed to solve this problem. In order to reduce the power loss of the converter, an AC-DC hybrid bus is proposed. A multi-energy experiment platform is established including a wind turbine, photovoltaic panels, a battery, an electrolyzer, a hydrogen storage tank, a fuel cell and a load. The working characteristics of each subsystem are tested and analyzed. The multi-energy operation strategy is based on state monitoring and designed to enhance hydrogen utilization, energy efficiency and reliability of the system. The hydrogen production is guaranteed preferentially and the load is reliably supplied. The system states are monitored, such as the state of charge (SOC) and the hydrogen storage level. The rated and ramp powers of the battery and fuel cell and the pressure limit of the hydrogen storage tank are set as safety constraints. Eight different operation scenarios comprehensively evaluate the system’s performance, and via physical experiments the proposed operation strategy of the multi-energy system is verified as effective and stable.

scholarly journals Opportunities for Mineral Carbonation in Australia’s Mining Industry

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Azadi ◽  
Mansour Edraki ◽  
Faezeh Farhang ◽  
Jiwhan Ahn
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Mine Tailings ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Mineral Carbonation ◽  
Power Station ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Mine Site

Carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) via mineral carbonation is an effective method for long-term storage of carbon dioxide and combating climate change. Implemented at a large-scale, it provides a viable solution to harvesting and storing the modern crisis of GHGs emissions. To date, technological and economic barriers have inhibited broad-scale utilisation of mineral carbonation at industrial scales. This paper outlines the mineral carbonation process; discusses drivers and barriers of mineral carbonation deployment in Australian mining; and, finally, proposes a unique approach to commercially viable CCUS within the Australian mining industry by integrating mine waste management with mine site rehabilitation, and leveraging relationships with local coal-fired power station. This paper discusses using alkaline mine and coal-fired power station waste (fly ash, red mud, and ultramafic mine tailings, i.e., nickel, diamond, PGE (platinum group elements), and legacy asbestos mine tailings) as the feedstock for CCUS to produce environmentally benign materials, which can be used in mine reclamation. Geographical proximity of mining operations, mining waste storage facilities and coal-fired power stations in Australia are identified; and possible synergies between them are discussed. This paper demonstrates that large-scale alkaline waste production and mine site reclamation can become integrated to mechanise CCUS. Furthermore, financial liabilities associated with such waste management and site reclamation could overcome many of the current economic setbacks of retrofitting CCUS in the mining industry. An improved approach to commercially viable climate change mitigation strategies available to the mining industry is reviewed in this paper.

scholarly journals Dynamic Modeling of Wind Turbines Based on Estimated Wind Speed under Turbulent Conditions

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed G. Abo-Khalil ◽  
Saeed Alyami ◽  
Khairy Sayed ◽  
Ayman Alhejji
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Wind Shear ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Estimation Error ◽  
Turbine Rotor ◽  
Average Wind Speed ◽  
Rotating Speed ◽  
Tower Shadow

Large-scale wind turbines with a large blade radius rotates under fluctuating conditions depending on the blade position. The wind speed is maximum in the highest point when the blade in the upward position and minimum in the lowest point when the blade in the downward position. The spatial distribution of wind speed, which is known as the wind shear, leads to periodic fluctuations in the turbine rotor, which causes fluctuations in the generator output voltage and power. In addition, the turbine torque is affected by other factors such as tower shadow and turbine inertia. The space between the blade and tower, the tower diameter, and the blade diameter are very critical design factors that should be considered to reduce the output power fluctuations of a wind turbine generator. To model realistic characteristics while considering the critical factors of a wind turbine system, a wind turbine model is implemented using a squirrel-cage induction motor. Since the wind speed is the most important factor in modeling the aerodynamics of wind turbine, an accurate measurement or estimation is essential to have a valid model. This paper estimates the average wind speed, instead of measuring, from the generator power and rotating speed and models the turbine’s aerodynamics, including tower shadow and wind shear components, without having to measure the wind speed at any height. The proposed algorithm overcomes the errors of measuring wind speed in single or multiple locations by estimating the wind speed with estimation error less than 2%.

scholarly journals Hydrogen Fuel Cell Road Vehicles and Their Infrastructure: An Option towards an Environmentally Friendly Energy Transition

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 6132
Author(s):  
Olivier Bethoux
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Cell System ◽  
Renewable Energies ◽  
Fuel Cell Vehicle ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel Cell ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Heavy Load

The latest pre-production vehicles on the market show that the major technical challenges posed by integrating a fuel cell system (FCS) within a vehicle—compactness, safety, autonomy, reliability, cold starting—have been met. Regarding the ongoing maturity of fuel cell systems dedicated to road transport, the present article examines the advances still needed to move from a functional but niche product to a mainstream consumer product. It seeks to address difficulties not covered by more traditional innovation approaches. At least in long-distance heavy-duty vehicles, fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) are going to play a key role in the path to zero-emissions in one or two decades. Hence the present study also addresses the structuring elements of the complete chain: the latter includes the production, storage and distribution of hydrogen. Green hydrogen appears to be one of the potential uses of renewable energies. The greener the electricity is, the greater the advantage for hydrogen since it permits to economically store large energy quantities on seasonal rhythms. Moreover, natural hydrogen might also become an economic reality pushing the fuel cell vehicle to be a competitive and environmentally friendly alternative to the battery electric vehicle. Based on its own functional benefits for on board systems, hydrogen in combination with the fuel cell will achieve a large-scale use of hydrogen in road transport, as soon as renewable energies become more widespread. Its market will expand from large driving range and heavy load vehicles.

scholarly journals ESTIMATING HOURLY PM<sub>2.5</sub> CONCENTRATIONS FROM HIMAWARI-8 AOD OVER HUBEI PROVINCE

2018 ◽  
Vol XLII-4 ◽  
pp. 77-85
Author(s):  
J. Chen ◽  
X. Huang
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Hubei Province ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Average Wind Speed ◽  
Mixed Effect

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Satellite remote sensing can effectively estimate the particulate matter on a large scale. Polar-orbiting satellites have limited frequency of observations, which cannot help us understand PM<sub>2.5</sub> evolution. The observation frequency of Himawari-8, a geostationary meteorological satellite, increases to at least once every 10<span class="thinspace"></span>min. Besides, this satellite can provide the hourly aerosol optical depth (AOD). PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentration is closely associated with changes in wind speed. The air quality changes with the variations of wind direction and speed. In Hubei Province, the daily average wind speed varies greatly, while the wind significantly impacts the PM<sub>2.5</sub> diffusion. In the present study, a mixed effect regression model is developed which predicts ground-level hourly PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations in Hubei province and analyzes the hourly time variation trend and spatial distribution characteristics of the near ground PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations using the annual Himawar-8 Level 2 aerosol product in 2016. The estimated hourly PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations are consistent well with the surface PM<sub>2.5</sub> measurements with high <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> (0.74) and low RMSE (20.5<span class="thinspace"></span>&amp;mu;g∙m<sup>&amp;minus;3</sup>). The average estimated PM<sub>2.5</sub> in Hubei province during the study is about 46.1<span class="thinspace"></span>&amp;mu;g∙m<sup>&amp;minus;3</sup>. A clear regional distribution is shown in the spatial distribution of PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations, and the PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations in the central and eastern regions of Hubei Province is significant higher than that of the western region; from the perspective of time change, the pollution peak appears at 15<span class="thinspace"></span>o'clock in the local time, the average concentration of PM<sub>2.5</sub> reaches 50.1<span class="thinspace"></span>&amp;plusmn;<span class="thinspace"></span>21.8<span class="thinspace"></span>&amp;mu;g∙m<sup>&amp;minus;3</sup>; the pollution reaches the lightest at 9<span class="thinspace"></span>o'clock a.m., and the average PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations is 41.7<span class="thinspace"></span>&amp;plusmn;<span class="thinspace"></span>17.5<span class="thinspace"></span>&amp;mu;g∙m<sup>&amp;minus;3</sup>. These results are conducive to assessing surface PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations and monitoring regional air quality.</p>

scholarly journals DESIGN OF VERTICAL AXIS SAVONIUS WINDMILL FOR GENERATING ELECTRICITY USING PERMANENT MAGNET

Tibuana ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (01) ◽  
pp. 61-66
Author(s):  
Sagita Rochman
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Permanent Magnet ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Average Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Low Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Potential

At present the use of wind energy in Indonesia is still relatively low, but has enormous potential. One reason is because the average wind speed in the territory of Indonesia is classified as low wind speed, which ranges from 3 m / s to 5 m / s making it difficult to produce electrical energy on a large scale. However, the wind potential in Indonesia is available almost all year long, making it possible to develop small-scale power generation systems. Innovations in modifying windmills need to be developed so that in conditions of low wind speeds can produce electrical energy. In this research, a prototype was developed by designing a vertical axis windmill power plant model Savonius using a permanent magnet generator, which can produce optimal electrical energy by utilizing relatively low wind speeds.From the generator test it was found that with a rotor rotation of 50 rpm up to 500 rpm can produce an electrical voltage of 0.02V to 10V and an electric current of 0.60A to 4.53A.

scholarly journals Multi-Stakeholder Perspectives of Environmental Accountability Practices in the Mining Sector

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
George Tackie
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Mining Operations ◽  
Mining Sector ◽  
Stakeholder Perspectives ◽  
Regulatory Bodies ◽  
Multi Stakeholder ◽  
Accountability Practices

This paper analyses environmental accountability practices (EAP) in the mining sector from the perspectives of multi-stakeholders. The study adopts a purely qualitative approach to research in terms of research method, data collection and data analysis. Interview data was gathered from a sample of twenty-one predominantly large-scale mining firms in Ghana. Based on responses from the interview respondents, themes from the literature and empirical material, stakeholders’ perspectives were analysed regarding (1) motivations for EAP; (2) effectiveness of EAP; (3) performance assessment based on EAP; and (4) stakeholder engagements regarding EAP. This paper analyses EAP in Ghana’s mining industry from the viewpoint of multi-stakeholders – regulatory bodies, mining companies, environmental managers, community partners, environmental consultants, and mining association. The findings reveal the commonality of acceptable and responsible EAP that can lead to a ‘win-win’ situation for all stakeholders in the mining industry. Mining firms should increase their focus on practicing value-added EAP in all facets of mining operations. They should also strengthen their engagement with indigenes, and not only local elites, and align their EAP efforts with the immediate needs of the local communities. The novelty of this paper is the determination of the drivers (the ‘why’), outputs (the ‘how’), and outcomes (the benefits) of EAP which is missing in the EAP literature.

SHAPING OF AN AUTONOMOUS POWER SYSTEM FOR GUARANTEED POWER SUPPLY WITH THE PREDOMINANCE WIND ENERGY

2018 ◽  
pp. 28-50
Author(s):  
S. G. Ignatiev ◽  
S. V. Kiseleva
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Diesel Generator ◽  
Average Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Average Wind

Optimization of the autonomous wind-diesel plants composition and of their power for guaranteed energy supply, despite the long history of research, the diversity of approaches and methods, is an urgent problem. In this paper, a detailed analysis of the wind energy characteristics is proposed to shape an autonomous power system for a guaranteed power supply with predominance wind energy. The analysis was carried out on the basis of wind speed measurements in the south of the European part of Russia during 8 months at different heights with a discreteness of 10 minutes. As a result, we have obtained a sequence of average daily wind speeds and the sequences constructed by arbitrary variations in the distribution of average daily wind speeds in this interval. These sequences have been used to calculate energy balances in systems (wind turbines + diesel generator + consumer with constant and limited daily energy demand) and (wind turbines + diesel generator + consumer with constant and limited daily energy demand + energy storage). In order to maximize the use of wind energy, the wind turbine integrally for the period in question is assumed to produce the required amount of energy. For the generality of consideration, we have introduced the relative values of the required energy, relative energy produced by the wind turbine and the diesel generator and relative storage capacity by normalizing them to the swept area of the wind wheel. The paper shows the effect of the average wind speed over the period on the energy characteristics of the system (wind turbine + diesel generator + consumer). It was found that the wind turbine energy produced, wind turbine energy used by the consumer, fuel consumption, and fuel economy depend (close to cubic dependence) upon the specified average wind speed. It was found that, for the same system with a limited amount of required energy and high average wind speed over the period, the wind turbines with lower generator power and smaller wind wheel radius use wind energy more efficiently than the wind turbines with higher generator power and larger wind wheel radius at less average wind speed. For the system (wind turbine + diesel generator + energy storage + consumer) with increasing average speed for a given amount of energy required, which in general is covered by the energy production of wind turbines for the period, the maximum size capacity of the storage device decreases. With decreasing the energy storage capacity, the influence of the random nature of the change in wind speed decreases, and at some values of the relative capacity, it can be neglected.

Coal mining-disturbed land reclamation laws

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-26
Author(s):  
T. V. Galanina ◽  
M. I. Baumgarten ◽  
T. G. Koroleva
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Open Pit ◽  
Open Pit Mining ◽  
Disturbed Land ◽  
Critical Problems ◽  
Production Output

Large-scale mining disturbs wide areas of land. The development program for the mining industry, with an expected considerable increase in production output, aggravates the problem with even vaster territories exposed to the adverse anthropogenic impact. Recovery of mining-induced ecosystems in the mineral-extracting regions becomes the top priority objective. There are many restoration mechanisms, and they should be used in integration and be highly technologically intensive as the environmental impact is many-sided. This involves pollution of water, generation of much waste and soil disturbance which is the most typical of open pit mining. Scale disturbance of land, withdrawal of farming land, land pollution and littering are critical problems to the solved in the first place. One of the way outs is highquality reclamation. This article reviews the effective rules and regulations on reclamation. The mechanism is proposed for the legal control of disturbed land reclamation on a regional and federal level. Highly technologically intensive recovery of mining-induced landscape will be backed up by the natural environment restoration strategy proposed in the Disturbed Land Reclamation Concept.

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