scholarly journals Application of Liquid Hydrogen Carriers in Hydrogen Steelmaking

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1392
Author(s):  
Joakim Andersson
Keyword(s):  
Process Integration ◽  
Direct Reduction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Liquid Form ◽  
Industrial Carbon ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Attractive Option ◽  
Thermochemical Processes ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Capacity Cost

Steelmaking is responsible for approximately one third of total industrial carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Hydrogen (H2) direct reduction (H-DR) may be a feasible route towards the decarbonization of primary steelmaking if H2 is produced via electrolysis using fossil-free electricity. However, electrolysis is an electricity-intensive process. Therefore, it is preferable that H2 is predominantly produced during times of low electricity prices, which is enabled by storage of H2. This work compares the integration of H2 storage in four liquid carriers, methanol (MeOH), formic acid (FA), ammonia (NH3) and perhydro-dibenzyltoluene (H18-DBT), in H-DR processes. In contrast to conventional H2 storage methods, these carriers allow for H2 storage in liquid form at ambient moderate overpressures, reducing the storage capacity cost. The main downside to liquid H2 carriers is that thermochemical processes are necessary for both the storage and release processes, often with significant investment and operational costs. The carriers are compared using thermodynamic and economic data to estimate operational and capital costs in the H-DR context considering process integration options. It is concluded that the use of MeOH is promising compared to both the other considered carriers. For large storage volumes, MeOH-based H2 storage may also be an attractive option for the underground storage of compressed H2. The other considered liquid H2 carriers suffer from large thermodynamic barriers for hydrogenation (FA) or dehydrogenation (NH3, H18-DBT) and higher investment costs. However, for the use of MeOH in an H-DR process to be practically feasible, questions regarding process flexibility and the optimal sourcing of CO2 and heat must be answered.

scholarly journals IMPACT EVALUATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) IN BHOPAL DUE TO INCREASE IN NUMBER OF PASSENGER CARS

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 422-431
Author(s):  
Niranjan Mudliar ◽  
Paramjeet Singh
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Income Group ◽  
The Other ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Lower Income Group ◽  
The Government ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
The City

India has been progressing steadily since last two decades in terms of affordability of commodity and purchasing power of the common man. This has given rise to demand which leads to the continuous economic growth. Of course, support from the Government of India as well as various state Governments has come in the form of reforms and infrastructure funding. However this growth has also seen the disadvantage of erratic consumption by wealthy persons as compared to the economically weaker sections, for example on one side there is heavy demand of passenger cars by the higher income group who uses it sparingly but on the other side people of the lower income group who are more in numbers have to rely on public transport. This imbalance creates a wider gap between public affordability to consume a particular commodity like passenger cars. On one side there are persons who buy the latest model introduced by the manufacturer in spite of having sufficient numbers at their disposal and on the other side basic lowest level model are out of reach of some persons in the society, who rely on two-wheeler or public transport which is not reliable. This has not only created a huge gap in public expenditure but has also impact the environment. With year on year increase in number of vehicles in tier 2 cities like Bhopal, there is tremendous influence on the carbon dioxide (CO2) in and around the city. Past decade saw increase in maximum temperatures during summer rise by 3 – 4 degrees above normal in Bhopal and there is clear effect on the monsoon pattern too which has become inconsistent with rains reaching 120 mm in three days. Earlier this quantity was spread over a month. The last major season of winter is seen getting reduced to two months only from the earlier four, again with temperatures dropping suddenly below normal etc. This effect must be the result of increasing number of passenger vehicles in the city apart from other factors which also need detailed study for their influence.

Effect of Coal Blended on the Physical Properties of Iron Ore Briquette for Direct Reduction Iron

2020 ◽  
Vol 1000 ◽  
pp. 391-397
Author(s):  
Khairil ◽  
Samsul Bahri ◽  
Nurdin Ali ◽  
Sarwo Edhy Sofyan ◽  
Jalaluddin
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Direct Reduction ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
The Other ◽  
Iron Production ◽  
Blended Coal ◽  
Direct Reduction Iron ◽  
Environmentally Safe

Iron production by using the direct method has been promoted in order to produce iron effectively, low cost, and environmentally safe. The method was optimal requirements with respect to the feed materials especially iron ore, coal as well as a binder. In this study, the experiments were conducted on physical properties of iron ore briquette from Aceh (Indonesia) to analyze its suitability to meet the feed requirements for iron production. The term iron ore briquette refers to the materials compressed under high pressure formed by variable mixtures of iron ore, coal and binders. In the experiments, the physical properties such as the tumbler index (TI), abrasion index (AI) and shatter indices of the iron ore briquette were carried out. The experimental results show that the iron ore briquette blended with coal and using asphalt as a binder has a high tumbler index (TI) or not easily breakable compared to the iron ore briquette using dammar powder as a binder. On the other hand, the blended coal in iron ore briquette with dammar powder as the binder significantly increases the shelter index or easily breakage.

scholarly journals Is oxford nanopore sequencing ready for analyzing complex microbiomes?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
L J Kerkhof
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Microbial Ecology ◽  
Nanopore Sequencing ◽  
Sequencing Technology ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Target Molecule ◽  
Field Coupling ◽  
Oxford Nanopore ◽  
Additional Equipment ◽  
Attractive Option

Abstract This minireview will discuss the improvements in Oxford Nanopore sequencing technology which make the MinION a viable platform for microbial ecology studies. Specific issues being addressed are the increase in sequence accuracy from 65–96.5% during the last 5 years, the ability to obtain a quantifiable/predictive signal from the MinION with respect to target molecule abundance, simple-to-use GUI-based pathways for data analysis, and the modest additional equipment needs for sequencing in the field. Coupling these recent improvements with the low capital costs for equipment and the reasonable per sample cost makes MinION sequencing an attractive option for virtually any laboratory.

Dissolution of CO2 From CO2 Drops in Simulating Experiments of CO2 Ocean Storage

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuharu Nakajima ◽  
Hideyuki Shirota ◽  
Ryuji Kojima ◽  
Kenji Yamane ◽  
Izuo Aya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Temperature Dependency ◽  
Ph Change ◽  
Measuring Point ◽  
Hydrate Film ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Two Temperature

The dissolution of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) from CO2 drops covered with CO2 hydrate films under the conditions simulating the deep-sea environment was investigated with a large high-pressure tank. The lowering of pH due to CO2 dissolution was measured for two temperature regions. In the same temperature region, pH lowering at higher position above the bottom of the tank was much smaller than that at lower position. It implies that while the dissolved CO2 is diffused through water in the tank, the difference in CO2 concentration occurs between both measuring points. On the other hand, pH lowering in the lower temperatures was smaller than that in the higher temperatures at the same measuring point. The difference in pH change between both temperature regions agreed with the temperature dependency in the solubility of CO2 hydrate and the dissolution rate of a CO2 droplet with a CO2 hydrate film.

WWTPs in rock – an economical and environmental alternative

2000 ◽  
Vol 41 (9) ◽  
pp. 73-79
Author(s):  
C. Andersson ◽  
J. Hultgren
Keyword(s):  
Large Volume ◽  
Capital Cost ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fluidised Bed ◽  
Specific Cost ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Operation And Maintenance ◽  
Effluent Standards ◽  
Reasonable Cost ◽  
Specific Capital

To meet increased load or requirements on effluent standards the upgrading of a WWTP may be carried out with a large biological stage meaning higher investment costs but lower operation and maintenance (O&M) costs, or with a compact biological stage meaning lower investment costs but higher O&M costs. Henriksdal and Käppala WWTPs in Sweden, both built in rock with large biological reactors operated with pre-denitrification, show lower specific O&M costs than Himmerfjärden WWTP, operated with post-denitrification in a fluidised bed. It is the other way round for the specific capital costs. The total specific cost, which is the sum of the specific O&M and capital cost, is a useful tool when choosing an alternative for upgrading. The experiences from these three plants show that a “large volume alternative” is competitive with a “compact alternative” if the volumes can be available at a reasonable cost. With proper technology rock chamber plants may be comparatively cheap to build. The economical and environmental advantages are discussed in this paper.

scholarly journals No escape: most insect colonisers of an introduced fig tree in Cyprus come from the plant’s native range

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-216
Author(s):  
S. G. Compton ◽  
M. Stavrinides ◽  
C. Kaponas ◽  
P. J. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Fig Wasp ◽  
Wasp Species ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
Introduced Range ◽  
Attractive Option ◽  
Southern Cyprus ◽  
Ficus Microcarpa ◽  
Fig Tree

AbstractPlants that become invasive outside their native range often benefit from the absence of their native-range herbivores. Ficus microcarpa is a widely-planted Asian–Australasian species of fig tree that has become invasive in parts of its introduced range. As in most places where it is planted, the pollinator of F. microcarpa has been introduced to Cyprus, together with at least six other Asian fig wasp species. We recorded the other insects feeding on the leaves, buds and stems of this fig tree in southern Cyprus. Eight sap-sucking insects were recorded, and one leaf-galling species, with some present at high frequencies and densities. The insects were a mix of introduced polyphagous species and introduced F. microcarpa specialists. They included the first European record of the fig leaf galling psyllid Trioza brevigenae, which was described from India. Ficus microcarpa has not escaped from its native-range phytophages, but they appear to be free of their own specialist parasitoids and predators. The result is a herbivore load than may be comparable with what the plant experiences in its countries of origin. This is likely to reduce the invasiveness of F. microcarpa, but at the same time makes the plant a less attractive option for future planting.

scholarly journals A versatile and efficient approach for the synthesis of chiral 1,3-nitroamines and 1,3-diamines via conjugate addition to new (S,E)-γ-aminated nitroalkenes derived from L-α-amino acids

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 832-837 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Lúcia Patrocinio Pereira ◽  
André Luiz da Silva Moura ◽  
Daniel Pais Pires Vieira ◽  
Leandro Lara de Carvalho ◽  
Eliz Regina Bueno Torres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Direct Reduction ◽  
Conjugate Addition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Triazole Derivative ◽  
Cyanide Anion ◽  
Efficient Approach ◽  
Azide Anion ◽  
Other Hand

New chiral (S,E)-γ-N,N-dibenzylated nitroalkenes 2a–c were synthesized from natural L-(α)-amino acids in five steps with overall yields of 68–88%. The conjugate addition of hydride, methoxide, nitronate and azide nucleophiles to 2a–c led to the corresponding chiral 1,3-nitroamines in 74–90% yield. The conjugate addition of cyanide anion to 2a,b was followed by HNO2 elimination affording chiral aminated acrylonitriles (73–98%). On the other hand, the azide anion reacted with 2a, in acetonitrile, via a [3 + 2]-cycloaddition in which HNO2 was lost, providing the corresponding 1,2,3-triazole derivative. Direct reduction of 1,3-nitroamine derivatives 9a,b produced the corresponding 1,3-diamines in good yields.

Subsistence Emissions and Luxury Emissions

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Shue
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
United States ◽  
United Nations ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change adopted in Rio de Janeiro at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in June 1992 establishes no dates and no dollars. No dates are specified by which emissions are to be reduced by the wealthy states, and no dollars are specified with which the wealthy states will assist the poor states to avoid an environmentally dirty development like our own. The convention is toothless because throughout the negotiations in the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee during 1991 to 1992, the United States played the role of dentist: whenever virtually all the other states in the world (with the notable exceptions of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait) agreed to convention language with teeth, the United States insisted that the teeth be pulled out. The Clinton administration now faces a strategic question: should the next step aim at a comprehensive treaty covering all greenhouse gases (GHGs) or at a narrower protocol covering only one, or a few, gases, for example, only fossil-fuel carbon dioxide (CO2)? Richard Stewart and Jonathan Wiener (1992) have argued for moving directly to a comprehensive treaty, while Thomas Drennen (1993) has argued for a more focused beginning. I will suggest that Drennen is essentially correct that we should not try to go straight to a comprehensive treaty, at least not of the kind advocated by Stewart and Wiener. First I would like to develop a framework into which to set issues of equity or justice of the kind introduced by Drennen. It would be easier if we faced only one question about justice, but several questions are not only unavoidable individually but are entangled with one another. In addition, each question can be given not simply alternative answers but answers of different kinds. In spite of this multiplicity of possible answers to the multiplicity of inevitable and interconnected questions, I think we can lay out the issues fairly clearly and establish that commonsense principles converge to a remarkable extent upon what ought to be done, at least for the next decade or so.

ECONOMIC ASPECTS 6.1. In Fig. 3 the lay-out of the piggery is mentioned. The stall is renewed and instead of the normal depth of 1.50 m by underslat slurry storage the channels have a depth of 0.50 m. These shallow channels are as a matter of course cheaper but on the other hand facilities for storage of dung and liquid must be build outside the building. In front of the stall a dung and liquid gutter has been build, where the transportbelts are installed. The investments for the filter system of this piggery are given in Table 3. Table 3: Survey of extra capital investment of the filter system, in comparison with the slurry system (£/pigplace) Filter system in both channels 3750 Dung and liquid gutter 1250 Transportbelts 2500 Dung and liquid storage 2500 10000 Estimated reduction by shallow channels 2500 Extra capital investment 7500 Extra capital investment/pigplace 46.90 This price is relatively high on account of the small number of pigs. Other calculations show that the investment costs are lower in comparable stalls with a capacity for 480 and 960 pigs. These stalls are more common, the costs are respectively £ 18 and £ 11/pigplace. Calculations confirm also the expectations that stalls with long channels in longitudinal design are more favourable for this filter system than stalls with short channels in transverse style. 6.2. Annual costs The costs depend first on the capital costs and secondly on the costs of straw. On the other hand savings are possible on building structures and heating system. Besides these factors other savings are possible because some disadvantages of the slurry system can be removed by the filter system; for example costs for fuelexpenditure and slurry disposal. A calculation for a standard plan for 480 and 960 pigs shows that in a comparable stall as in Fig. 3 the extra annual costs for the filter system are slightly higher than for the slurry system; respectively £ 1.11 and £ 0.08 /pigplace. The costs for stalls with transverse and short channels are much higher and vary between £ 3.70 - £ 3.40 /pigplace. Compared with the costs for slurry separation in a slurry disposal centre the costs for the filter system in stalls with long

1986 ◽  
pp. 234-235
Keyword(s):  
Capital Investment ◽  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Heating System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Filter System ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Slurry System ◽  
Short Channels

The Capital Costs of Alternative Residential Facilities for Mentally Handicapped People

1981 ◽  
Vol 139 (3) ◽  
pp. 230-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Felce
Keyword(s):  
Residential Facilities ◽  
The Other ◽  
Single Site ◽  
Residential Facility ◽  
Mentally Handicapped ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Hospital Units ◽  
Residential Services ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Handicapped People

SummaryThis paper examines the capital costs and accommodation provided in three different types of residential facility for mentally handicapped people—a large campus hospital, a small campus hospital and a network of individually-sited hospital units. The findings do not indicate any economy arising from increased size, or from centralization of facilities on a single site. These findings, together with the other research cited, have implications for the design of future residential services.

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